Deck 2: The Biology of Mind

Question 1

You prefer that professors post exam scores (by identification number), rather than returning them individually. It makes you feel better to see how you did among other students in your class. Which of the following social psychology phenomenon does this exemplify?

A) social preference
B) social comparison
C) social bias
D) social engagement

Answer 1

social comparison

Question 2

The element of self-concept that we dream of or dread are called our

A) consequent selves.
B) transparent selves.
C) possible selves.
D) terminal selves.

Answer 2

possible selves.

Question 3

Ron remembers Phil's birthday which is in the same month as his but fails to recall Alex's birthday which is in a different month. Though both of them are his friends, Ron's ability to recall Phil's birthday but not Alex's can be best explained through the concept of

A) self-schema.
B) social comparison.
C) Schadenfreude.
D) individualism.

Answer 3

self-schema.

Question 4

_____ is defined as the beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

A) Self-actualization
B) Self-schema
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-realization

Question 5

Assuming that everyone thinks you are slack and absent-minded because you forgot to show up at a dinner party with a gift for the host would most likely be considered an example of the _____ effect.

A) false consensus
B) audience
C) spotlight
D) halo

Question 6

A study by Gilovich et al. (2000) had undergraduate students wear Barry Manilow T-shirts. Which of the following concepts did this study explore?

A) transparency effect
B) audience effect
C) spotlight effect
D) halo effect

Question 7

When facing competition, we often protect our self-concept by perceiving

A) ourselves as superior to the competitor.
B) the competitor as inefficient and disorganized.
C) the competitor as disadvantaged in comparison to us.
D) the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us.

Question 8

In Savitsky and Gilovich's study, public speakers who were informed about the illusion-of-transparency phenomenon felt

A) more nervous while speaking.
B) better about their speech and appearance.
C) worse about their appearance while speaking.
D) no different about their speech.

Question 9

Assuming that everyone else is staring at the pimple on your chin is an example of the

A) false consensus effect.
B) audience effect.
C) spotlight effect.
D) halo effect.

Question 10

According to the studies conducted by Savitsky and Gilovich, when you give a presentation in class and feel extremely nervous you will tend to _____ what others think about your nervousness.

A) underestimate
B) overestimate
C) successfully predict
D) analyze

Question 11

According to Myers' discussion on social comparison, people typically _____ the standards by which they evaluate their own attainments when they experience a(n) _____ in affluence, status, or achievement.

A) raise; decrease
B) raise; increase
C) lower; decrease
D) lower; increase

Question 12

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusion of

A) transparency.
B) self-efficacy.
C) knowledge.
D) awareness.

Question 13

In the context of the spotlight effect and the illusion of transparency, no topic in psychology today is more researched than

A) the society.
B) social judgment.
C) the self.
D) collectivism.

Question 14

An example of how social comparisons can actually breed misery, rather than satisfaction, is when we

A) underestimate others' appraisal against our own.
B) perceive other competitors to be at a disadvantage.
C) raise the standards by which we evaluate our own attainments.
D) stop comparing ourselves with others doing even better.

Question 15

The extent to which one evaluates one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others is called

A) comparative analysis.
B) competitive comparison.
C) social ranking.
D) social comparison.

Question 16

Which of the following terms denotes what we know and believe about ourselves?

A) self-schema
B) Schadenfreude
C) altruism
D) self-concept

Question 17

The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how

A) self-interest colors our social judgment.
B) social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
C) self-concerns motivate our social behavior.
D) social relationships help to define our self.

Question 18

The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they actually are is referred to as the _____ effect.

A) transparency
B) audience
C) spotlight
D) halo

Question 19

In the context of self-concept, _____ are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.

A) attributes
B) efficacies
C) schemas
D) perspectives

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about self-control?

A) One cannot get tired by using up too much self-control.
B) Self-control requires only physical energy not mental energy.
C) Effortful self-control depletes ones limited willpower reserves.
D) Self-control is innate and cannot be improved.

Question 21

Self-esteem is more personal and less relational for people in a(n)_____ culture.

A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) interdependent
D) socialistic

Question 22

Political conservatives tend to be economic _____ and moral _______.

