Deck 21: Genomic Analysis

Question 1

Compared with prokaryotic chromosomes,eukaryotic chromosomes are_______ .

A)large,mainly organized in single- gene transcription units without introns
B)small,mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns
C)small,mainly organized in single- gene transcription units with introns
D)large,mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns
E)large,linear,less densely packed with protein- coding genes,mainly organized in single- gene units with introns

Answer 1

large,linear,less densely packed with protein- coding genes,mainly organized in single- gene units with introns

Question 2

How many potential reading frames are there in a 1500- bp segment of double- stranded DNA?

A)4
B)1
C)5
D)2
E)6

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Numerous scientists around the world have proposed to sequence 10,000 vertebrate genomes in five years.What is the name of this plan?

A)10K or Bust
B)Vertebrate Beginnings
C)Bigger Than Life Plan
D)Genome 10K
E)Vertebrate Enlightenment

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Compared with eukaryotic chromosomes,bacterial chromosomes are_______ .

A)large,mainly organized in single- gene transcription units without introns
B)small,mainly organized in single- gene transcription units with introns
C)large,mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without introns
D)large,triple- helix,Z- DNA,organized in single gene units with introns
E)small,with high gene density

Question 5

Which of the following is not an emerging "- omics" field?

A)glycomics
B)chromosomics
C)pharmacogenomics
D)metagenomics
E)transcriptomics

Question 6

In general,the organization of genes in bacteria is different from that in eukaryotes.In E.coli,approximately 27 percent of all genes are organized into contiguous,functionally related units containing multiple genes under coordinated control that are transcribed as a single unit.Such contiguous gene families are called_______ .

A)proteomes
B)operons
C)pseudogenes
D)transcriptomes
E)contigs

Question 7

A new gene is discovered during the sequencing of a bacterial genome.After a BLAST analysis,the new gene aligns with a known sequence from the same bacterium.The sequence identity is 95%.Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the newly discovered gene and the known gene?

A)It is a paralog to the known gene and is a result of a recent gene duplication.
B)It is an ortholog to the known gene and is a result of a recent gene duplication.
C)It is an ortholog to the known gene and is a result of an older gene duplication.
D)It is a paralog to the known gene and is a result of an older gene duplication.

Question 8

Describe the difference between whole- genome sequencing and whole- exome sequencing.

Question 9

A newly sequenced gene is cloned and expressed in a bacterial cell.The bioinformatics databases suggest that this gene produces an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate.After weeks of experiments,a scientist determined the enzyme has a completely different function.This is an example of_______ .

A)incorrect qPCR
B)incorrect BLAST parameters
C)incorrect annotation
D)incorrect enzyme experiments
E)incorrect sequencing

Question 10

The project seeking to determine transcriptional start sites,promoters,enhancers,and other functional elements of the genome is called_______ .

A)NIH
B)ENCODE
C)NCBI
D)PANTHER
E)LUMINA

Question 11

The Human Genome Project,which got under way in 1990,is an international effort to_______ .

A)clone deleterious genes from humans and study their mode of action
B)determine the base sequence of the human genome and to identify all the genes within
C)collect plant seeds in order to reduce the impact of human activity on plant extinction
D)clone beneficial genes from humans for eventual use in gene therapy
E)collect samples of cells from all parts of the world in order to preserve human genetic diversity

Question 12

What is one cause for the 21,000 protein encoding sequences in the human genome producing between 200,000 and 1 million different proteins?

A)CNVs
B)CRISPR- Cas systems
C)restriction enzymes
D)alternative splicing
E)SNPs

Question 13

Somatic genome mosaicism is best described as _______.

A)differences in gen location in the genome
B)differences in genome sequence between cells of an organism due to errors incurred during division
C)differences in proteins expressed between cells of an organism
D)differences in genome sequence between cells of an organism due to errors in sequencing

Question 14

The sequencing of the human genome lead to the realization that chromosome 19 contains many genes while chromosomes 13 and Y contain relatively few.This finding implies what about the density of genes in a genome?

A)Genes are uniformly distributed throughout the genome.
B)Genes are not uniformly distributed and appear in clusters separated by large noncoding regions.
C)Genes are uniformly distributed on chromosomes but not through the entire genome.
D)Genes have no organization and randomly appear throughout the genome and chromosomes.

Question 15

A bacterial polygenic transcription unit_______ .

A)is capped at the 5' end and carries a poly- A tail at the 3' end
B)contains information for one protein product
C)contains information for more than one protein product
D)is void of start AUG)and termination UAA,UGA,UAG)triplets
E)None of the answers listed is correct.

Question 16

Which E- value represents the highest probability of a BLAST result not being chance?

A)1 × 10^{- 4} B)1
C)0)01
D)0)1
E)1 × 10^{- 3}

Question 17

Under the umbrella of the Human Genome Project,a program was set up to involve scientists,health professionals,policy makers,and the public in formulating policy and legislation related to the application of human genomic information.What is it called?

A)WGS Whole Genome Systems
B)ELSI Ethical,Legal,and Social Implications
C)HGSI Human Genome Sequencing Initiative
D)HGPC Human Genome Project Consortium

Question 18

What is the typical gene density per kilobase in prokaryotes?

A)1
B)12
C)1200
D)3000
E)426,000

Question 19

Personal genome sequencing assists with the recognition and determination of what?

A)somatic genome mosaicism
B)locations for introns
C)inheritable diseases and their alleles
D)silent mutations in the genome

Question 20

Most of the bacterial genomes described in the text have fewer than_______ .

