Deck 5: Living Well at Every Stage of Life

Question 1

According to your authors, the question that is often disagreed upon in the conceptualization of resilience outcomes is ______.

A) the role of the family in fostering resiliency
B) whether the child has experienced risk or adversity
C) the role of culture and the expectation of the youths' community
D) the degree to which the child "bounces back."

Answer 1

the degree to which the child "bounces back."

Question 2

Which of the following is something that resilience researchers look out for when examining a child's postthreat functioning?

A) sustained friendships
B) a return to normal functioning
C) development of new coping strategies
D) physiological signs of stress

Answer 2

a return to normal functioning

Question 3

Although scholars agree on what needs to be present for a person to be considered resilient, what debate is currently taking place?

A) the existence of resilient adults
B) the ability to study resilience
C) the universality of protective factors
D) the definition of protective factors

Answer 3

the universality of protective factors

Question 4

How does the work of developmental psychologists fit in with positive psychology?

A) Their work goes beyond boundaries such as ethnicity or class to concentrate on self-correcting behaviors.
B) They typically take a close look at what is not working in the lives of the people that they are studying.
C) They work almost exclusively with people at the early and final stages of life, to determine which theories hold up over time.
D) They are tasked with examining the everchanging concept of aging, and thus have a hard time maintaining rigor in their studies.

Question 5

How did Cabrera and Padilla's research reflect the principle of avoiding biased topics and questioning in research?

A) They asked generic questions that were unlikely to be viewed as biased.
B) They avoided studying factors that led to poor achievement and instead examined factors that promoted achievement.
C) They first asked the people being researched if their questions or topics were biased in any way.
D) They investigated public perception of the groups they were researching and asked about how to avoid poor achievement.

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes one of the two dimensions of resilience?

A) Dimension 1 consists of the development of coping strategies with people from one's community.
B) Dimension 2 involves the relative positivity of the life outcomes that stem from the use of coping strategies.
C) Dimension 1 is focused on how people draw success after failure to use a coping strategy.
D) Dimension 2 emphasizes the need to discontinue the use of unhealthy coping strategies.

Question 7

Which of these do the authors identify as the parsimonious definition of resilience?

A) "hitting bottom"
B) "bouncing back"
C) "getting sacked"
D) "pulling through"

Question 8

The most celebrated cases of resilience often depict an individual overcoming overwhelming circumstances to become stronger. Considering this, which of the following individuals would be considered resilient?

A) An individual who had average grades in high school but is performing well in college
B) An individual who was sexually molested as a child but now advocates publicly for abused women
C) An individual who experienced a lot of conflict at home and now lives with a friend's family
D) An individual who was diagnosed with a learning disability and did not finish high school

Question 9

What task differentiates positive youth developmentalists from resilience researchers?

A) Positive youth developmentalists develop research on resilience and related constructs.
B) Resilience researchers have oversight of the development of programs related to their work.
C) Positive youth developmentalists design and conduct programs based on resilience research.
D) Resilience researchers use the empirical data for creating resilience programs.

Question 10

Which group of psychologists is known to approach their research with questions about "what is working" instead of "what is not working?"

A) clinical psychologists
B) developmental psychologists
C) industrial-organizational psychologists
D) vocational psychologists

Question 11

One potential experience of adversity is using risky coping methods and obtaining expected negative outcomes, which is termed as ______.

A) struggling
B) fortunate
C) resilient
D) dysfunctional

Question 12

In a study investigating resilience in American Indian adolescence, what phenomenon did researchers discover was significantly linked to resilience?

A) the ability to adapt to the surrounding mainstream culture
B) having strong ties to their American Indian heritage
C) having greater access to bitter education
D) being removed from negative aspects of life on reservations

Question 13

At what level do observers expect children's functioning to be at after experiencing adversity?

A) a normal level of functioning
B) a below normal level of functioning
C) an above average level of functioning
D) a shift from high to low levels of functioning

Question 14

In the case study of "Jackson," how was the child's ability to rebound from abuse was made possible?

A) direct intervention by professional psychologists
B) the ability to share his story with his teachers
C) the caring shown by the minister at his church
D) the availability of a safe place to sit and heal

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of helping youth develop ties to cultural communities to help increase resilience?

A) helping African-American children research African culture
B) allowing teenagers to create art and place it around their neighborhoods
C) showing middle-schoolers how to handle bullying in a positive manner
D) organizing a block party with educational features for neighborhood children

Question 16

What major force is often ignored in the conceptualization of resilience outcomes?

A) socioeconomic status
B) number of childhood risk factors
C) culture
D) Family

Question 17

Professionals that recognize naturally occurring personal and environmental resources that help youth overcome life's challenges are referred to as ______.