A) individualists; collectivists
B) collectivists; individualists
C) progressives; traditionalists
D) traditionalists; progressives

Question 23

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of

A) socialism.
B) communism.
C) collectivism.
D) individualism.

Question 24

In the U.S., those living in Hawaii and the deep South exhibit more _______ than those living in the Mountain West states.

A) individualism
B) collectivism
C) narcissism
D) hedonism

Question 25

Giving priority to the goals of one's group, such as one's family or workplace, and defining one's identity accordingly is known as

A) individualism.
B) narcissism.
C) collectivism.
D) hedonism.

Question 26

People are more likely to be self-critical and focus less on positive self-views in a(n) _____ culture.

A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) narcissistic
D) egocentric

Question 27

Under individualism, becoming an adult means _____.

A) living with relatives
B) becoming self-reliant
C) defining one's social, dependent self
D) uniting with parents

Question 28

You overhear a neighbor say that she believes gay marriage should be legal, and she opposes tax cuts for the wealthy. Knowing what you do about individualism and collectivism, you can conclude that your neighbor is most likely to be a political

A) liberal.
B) conservative.
C) theocrat.
D) neo-fascist.

Question 29

According to Woodzicka and LaFrance (2001), women reported that they would feel angry if asked sexually harassing questions during a job interview. When actually asked such questions, women more often experienced

A) annoyance.
B) rage.
C) fear.
D) irritation.

Question 30

In the context of culture and self-esteem, self-esteem _____ among Japanese exchange students after spending 7 months at the University of British Columbia, suggesting that self-concepts become more individualized after visiting Western countries.

A) decreased
B) increased
C) peaked and then dropped sharply
D) remained constant

Question 31

According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003), people have the greatest difficulty predicting _____ of their future emotions.

A) reliability
B) frequency
C) the intensity and the duration
D) the stability and permanency

Question 32

Which statement about predicting your own behaviors or relationships is true?

A) You are the best predictor of your own behaviors.
B) You can predict the fate of your relationships but not your behaviors.
C) The people who know you or your peers can probably predict your behaviors better than you.
D) Creative scientists are the best predictors of your own behaviors.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of the interdependent self?

A) The interdependent self is hardly embedded in social membership.
B) With an interdependent self, one's personal identity is established by individual traits and goals.
C) With an interdependent self, one has a greater sense of belonging.
D) The interdependent self creates social barriers as it disapproves of conformity and adopts egotism.

Question 34

Political liberals tend to be economic _______ and moral _______.

A) individualists; collectivists
B) collectivists; individualists
C) progressives; traditionalists
D) traditionalists; progressives

Question 35

A person from a(n) _____ culture is more likely to say, "We completed the job together," and a person from a(n) _____ culture is more likely to say, "I completed the job on my own without any help from anyone."

A) individualistic; collectivistic
B) collectivistic; individualistic
C) narcissistic; egocentric
D) egocentric; narcissistic

Question 36

Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism?

A) Two heads are better than one.
B) To thine own self be true.
C) Father knows best.
D) It takes a village to raise a child.

Question 37

In what type of culture would a threat to our personal identity most likely cause us to be more upset than a threat to our group identity?

A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) interdependent
D) socialistic

Question 38

Kitayama and Markus (2000) found that, for American students, happiness comes from feeling

A) close and friendly.
B) superior and proud.
C) emotionally engaged with their groups.
D) included and wanted.

Question 39

Our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves, is described by sociologist Charles H. Cooley as

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) self-realization.
C) self-justification.
D) the looking-glass self.

Question 40

You overhear a neighbor say that she believes gay marriage should be illegal and she favors tax cuts for the wealthy. Knowing what you do about individualism and collectivism, you can conclude that your neighbor is most likely to be a political

A) liberal.
B) conservative.
C) independent.
D) anarchist.

Question 41

You just broke up with someone you had been dating for a few months. You are surprised at how upset you are over the breakup, given that the relationship was not that serious. This is an example of how people have difficulty predicting the

A) type of their future emotions.
B) sequence of their future emotions.
C) frequency of their future emotions.
D) intensity of their future emotions.

Question 42

In the context of the dual attitude system, identify the type of attitudes that represent the unconscious attitudes regarding someone or something.