A)10,000 genes
B)500 genes
C)50 genes
D)5000 base pairs
E)10,000 base pairs

Question 21

The dog Canis familiaris genome has recently been sequenced.About how many of the dog's genes are shared with humans?

A)~50%
B)>95%
C)<25%
D)~75%

Question 22

One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain internal sequences,called_______ ,which get removed in the mature message.

A)inteins
B)exons
C)exteins
D)splice- outs
E)introns

Question 23

With the rise of drug- resistant bacteria in hospitals there has been an effort to develop new antibiotics as well as novel methods to combat resistant infections.The sequencing of entire communities of organisms including environmental samples has led to the discovery of millions of uncharacterized bacteria that could provide new drugs.This sequencing method is called_______ .

A)biome genomics
B)environmental genomics
C)shotgun genomics
D)whole- community sequencing

Question 24

Describe how comparative genomics is aiding in the discovery and treatment of human disease.

Question 25

A common first separation technique in 2D gels is isoelectric focusing.What property is isoelectric focusing taking advantage of?

A)charge
B)amino acid content
C)the pH at which the overall charge is zero
D)size

Question 26

The data from metagenomic experiments is commonly displayed in a Venn diagram where there is overlap between datasets that suggest correlation with disease states.If a patient exhibits genomic sequences from multiple overlapping regions of the diagram what happens to their predisposition to the disease?

A)It goes down.
B)It stays the same.
C)It goes up.
D)Genetics do not play a role in disease predisposition.

Question 27

Genomes from several primates have been sequenced and annotated.These primates range from chimpanzee to Rhesus monkey to Neanderthal and modern humans.What is the advantage of having so many primate sequences available to researchers?

A)Comparative genomics allows for determining evolutionary trends.
B)The primate sequences can be compared to learn about dietary trends.
C)Phenotypes can be determined from the genomes.
D)The primate sequences can be compared to learn about social behavior.

Question 28

Transcriptomics requires the isolation of RNA to generate sequence data.If a scientist wants to use next- generation sequencing to perform their experiment which of the following is necessary?

A)protein quantification
B)euchromatin
C)reverse transcriptase
D)heterochromatin

Question 29

The genome of the domesticated dog,Canis familiaris,was sequenced in 2005.Using the dog as a model system provides insight into which of the following human disease states?

A)aneuploidies,multifactorial diseases,and behavioral conditions
B)aneuploidies
C)multifactorial diseases
D)behavioral conditions i.e.,obsessive- compulsive disorders)

Question 30

A microbiome is essential for human infant development.Where does an infant obtain the origins of its microbiome?

A)the infant has a microbiome at conception
B)the hospital
C)the father
D)the mother

Question 31

DNA microarray analysis is excellent for _______.

A)studying one gene's expression very closely
B)studying all of a sample's expressed genes simultaneously
C)studying all of a sample's unexpressed genes simultaneously
D)studying all of a sample's genes simultaneously

Question 32

Using RNA- seq generates data in situ.What does RNA- seq not provide data for?

A)sequence of the RNA
B)location of transcript in the genome
C)amount of protein produced by RNA
D)gene expression levels

Question 33

Nutrigenomics is the study of_______ .

A)the vitamins and minerals in the genome
B)the effect of genomics on dietary desires
C)the relationship between diet and the genome
D)the effect of nutrition on genome sequences

Question 34

Aligning genome sequences from different organisms to determine their evolutionary history is referred to as_______ .

A)evogenomics
B)metagenomics
C)comparative genomics
D)stone- age genomics

Question 35

A drawback to using microarrays is_______ .

A)the spots are very tiny
B)the arrays do not cover enough of the genome
C)researcher- made arrays have high variability
D)commercial microarrays have high variability in quality

Question 36

Proteomics is the "- omics" study of proteins,investigating the complete set of proteins in a cell.What does proteomics provide data on?

A)amount of protein in a cell
B)the gene sequence for the protein
C)the similarity between genes coding for a protein
D)posttranslational modification to proteins

Question 37

Transcriptomics is _______.

A)measuring how much DNA is in the genome
B)the quantification of gene expression
C)determining phenotype
D)determining epigenetic markers

Question 38

Which of the following is a major contributor to variation in gene density in eukaryotes?

A)transposons
B)restriction sites
C)repetitive sequences
D)heterochromatin

Question 39

The advent of genomic sequencing and annotations using bioinformatics has led to the realization that some of the long- held beliefs about prokaryotic genome structure were incorrect.Which of the following has not been refuted by modern bioinformatic discoveries?

A)Prokaryote genomes do not contain introns.
B)All bacterial genomes are circular.
C)Bacterial genomes are always smaller than eukaryotic genomes.
D)Prokaryotes have a single chromosome.

Question 40

Several years ago,scientists compared the genome of a wooly mammoth to that of an African elephant and found them to be 98.5% identical.This is an example of what type of "- omics"?

A)stone- age genomics
B)space- age genomics
C)exomics
D)proteomics
E)extinctomics

Question 41

What does MALDI stand for?

A)Maser- Assisted Ligand Desorption Ionization
B)Maser- Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
C)Matrix- Assisted Ligand Desorption Ionization
D)Matrix- Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization

Question 42

Describe the similarities between sequencing a protein and sequencing a genome.

Question 43

MALDI- mass spectrometry was used to identify a protein from preserved T.rex samples.Briefly describe how this was done.

Question 44

Proteins separated on 2D gels provide information on their pH and size but not their identity.MALDI- mass spectrometry provides this missing information by which of the following?

A)generating a sequence "fingerprint" for the protein
B)generating sequence data for the protein
C)generating a m/z ratio "fingerprint" for the protein
D)generating a gene "fingerprint" for the protein