Deck 10: DNA Structure and Analysis

Question 1

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in association with retroviral activity.It has the property of .

A)translation
B)requiring no template
C)synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
D)most lysozymes
E)synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

Answer 1

synthesis of DNA from an RNA template

Question 2

The classic Hershey and Chase 1952)experiment that offered evidence in support of DNA being the genetic material in bacteriophages made use of which of the following labeled components ?

A)oxygen and phosphorus
B)hydrogen
C)tritium
D)nitrogen and oxygen
E)phosphorus and sulfur

Answer 2

phosphorus and sulfur

Question 3

In the classic experiment conducted by Hershey and Chase,why was the pellet radioactive in the centrifuge tube that contained bacteria with viruses?

A)The bacteria were in the pellet,and they had incorporated radioactive proteins into their cell membranes.
B)The radioactive viruses coats plus DNA were in the pellet.
C)The radioactive protein coats of the viruses were in the pellet.
D)The radioactive viruses were in the pellet,and the bacteria were in the supernatant.
E)The bacteria were in the pellet,and many contained the radioactive viral DNA.

Answer 3

The bacteria were in the pellet,and many contained the radioactive viral DNA.

Question 4

The figure below is a nucleotide:

- If this molecule were found in a DNA chain,the chemical group labeled X would be and the chemical labeled Y would be_________ .

A)OH; H
B)OH; OH
C)H; OH
D)H; H

Question 5

The covalent linkage between the monomers in a dinucleotide is an______.

A)phosphodiester bond
B)peptide bond
C)ester bond
D)ionic bond
E)disulfide bond

Question 6

The figure below shows a representative dinucleotide:

-Spleen diesterase is an enzyme that breaks the covalent bond that connects the phosphate to the 5' carbon.If the dinucleotide is digested with spleen diesterase,to which base and to which carbon on the sugar is the phosphate attached?

A)A; 5'
B)T; 5'
C)T; 3'
D)A; 3'

Question 7

Match the function of DNA on the left with the appropriate description on the right. Which of the choices below is correct?

A)i = d; ii = b; iii = c; iv = a
B)i = d; ii = c; iii = b; iv = a
C)i = d; ii = b; iii = a; iv = c
D)i = b; ii = d; iii = a; iv = c
E)i = c; ii = a; iii = b; iv = d

Question 8

What are the two major components of the tobacco mosaic virus?

A)RNA and protein
B)carbohydrates and nucleic acids
C)lipids and nucleic acids
D)RNA and DNA
E)DNA and protein

Question 9

The Central Dogma specifies that the information in __________.

A)RNA is copied into a DNA molecule during transcription,and the information in that DNA molecule is used to make a protein during translation
B)DNA is copied into an RNA molecule during transcription,and the information in that RNA molecule is used to make a protein during translation
C)DNA is copied directly into a protein
D)protein is copied into an RNA molecule during translation,and the information in that RNA molecule is used to make DNA during transcription
E)DNA is copied into an RNA molecule during translation,and the information in that RNA molecule is used to make a protein during transcription

Question 10

Genetic functions in a eukaryote can be observed in __________.

A)mitchondria
B)mitchondria and chloroplasts
C)the nucleus
D)chloroplasts
E)chloroplasts,mitchondria,and the nucleus

Question 11

When a protoplast is infected by only the nucleic acid component of a virus,the infection is referred to as__________ .

A)transduction
B)recombination
C)lysis
D)transformation
E)transfection

Question 12

The basic structure of a nucleotide includes______ .

A)phosphorus and sulfur
B)tryptophan and leucine
C)amino acids
D)base,sugar,and phosphate
E)mRNA,rRNA,and tRNA

Question 13

A particular__________ carry the information for making a particular protein,but__________ can be used to make any protein.

A)gene and ribosome; a tRNA and an mRNA
B)gene and tRNA; a ribosome and an mRNA
C)tRNA and ribosome; a gene and an mRNA
D)ribosome and mRNA; a gene and a tRNA
E)gene and mRNA; a ribosome and a tRNA

Question 14

The figure below shows a representative dinucleotide:

- This figure represents __________,and the arrow is closest to the__________ end.

A)RNA; 5'
B)RNA; 3'
C)DNA; 3'
D)DNA; 5'

Question 15

If protein were the genetic principle and not nucleic acid,significant mutagenic effects would be detected at__________

A)320 nm
B)300 nm
C)280 nm
D)240 nm
E)260 nm

Question 16

Regarding the structure of DNA,the covalently arranged combination of a deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base would be called an______ .

A)nucleotide
B)nucleoside
C)ribonucleotide
D)nucleoside monophosphate
E)oligonucleotide

Question 17

In the mid- 1940s,genetic information was known to consist of__________ .

A)nucleic acid and lipid
B)lipid and protein
C)nucleic acid and protein
D)protein and carbohydrate
E)carbohydrate and nucleic acid

Question 18

The figure below is a nucleotide:

- If this molecule were found in an RNA chain,the chemical group labeled X would be and the chemic labeled Y would be _________ .

A)OH; H
B)OH; OH
C)H; H
D)H; OH

Question 19

The figure below is a nucleotide:

- If you were told that this molecule could be found in either DNA or RNA,depending on the identity of the chem groups labeled X)and Y),the nitrogen- containing ring structure would have to be ______.

A)guanine
B)uracil
C)cytosine
D)thymine
E)adenine

Question 20

Who discovered that DNA was the genetic material or "transforming principle" that could convert nonvirulent R- type Diplococcus pneumoniae bacterium to the virulent S- type?