A) internal
B) external
C) implicit
D) explicit

Question 43

Children and adults with strong feelings of self-efficacy are more _____.

A) persistent
B) anxious
C) depressed
D) inconsistent

Question 44

People are prone to "impact bias," or _____ the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

A) disregarding
B) denying
C) underestimating
D) overestimating

Question 45

Studies of "affective forecasting" as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003, required participants to predict their future

A) school performance.
B) family situation.
C) thoughts.
D) emotions.

Question 46

Our sense of self-worth is also called our

A) self-realization.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-knowledge.

Question 47

The state of a "dual attitude system" exists when we have differing _____ and _____ attitudes toward the same object.

A) direct; indirect
B) internal; external
C) explicit; implicit
D) positive; negative

Question 48

Most people with high self-esteem value individual achievement and relationships with others. Narcissists with high self-esteem are most likely to value

A) individual achievement.
B) group welfare.
C) relationships with others.
D) self-sacrifice and kindness.

Question 49

Most cultures native to Asia, Africa, and Central and South America place a greater value on _____.

A) individualism
B) narcissism
C) collectivism
D) hedonism

Question 50

Which statement is most accurate regarding self-analysis?

A) We are incapable of comparing ourselves with others.
B) We can predict the intensity and duration of our feelings accurately.
C) We know and can predict our behavior better than others can.
D) We are unaware of much that goes on in our minds.

Question 51

You notice that your niece is unusually persistent when working on her homework. She rarely claims that she is unable to complete an assignment and is academically successful. You would be correct in speculating that she likely has strong feelings of

A) self-efficacy
B) narcissism
C) collectivism
D) transparency

Question 52

Identify a true statement about self-efficacy.

A) People with low feelings of self-efficacy are usually less depressed.
B) It is better to focus on self-efficacy than self-esteem when encouraging someone to perform better.
C) Children with high feelings of self-efficacy are more anxious.
D) A strong sense of self-efficacy creates difficulties when problems arise.

Question 53

A sense that one is competent and effective refers to one's

A) self-esteem.
B) self-aggrandizement.
C) self-worth.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 54

Identify the true statement about self-monitoring.

A) People low in self-monitoring are externally guided and are less likely to talk and act as they believe.
B) People high in self-monitoring are more committed to their relationships.
C) People low in self-monitoring care less about what others think.
D) People high in self-monitoring are less likely to be dissatisfied in their marriages.

Question 55

Identify the true statement about people with low self-esteem.

A) They prefer understanding responses even if they are negative.
B) They are most likely to ignore and neglect others' worst behaviors.
C) They usually choose less desirable partners.
D) They are usually less prone to loneliness and eating disorders.

Question 56

A _____ study is one in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) transversal
D) prevalence

Question 57

In the context of predicting our behavior, the planning fallacy is the tendency to

A) overanalyze the significance of any task that is required for completion.
B) avoid making any specific plans for a short-term goal.
C) predict accurately the number of people required in completing a task.
D) underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.

Question 58

People with low self-esteem are more likely to

A) be satisfied with their relationships.
B) take a negative view of everything.
C) believe that their partner likes them.
D) have an inflated sense of self.

Question 59

People high in both self-esteem and narcissism tend to be _____.

A) similar to those with low self-esteem
B) more altruistic
C) focused on having positive relationships
D) more aggressive

Question 60

In the context of the dual attitude system, identify the type of attitude that represent the consciously controlled attitudes regarding someone or something.

A) explicit
B) implicit.
C) interdependent.
D) intradependent.

Question 61

Identify the true statement about illusory optimism.

A) It enables people to take sensible precautions in any circumstances.
B) It increases the level of vulnerability in people.
C) It encourages people to be more proactive than reactive.
D) It is otherwise known as the planning fallacy.

Question 62

Which of the following statements best exemplifies unrealistic optimism?

A) If I study enough, I'll do well on this exam.
B) I'm sure I'll get a great job when I graduate.
C) The stock market is a very risky place.
D) If I quit smoking, I'll lower my risk of cancer.

Question 63

Miguel is a new recruit at an apparel store. His team has 10 members and he adapts himself according to the needs of his team. He places more importance on the goals of his team over his and tries to identify himself with the identity of the team. The traits exhibited by Miguel are most similar to those belonging to a(n) _____ culture.

