Deck 10: B: Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

Question 1

Myocardial infarctions:

A) result from loss of oxygen to the cerebrum.
B) are rarely life threatening.
C) are also called heart attacks.
D) serve as a possible signal of heart disease.

Answer 1

are also called heart attacks.

Question 2

The disorder in which deposits of cholesterol and other fats narrow coronary arteries is:

A) angina pectoris.
B) arrhythmia.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) arteriosclerosis.

Answer 2

atherosclerosis.

Question 3

Heart disease runs in Jack's family,so he's naturally worried.The most accurate way of determining the degree to which Jack's coronary arteries are blocked would be:

A) a blood test.
B) a stress test.
C) angioplasty.
D) coronary angiography.

Answer 3

coronary angiography.

Question 4

Ischemic stroke occurs when:

A) a blood vessel bursts inside the brain.
B) a clot blocks the flow of blood to an area of the brain.
C) a weak spot in an artery balloons out.
D) arteries that supply the heart are narrowed with plaques.

Question 5

The medical procedure in which a small piece of healthy vein is surgically inserted around the region of a blocked coronary artery is:

A) coronary angioplasty.
B) balloon angioplasty.
C) coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
D) atherectomy.

Question 6

A diagnostic test in which dye is injected so that X-rays can reveal any obstructions in the coronary arteries is:

A) angioplasty.
B) coronary angiography.
C) an echocardiogram.
D) an EKG.

Question 7

The thick,middle layer of the heart muscle itself is the:

A) epicardium.
B) endocardium.
C) myocardium.
D) pericardium.

Question 8

Family history strongly predicts CVD,especially for those who have:

A) a close male relative who suffered a heart attack before age 55.
B) a close female relative who suffered a heart attack before age 65.
C) either a close male relative who suffered a heart attack before age 55 or a female relative who suffered a heart attacked before age 65.
D) low blood pressure.

Question 9

Hardening of the arteries describes the disease known as:

A) atherosclerosis.
B) arteriosclerosis.
C) angina pectoris.
D) arrhythmia.

Question 10

Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when:

A) a blood vessel bursts inside the brain.
B) a clot blocks the flow of blood to an area of the brain.
C) a weak spot in an artery balloons out.
D) arteries that supply the heart are narrowed with plaques.

Question 11

The heart's blood supply comes from the:

A) blood pumped through its internal chambers.
B) coronary arteries that branch into arterioles.
C) capillaries that supply the endocardium.
D) the arterioles that become capillaries.

Question 12

Gender differences in CVD mortality may be due to the fact that:

A) testosterone has been linked with aggression and other behaviors that contribute to heart disease.
B) estrogen levels surge at the time of natural menopause.
C) premenopausal women have approximately 20 percent more blood in their bodies than do men.
D) sex hormone levels decrease during early adulthood.

Question 13

The leading cause of death in the United States is:

A) cardiovascular disease.
B) cancer.
C) stroke.
D) accidents.

Question 14

Coronary angioplasty is a form of cardiac surgery in which:

A) an inflatable catheter is used to open a blocked coronary artery.
B) a small piece of a healthy vein is grafted around a blocked artery.
C) a laser is used to destroy blockages in coronary arteries.
D) a rotating blade removes blockages in coronary arteries.

Question 15

Inflammation in the circulating blood,which is called _____________,can contribute to ___________.

A) atherogenesis;systemic inflammation
B) systemic inflammation;atherogenesis
C) atherosclerosis;arteriosclerosis
D) arteriosclerosis;atherosclerosis

Question 16

Jerry's cardiologist suspects that he may have a cardiac arrhythmia when his heart is stressed.To be sure,he prescribes:

A) an exercise electrocardiogram.
B) angioplasty.
C) a beta-blocker.
D) coronary angiography.

Question 17

The most commonly used test of cardiac health is:

A) the echocardiogram.
B) coronary angiography.
C) an electrocardiogram (EKG).
D) angioplasty.

Question 18

A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen to the heart,crushing chest pain,and difficulty in breathing,but no loss of consciousness or damage to the myocardium is:

A) stroke.
B) arrhythmia.
C) myocardial infarction.
D) angina pectoris.

Question 19

Restriction of blood flow and oxygen to the cerebrum results in:

A) an embolism.
B) angina pectoris.
C) myocardial infarction.
D) a stroke.

Question 20

Men have roughly the same rate of CVD as women who are:

A) not yet experiencing menopause.
B) 10 years older.
C) smokers.
D) overweight.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT part of the Type A behavior pattern?