A) positive youth developmentalists
B) early childhood researchers
C) adolescent counselors
D) resilience researchers

Question 18

Masten, Cutuli, Herbers, and Reed refer to resilience as ______.

A) the ability to adjust to life's harsh circumstances
B) being flexible while facing life-threatening phenomena, particularly natural disasters
C) someone's ability to psychologically compensate for the harmful actions that can occur throughout their life
D) a class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk

Question 19

Which of the following best exemplifies one of the two judgments that are used to diagnose resilience?

A) A person is displaced by a hurricane and must start life anew elsewhere.
B) A person earns a C on an important exam and must retake it.
C) A person breaks their arm after a biking accident.
D) A person finds a job after a month without working.

Question 20

What is important about having awareness of unconscious or conscious stereotypes while conducting resilience research?

A) Awareness of stereotypes can allow for researchers to further investigate those specific assumptions.
B) Understanding whether stereotypes are unconscious or conscious can help with determining who should be conducting research.
C) The stereotypes can lead to asking less questions that allow groups to show their true strengths.
D) If the groups being researched are aware of the stereotypes, then their behaviors can become unpredictable.

Question 21

How does finding strength ethnic identity affect the academic performance of White American students?

A) There is a positive correlation in white American students' ethnic pride and their academic performance.
B) Performance due to stronger ethnic identity in White American students exceeds performances for other ethnic groups who also show strong ethnic identity.
C) Stronger ethnic identity has a negative correlation with academic performance for White American students.
D) No links have been observed in strength of ethnic identity and academic performance in White American students.

Question 22

Which two primary characteristics accounted for the resiliency of at-risk children in the Werner and Smith study involving children born on the island of Kauai?

A) an outgoing disposition and several sources of support
B) a positive outlook and a wealthy family member
C) a wealthy family member and several sources of support
D) a healthy lifestyle and a parent who was home during the day

Question 23

In the study of children on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, what factor affected one third of children who were considered as at-risk for academic and social problems?

A) development of intellectual disabilities
B) deficits in family support and home environments
C) onset of neurodevelopmental disorders
D) ability to access educational resources outside of school

Question 24

People do best in life when developing coping skills during ______.

A) early adulthood, when they become independent
B) the beginning of their career
C) childhood, particularly the first 10 years
D) the stages that they need the most care from others

Question 25

What do the authors suggest has grown due to the absence in rigorous research about resilience?

A) many resilience programs
B) disorders related to the lack of resilience
C) pseudoscientific resilience research
D) spiritual awareness

Question 26

What did Doll and Lyon note about resilience programs for young people?

A) Youth tend not to take the programs seriously until they age more.
B) Young people learn about using life skills that are not reinforced in their cultures.
C) Programs focused on why resiliency is important tend to be more effective.
D) Resiliency is viewed as something hard to achieve by young people.

Question 27

African-American and Mexican youth have shown better self-esteem and academic performance, respectively, due to ______.

A) a strong ethnic identity
B) strong religiosity
C) greater multi-cultural competence
D) decreased conflict within communities

Question 28

What is something that a person who has low self-awareness can do to build resilience?

A) Ask others to give advice on what the person should do.
B) Learn to recognize their own strengths.
C) Ignore negative traits or circumstances to avoid the need to build resilience.
D) Observe their friends who have high self-awareness.

Question 29

Which of the following is an outcome targeted by positive youth development programs?

A) greater occupational success
B) effective critical thinking skills
C) rewarding bonding
D) increased cultural awareness

Question 30

How might an individual demonstrate resilience in the event of a natural disaster if they are conscientious and goal-oriented?

A) They would not stick to specific plans due to unpredictability.
B) They would assume that authority figures are well-trained and follow along with the authority figures.
C) They would move away from the area entirely to avoid the natural disaster in the first place.
D) They would set up an emergency plan in case a natural disaster struck.

Question 31

Which of these factors would most of the participants in Dr. Werner's study have claimed to help raise their resiliency?

A) earning money from participating in the study to afford necessities
B) having a high number of friends in grade school
C) receiving support from a caring adult, such as a teacher
D) receiving a broad and effective education to increase general intelligence

Question 32

What do the authors imply that slogans aimed at empowering women can result in?

A) Men may perceive the slogans as slights against their competence.
B) Women may feel as though their failures cannot be attributed to the systems of the world.
C) Young women may view the slogans as patronizing gestures.
D) Women may feel empowered by the slogans depending on which ethnic groups are represented in the messages.

Question 33

What do the authors suggest for what is necessary in evaluating positive youth development?