A) collectivistic
B) individualistic
C) hedonistic
D) narcissistic

Question 64

On subjective, socially desirable, and common dimensions, most people

A) view others as superior.
B) view everyone as relatively average.
C) ignore their strengths.
D) see themselves as better than the average person.

Question 65

Morela thinks that her peers view her as being tidy and prim. She then continues to imagine that her friends possibly think that she is the best dressed girl among her group. This is an example of _____.

A) the looking-glass self
B) impact bias
C) hindsight bias
D) the self-handicap effect

Question 66

Barbara was really shocked when her candidate was not elected. She had assumed that everyone felt as she did and supported her candidate's ideas. This is an example of

A) the false consensus effect.
B) the self-serving bias.
C) unrealistic optimism.
D) defensive pessimism.

Question 67

Isabel says "Even though 70 percent of marriages end in divorce, I know mine will be enduring joy." This is an example of _____.

A) unrealistic optimism
B) planning fallacy
C) collective narcissism
D) self-handicapping

Question 68

Vincent was an addictive cigarette smoker and had recently quit smoking. He roams around with his friends who are regular smokers and on many occasions he is tempted to smoke. He reiterates that he has high will power that would easily overcome his temptation to smoke even though he clearly struggles to hide his temptation to smoke. This is an example of _____.

A) false consensus
B) illusory optimism
C) collective narcissism
D) defensive optimism

Question 69

In collectivist cultures, self-esteem is more likely to be _____.

A) malleable
B) stable
C) personal
D) less rational

Question 70

According to the self-serving bias, we most likely tend to attribute our successes to _____ and our losses to _____.

A) chance; skill
B) skill; chance
C) hoped-for possible selves; feared possible selves
D) feared possible selves; hoped-for possible selves

Question 71

Identify a characteristic that is most commonly identified with individualistic cultures.

A) They emphasize personal achievement.
B) They appreciate conformity.
C) They encourage positive social engagement.
D) They disapprove egotism.

Question 72

Who among the following in the United States achieve the most academically as students and earn the highest median income as adults, yet have the lowest self-esteem?

A) African-Americans
B) Native Americans
C) Latin-Americans
D) Asian-Americans

Question 73

Which of the following statements best reflects the false consensus effect?

A) The devil made me do it.
B) I don't cheat on my income tax.
C) Everyone does it!
D) No one is better than me.

Question 74

Belicia chooses a designated driver to drive her home whenever she goes out for a party. She believes that this virtue of hers is exceptional and that no one else is as precautious as she is. This scenario best exemplifies

A) the false consensus effect.
B) impact bias.
C) the false uniqueness effect.
D) hindsight bias.

Question 75

Compared with people in general, most people perceive themselves as

A) less intelligent than others.
B) less attractive than others.
C) less prejudiced than others.
D) less insightful than others.

Question 76

Blaming the tree for getting in your way after you crashed the car is an example of

A) poor self-control.
B) projection bias.
C) poor self-esteem.
D) self-serving bias.

Question 77

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably is referred to as

A) impact bias.
B) in-group bias.
C) the self-deprecating bias.
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 78

In the context of self-serving attributions, saying "I earned an A on my psychology test" versus "My instructor gave me a C on my psychology test" exemplifies how we

A) attribute negative outcomes to ourselves and positive outcome to others.
B) attribute positive outcomes to ourselves and negative outcomes to others.
C) associate ourselves with rewards and distance ourselves from punishment.
D) associate ourselves with punishment and distance ourselves from rewards.

Question 79

Deunoro believes that he has incredible academic abilities and that he would easily get a job when he completes college. He also believes that he would never remain unemployed based on his academic qualifications. This is an example of _____.

A) unrealistic optimism
B) collective narcissism
C) defensive pessimism
D) egoistic individualism

Question 80

Identify a true statement about growing individualism within cultures.

A) Chinese citizens in their earlier twenties are less likely than older Chinese to agree with individualistic statements.
B) Today's young Americans report significantly less positive self-views than young people did in the 1960s and 1970s.
C) The more individualistic the time or the place, the more children receive unique names.
D) In individualistic cultures, being different and standing out is seen as a detriment.