A) competitiveness
B) time urgency
C) hostility
D) a high-pressure job

Question 22

James Pennebaker has found that cardiac patients who suppress their anger or frustration:

A) have one-third the mortality rate of other cardiac patients.
B) have one-half the mortality rate of other cardiac patients.
C) are almost five times as likely as other cardiac patients to die within 5 years.
D) are no more likely than other cardiac patients to die within 5 years.

Question 23

Which of the following is an effect of stress on the cardiovascular system?

A) Lowered blood pressure
B) A decrease in heart rate
C) Weaker contractions of the myocardium
D) Increased release of epinephrine and cortisol

Question 24

Compared to European Americans,African-Americans are at _______________ risk of CVD,and Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans are at _______________ risk.

A) decreased;decreased
B) decreased;increased
C) increased;increased
D) increased;decreased

Question 25

A blood pressure of 170/100 in an adult would be diagnosed as:

A) low normal.
B) normal.
C) borderline hypertension.
D) hypertension.

Question 26

Recent research investigating the Type A behavior pattern has found that _______________ may be the most crucial factor in predicting coronary disease.

A) impatience
B) hostility
C) time urgency
D) competitiveness

Question 27

Many experts attribute ethnic and racial differences in cardiovascular disease to _______________ factors.

A) biological
B) emotional
C) economic and psychosocial
D) uncontrollable risk

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A) elevated serum triglyceride level
B) low blood sugar
C) obesity
D) hypertension

Question 29

Most cases of high blood pressure are classified as _______________,meaning that the cause of the disease is _______________.

A) primary;unknown
B) essential;poor diet
C) secondary;excess body weight
D) secondary;genetic vulnerability

Question 30

When disparities in education,income,and disease risk factors for CVD are controlled for,ethnic and racial group differences in CVD:

A) increase substantially.
B) increase slightly.
C) disappear altogether.
D) persist.

Question 31

Researchers have suggested that the prevalence of hypertension among African-Americans :

A) is associated with an increased risk of CVD in both men and women.
B) results in higher-than-normal rates of accidental death and suicide in men.
C) is associated with high blood pressure.
D) reflects their greater cardiovascular reactivity to challenging situations.

Question 32

Which of the following was NOT suggested as a reason women are twice as likely as men to die following a heart attack?

A) Women with CVD tend to be older than their male counterparts.
B) CVD tends to be diagnosed sooner in men than in women.
C) Women are treated more aggressively than men are.
D) Until recently,women have been underrepresented in clinical studies of CVD.

Question 33

The massive Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)study found that:

A) people who scored highest on an anger scale were three times more likely to have a heart attack than those with the lowest scores.
B) people who suppress negative emotions are more likely to develop CVD than people who express their emotions.
C) people who vent their negative emotions are more likely to develop CVD than people who keep them to themselves.
D) hostile adults lead more stressful lives.

Question 34

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive,hurried,hostile people who may be at increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease is:

A) Type A.
B) Type B.
C) Type C.
D) Type CVD.

Question 35

Researchers have found that low-SES African-American men tend to display ___________ to racial stressors than high-SES _______________.

A) greater cardiovascular reactivity;African-American men or women
B) weaker cardiovascular reactivity;African-American men
C) faster clotting;African-American men or women
D) slower clotting;African-American men

Question 36

One study reported that cardiac patients who denied their anger or frustration were more likely than other cardiac patients to die within 5 years.This finding supports James Pennebaker's general theory of:

A) behavioral undercontrol.
B) psychosocial vulnerability.
C) inhibition.
D) psychophysiological reactivity.

Question 37

With regard to serum cholesterol levels and risk of CVD,research suggests that:

A) a total level of 200 mg/dl or greater doubles the risk.
B) even people with low levels of total cholesterol are at increased risk if the proportions of HDL and LDL are faulty.
C) low-density lipoprotein protects against heart disease.
D) a high ratio of total cholesterol to high-density cholesterol is the healthiest combination.

Question 38

Hypertension is defined as systolic pressure above _______________ mmHg or diastolic pressure of more than _______________ mmHg.

A) 120;80
B) 130;85
C) 140;90
D) 150;95
E) 160;100

Question 39

Cardiovascular disease takes the lives of _______________ as many women as does breast cancer.

A) twice
B) three times
C) half
D) five times

Question 40

Which of the following most accurately expresses the relationship between hypertension and heredity?

A) Genes play little or no role in contributing to high blood pressure.
B) A single gene causes hypertension.
C) Hypertension is caused by mutations in several genes that are passed on from one generation to the next.
D) Although genes may create a biological predisposition to hypertension,heredity alone cannot explain the widespread variation among sociocultural groups.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a factor that places a person at greater risk of developing Type II diabetes?