A)Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty
B)Hershey and Chase
C)Frederick Griffith
D)Watson,Crick,Wilkins,and Franklin
E)Erwin Chargaff

Question 21

The form of DNA that is observed to adopt a left- handed helix is ______ .

A)P- DNA
B)Z- DNA
C)C- DNA
D)A- DNA
E)D- DNA

Question 22

Explain the tetranucleotide hypothesis and its relationship to the substance referred to as nuclein.

Question 23

In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of double- stranded DNA to see which bases are equivalent in concentration,which of the following would be true?

A)G = T
B)A + T = G + C
C)A = G and C = T
D)A + C = G + T
E)A = C

Question 24

Consider the following two statements about DNA melting temperature:

1) The melting temperature of a sample of DNA is the temperature at which 50% of the double helices in the sa have completely denatured.
2) A molecule with 53% G—C base pairs would have a higher melting temperature than a molecule of equivale length with 53% A—T base pairs.

Determine which one of the statements below is CORRECT.

A)Statement 1)is true; statement 2)is false.
B)Statement 1)and statement 2)are true.
C)Statement 1)and statement 2)are false.
D)Statement 1)is false; statement 2)is true.

Question 25

The base content of a sample of nucleic acid is as follows: A = 31%,G = 31%,T = 19%,C = 19%.What conclusion should be drawn from this information?

A)This nucleic acid is double- stranded DNA.
B)This nucleic acid is made of RNA.
C)The purine/pyrimidine ratio in this molecule fits Chargaff's data.
D)The strands in this molecule are parallel rather than antiparallel.
E)This nucleic acid is single- stranded DNA.

Question 26

In base pair between a guanine and a cytosine, ______hydrogen bonds form between a partially positive hydrogen on the guanine and a more electronegative atom on the cytosine.

A)1
B)4
C)3
D)2
E)0

Question 27

Compared with B- DNA,A- DNA is ______compact,has ______ base pairs per turn,and is a ______ helix.

A)more; more; right- handed
B)less; fewer; left- handed
C)more; fewer; left- handed
D)more; fewer; right- handed
E)less; more; right- handed

Question 28

The two DNA chains in a double helix ______ .

A)have an overall diameter of 2 µm
B)have identical base sequences
C)are held together due to the charges of their phosphate groups
D)wind around each other in such a way that purines are always opposite pyrimidines and vice versa
E)are parallel to each other in 5' to 3' directionality

Question 29

The form of DNA that is believed to be most biologically significant is ______.

A)A- DNA
B)Z- DNA
C)E- DNA
D)B- DNA
E)D- DNA

Question 30

Explain why the distribution of protein and nucleic acid in a eukaryotic cell favors nucleic acid as the genetic material.

Question 31

When calculating a molecule's Svedberg coefficient,the rate of sedimentation is affected by the molecule's ______.

A)size
B)shape
C)mass
D)size and shape
E)mass,size,and shape

Question 32

Any two nucleic acid fragments will spontaneously hybridize if they encounter each other as long as they are ______and ______.

A)complementary; antiparallel
B)primed; replicated
C)DNA; RNA
D)transcribed; translated
E)identical; compatible

Question 33

Briefly define transformation and describe the relationship between the phenomenon of transformation and the discovery that DNA is the genetic material in bacteria.

Question 34

The most specific name for an incoming monomer about to be incorporated into a DNA chain is ______.

A)nucleotide
B)deoxyribonucleoside
C)deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
D)ribonucleoside diphosphate
E)nucleoside monophosphate

Question 35

Which type of rRNA can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A)18S
B)5)8S
C)5S
D)16S
E)23S

Question 36

Arrange the principal forms of RNA in order of abundance from LEAST abundant to MOST abundant.

A)tRNA,rRNA,mRNA
B)mRNA,tRNA,rRNA
C)rRNA,tRNA,mRNA
D)tRNA,mRNA,rRNA
E)mRNA,rRNA,tRNA

Question 37

Some forms of genetic regulation can be facilitated by ______ .

A)miRNA
B)lncRNA
C)siRNA
D)lncRNA and siRNA
E)miRNA,siRNA,and lncRNA

Question 38

FISH can be used to determine the ______ .

A)locations of major and minor grooves in a double helix
B)difference in lengths between two fragments of DNA
C)chromosomal location of specific genetic information
D)melting temperature of a fragment of DNA
E)difference between A- form and B- form DNAs

Question 39

Considering the structure of double- stranded DNA,which kinds)of bonds hold one complementary strand to the other?

A)disulfide
B)hydrogen
C)ionic
D)van der Waals
E)covalent

Question 40

If 15% of the nitrogenous bases in a sample of DNA from a particular organism are thymine,what percentage should be cytosine?

A)40%
B)35%
C)70%
D)15%
E)30%

Question 41

How do urea and NaCl influence temperature- induced DNA melting?

Question 42

Identify the nitrogenous bases and pentose sugars in DNA and RNA.

Question 43

What is the difference between a polynucleotide and an oligonucleotide?

Question 44

Compare and contrast the principal types of RNA in terms of their cellular roles,relative abundance,and variation in length.

Question 45

Explain the technique of electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments.

Question 46

Why would D- DNA and E- DNA be unlikely to be found in the genomes of living organisms?

Question 47

What does it mean for a double helix of DNA to be antiparallel and complementary?

Question 48

You determine the sequence of an isolated gene,and wish to find its location in the genome.Propose a procedure using fluorescence to locate your gene of interest.