A) Evaluations must be conducted in different ways to assure that these programs are truly positive.
B) Understanding that the benefits of these programs are universal in many ways.
C) Ensuring that children in these programs are mostly or completely deemed at-risk.
D) Rigorous controls that will eliminate other variables that can affect the outcomes of these programs.

Question 34

In the end, what percentage of the Kauai children in Dr. Werner's study bounced back from their challenges?

A) 50%
B) 30%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 35

Teachers, counselors, and psychologists who are committed to positive youth development focus on ______.

A) academic success
B) building positive relationships with peers
C) developing children's social skills
D) each child's strengths and potential

Question 36

Which of the following statements best describes the counterargument to using positive youth development programs?

A) Most youth who are in these programs do not find these programs necessary.
B) The continued focus on decreasing problems has taken away from reinforcing positive growth.
C) There is no effective way to determine which programs are useful because there are too many.
D) These programs do not garner enough interest from the government or donors to be studied extensively.

Question 37

What is the implication of the study on self-transformation in African-American and Latino/Latina youth?

A) Self-transformation has been shown to be useful on an individual basis, but not on a group basis.
B) It exposes harmful stereotypes and can be used to find ways to stop advantaged group members from believing in those stereotypes.
C) Exploring broad and diverse groups can bring about more information on how to enrich development of youth in minority groups.
D) It demonstrates that minority groups are currently struggling to find greater success without outside intervention.

Question 38

Researchers are split on whether it is necessary to determine internal adaptation, also known as someone's ______.

A) happiness
B) positive psychological well-being
C) degree of life satisfaction
D) level of resilience

Question 39

What does the study by D'Imperio, Dubow, and Ippolito demonstrate about resilience literature?

A) Similar traits of resilience are found among most cultural groups.
B) Resilience is harder to study in advantaged groups.
C) There are few universal truths in the resilience literature.
D) Resilience tends to be found in eastern cultures more often.

Question 40

Which term is used for meeting the social, educational, cultural, and occupational expectations of society?

A) internal regulation
B) external modification
C) internal adjustment
D) external adaptation

Question 41

What might the studies on MacArthur studies and Valiant study indicate about successful aging?

A) People tend to age successfully if they are born in eastern countries.
B) Transcendence is key to successful aging and is seen across cultures.
C) Living around multiple family members is an underlying factor in successful aging.
D) Successful aging may be due to having positive emotional experiences in early life.

Question 42

Which positive youth development program focuses on awareness of thought patterns and on modifying the explanatory style of students?

A) Big Brothers and Big Sisters
B) Boy's and Girl's Club
C) YMCA/YWCA
D) the Penn Resiliency Program

Question 43

As indicated in Valiant's study, which of the following was a lifestyle predictor of healthy aging?

A) engaging in low-effort hobbies
B) racial or ethnic background.
C) coping adaptively with mature defenses
D) avoidance of assisted living before the age of 70

Question 44

What contrast exists between studies on African-American youth from studies on Asian-American and European youth?

A) Studies on Asian-American and European youth are typically done with qualitative methods.
B) Studies on African-American youth tend to emphasize relationships with authority figures.
C) Studies on Asian-American and European youth demonstrate how researchers have ignored these groups.
D) Studies on African-American youth often highlight deficits and negative outcomes.

Question 45

What do the authors indicate was notable in the story about Keyonna being able to convince her team leader to change her role at her job?

A) She continued working past retirement age.
B) She identified what she didn't like about her job.
C) She developed a relationship with her team leader.
D) She anticipated the need for flexibility in her sixth decade of life.

Question 46

What unintended consequence can occur from articles that attempt to be helpful toward populations that are struggling?

A) There might be stigmatization or the creation of deficit models that make recovery difficult.
B) There can be too much attention toward these struggling groups, making it hard to find mutually agreed-upon decisions.
C) Struggling groups can feel patronized from receiving help from outside of their group.
D) Over-emphasis on the success of struggling groups can take away from their issues that need to be addressed.

Question 47

The Changing Lives Program aims to be ______.

A) compatible with school classrooms
B) inclusive of both gender and ethnicity
C) a resource for low-income children and adolescents
D) a program to develop vocational skills

Question 48

How can positive youth development programs be helpful in impoverished communities of color?

A) The programs serve as an alternative way to educate children outside of traditional schooling.
B) By offsetting the inherent risks of being raised in such a community.
C) Parents can become involved in the programs and create a family atmosphere.
D) Volunteers from the community can be viewed as mentors and improve relationships between community members

Question 49

Considering the study on the pattern of changes in the activities of the elderly, which of the following factors was shown to serve as a buffer to declining health?

A) marriage
B) hope
C) occupation
D) attractiveness

Question 50

What does the case of Tony illustrate?