A) not exercising regularly
B) being overweight
C) having low socioeconomic status
D) having an elevated HDL cholesterol level

Question 42

Effective weight management is particularly important for patients with diabetes because:

A) it strengthens the ability of the islet cells to produce insulin.
B) it improves the body's ability to regulate glucose.
C) lower body weight is almost always accompanied by lower blood pressure and cholesterol.
D) it improves patients' self-esteem,which reduces illness intrusiveness.

Question 43

Psychological stress may directly contribute to the development of diabetes by triggering:

A) abnormal changes in blood sugar levels.
B) an indifference to the benefits of a healthy diet.
C) lower levels of compliance with treatment regimens.
D) All may be triggers for diabetes.

Question 44

Type I diabetes:

A) is found in more than 90 percent of all people with diabetes.
B) usually appears after age 30.
C) is an autoimmune disease in which the person's immune system attacks the insulin- and glucagon-producing cells of the pancreas.
D) is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Question 45

Hyperglycemia describes a condition of:

A) too little glucose in the blood.
B) too much glucose in the blood.
C) too little insulin in the blood.
D) an imbalance between insulin and glycogen.

Question 46

The lifestyle modifications required to keep diabetes under control are essentially a problem involving:

A) stress management.
B) maintaining a healthy body image.
C) self-management.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 47

Research has linked Type A anger in women to a cluster of traits combining:

A) depression with high levels of anxiety.
B) introversion with aggressiveness.
C) introversion with high levels of anxiety.
D) extraversion with aggressiveness.

Question 48

Data from the CARDIA study reveal that people with CVD may avoid recurrence by:

A) quitting smoking.
B) improving cholesterol ratios.
C) exercising regularly.
D) drinking wine regularly.

Question 49

The Mediterranean-type diet that has been associated with a reduction in the risk of CVD:

A) consists of a high ratio of protein to carbohydrate.
B) is rich in fruits,vegetables,whole grains,and monounsaturated fats.
C) is virtually fat-free.
D) emphasizes a severe reduction in the number of calories consumed each day.

Question 50

Angel,who is 35,has developed an endocrine disorder in which his body is insensitive to insulin.Angel most likely has:

A) Type 1 diabetes.
B) Type 2 diabetes.
C) prediabetes.
D) metabolic syndrome.

Question 51

Job strain is greatest for jobs that have:

A) high job demands.
B) low decision latitude.
C) high job demands and low decision latitude.
D) low job demands and high decision latitude.

Question 52

Which of the following health problems is NOT associated with diabetes?

A) hypoglycemia
B) hyperglycemia
C) blindness
D) gum disease

Question 53

Kendra's psychologist has designed an intervention to reduce the illness intrusiveness of her lifelong battle with diabetes.This type of intervention focuses on:

A) minimizing the disruptive effect of the disease on a patient's life.
B) efforts to stabilize blood sugar levels.
C) eliminating comorbid disorders such as depression.
D) reducing the patient's dependence on blood pressure medications.

Question 54

Studies of blood glucose awareness training indicate that:

A) through a form of biofeedback training,most people with diabetes can learn to recognize the cognitive and behavioral indicators of different blood glucose levels.
B) patients trained in blood glucose awareness are no more accurate in self-monitoring of their blood glucose levels than are untrained control patients.
C) gauging blood sugar levels from environmental cues is highly inaccurate.
D) most patients with diabetes have inaccurate beliefs about their blood sugar levels.

Question 55

Compared to others,hostile men and women are most likely to react to stress in which of the following ways?

A) slower blood clotting and higher cholesterol levels
B) psychological hyperreactivity
C) physiological hyperreactivity
D) psychological and physiological hyperreactivity

Question 56

One study found that benefit finding among participants was associated with:

A) greater glucose intolerance.
B) greater insulin resistance.
C) better adherence to diabetes management behaviors.
D) greater cardiovascular reactivity.

Question 57

Type A behavior may be most likely when people work at jobs that:

A) are slow-paced and boring.
B) are complex and include mental demands that require skill and training.
C) involve a great deal of repetitive action.
D) may do any of these;it is impossible to predict.

Question 58

Dr.Martinez believes that people who lack a strong network of social support have a higher risk of developing CVD because they are more likely to ignore health warnings regarding smoking and other health-compromising activities.Dr.Martinez is evidently a proponent of the:

A) health behavior explanation.
B) psychophysiological reactivity model.
C) mind-body model.
D) coronary-prone behavior model.

Question 59

Most people with diabetes:

A) can control their disease by changing their diet,regulating their weight,and exercising regularly.
B) require daily injections of insulin.
C) will also develop cardiovascular disease.
D) are also experiencing a great deal of stress in their lives.