A) how difficult retirement is for most people
B) retired people often face many health challenges
C) generativity through perpetuating talents in a different role
D) struggles that people face due to an imposed retirement age

Question 51

Which task of adult development is associated with building a broader social circle and a mentoring of the next generation?

A) career consolidation
B) integrity
C) keeper of meaning
D) generativity

Question 52

Which of the following is the best example of someone undergoing the task of developing an identity?

A) A person starts to build a broader social circle.
B) A person begins to follow their own political stances instead of their parent's stance.
C) A person becomes more engaged with their career and coworkers.
D) A person passes down meaningful information about life to others.

Question 53

Someone who is willing to share their wisdom of the workings of the world and people by telling folktales is demonstrating which primary task of adulthood?

A) keeper of meaning
B) generativity
C) integrity
D) identity

Question 54

According to the MacArthur study of successful aging, what are the three components of successful aging?

A) avoiding disease, engaging with life, and maintaining functioning
B) avoiding disease, contributing to the next generation, and remaining financially independent
C) engaging with life, contributing to the next generation, and avoiding dementia
D) engaging with life, maintaining functioning, and remaining financially independent

Question 55

Which program that matches low-income children and adolescents with adult volunteers who are committed to providing caring and supportive relationships?

A) the Penn Resiliency Program
B) Big Brothers and Big Sisters
C) YMCA/YWCA
D) Boy's and Girl's Club

Question 56

Within the Chickering model, what is the primary developmental goal for college students?

A) developmental competence
B) moving through autonomy toward interdependence
C) developing mature interpersonal relationships
D) managing emotions

Question 57

What conclusion should be drawn from Terman's longitudinal study on giftedness?

A) Gifted children tend to do well even when facing moderately negative life circumstances throughout their lives.
B) Higher IQ scores were related to greater success in sociability, relationships, and occupation.
C) Having a higher IQ as a child does not assure that they will have success as an adult or better mental health.
D) People with high intelligence adjust to negative life circumstances in a healthy manner if they are not informed that they have high intelligence.

Question 58

What difference exists between socioemotional and instrumental support?

A) An individual can use social displays of support or practical displays of support.
B) Whether someone likes and/or loves another person or gives assistance to someone in need.
C) If support is given to someone in an individual's community or outside of the community.
D) A person can support someone through a social cause or through volunteer work.

Question 59

Which of the following has been shown to be a secondary theme linked to successful aging?

A) positive experiences as a child
B) number of family members
C) higher levels of education
D) political stances

Question 60

Through studying positive development in Finnish youth, what implication became apparent?

A) Positive youth development stemmed from early intervention at or before the age of 8.
B) Youth who relied on each other for guidance showed greater development.
C) Allowing youth to make their own decisions can lead to greater feelings of empowerment in other areas..
D) Development programs should be paired with traditional education to be effective and maintain success.

Question 61

Resilience can occur without exposure to adverse conditions or circumstances.

Question 62

One of the outcomes of positive youth development includes fostering spirituality.

Question 63

Identify the ways in which culture influences the concept of resiliency.

Question 64

Children in impoverished neighborhoods can flourish despite the lack of affordability for traditional afterschool programs, due to positive youth development programs.

Question 65

The study on children in Kauai demonstrated that building a relationship with supportive adult can be important for developing resiliency.

Question 66

Deborah Blum indicated that the initial development of coping methods and resiliency can occur throughout one's lifetime.

Question 67

Stronger ethnic identity has a low level of influence on resiliency across cultures.

Question 68

The life task of career consolidation requires the development of a social identity.

Question 69

Positive youth developmentalists apply the research done by resilience researchers.

Question 70

Big Brothers and Big Sisters can be described as a positive youth development program that emphasizes the promotion of growth.

Question 71

Research indicates that resilient traits are utilized similarly across cultures.

Question 72

Describe the factors that are prevalent across studies on adult aging, along with the methodological issue that should be considered in future studies on aging.

Question 73

Across studies, social support has been shown to promote successful aging.

Question 74

Research indicates that IQ was a predictor of adult success and good decisions related to health.

Question 75

How do Terman's longitudinal study of giftedness and Valliant's research on the tasks of adulthood give insight into adult development?

Question 76

A person's environment influences the type of coping method that they use.

Question 77

Due to the increased physiological demands, maintaining high cognitive functioning is an optional component of successful aging.

Question 78

Describe the possible methods, activities, or services that a positive youth development program can use to attain four of the nine positive outcomes that are targeted by these programs.

Question 79

Positive youth programs have developed to the point of avoiding unintended consequences such as stigmatizing minority groups.

Question 80

Based on the findings in Emmy Werner's longitudinal study of at-risk children in Kauai, create a description of a person who develops resiliency despite facing harsh circumstances.