Deck 10: Drugs and Consciousness

Question 1

Dr. Brooks seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments, their limited sense of life purpose, and the altered functioning of their neurotransmitter systems. Dr. Brooks is most clearly using a(n) ________ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

A) suprachiasmatic
B) biopsychosocial
C) parallel processing
D) neural activation

Answer 1

biopsychosocial

Question 2

A person who requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to feel its effect is said to have developed

A) tolerance.
B) REM.
C) withdrawal symptoms.
D) resistance.

Answer 2

tolerance.

Question 3

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by

A) decreasing REM sleep.
B) increasing anxiety.
C) decreasing sleep apnea.
D) increasing self-consciousness.

Answer 3

decreasing REM sleep.

Question 4

Which of the following preventive measures would have the greatest impact on average life expectancy?

A) eliminating obesity
B) eliminating smoking
C) eliminating marijuana use, except for pain
D) eliminating binge drinking

Question 5

All of the following are common misconceptions about addiction, EXCEPT the statement that

A) to overcome an addiction a person almost always needs professional therapy.
B) psychoactive and medicinal drugs very quickly lead to addiction.
C) biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction.
D) many other repetitive, pleasure-seeking behaviors fit the drug-addiction-as-disease-needing-treatment model.

Question 6

The experience of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by

A) LSD.
B) heroin.
C) Nembutal.
D) amphetamines.

Question 7

Which of the following was NOT cited in the text as evidence that heredity influences alcohol use?

A) Children whose parents abuse alcohol have a lower tolerance for multiple alcoholic drinks taken over a short period of time.
B) Boys who are impulsive and fearless at age 6 are more likely to drink as teenagers.
C) Laboratory mice have been selectively bred to prefer alcohol to water.
D) Adopted children are more susceptible if one or both of their biological parents have a history of alcohol use disorder.

Question 8

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of

A) dissociation.
B) narcolepsy.
C) tolerance.
D) hallucinations.

Question 9

Cocaine and crack produce a euphoric rush by

A) blocking the actions of serotonin.
B) depressing neural activity in the brain.
C) blocking the reuptake of dopamine in brain cells.
D) stimulating the brain's production of endorphins.

Question 10

The discomfort and distress following discontinuing a psychoactive drug or behavior best illustrates

A) narcolepsy.
B) withdrawal.
C) REM rebound.
D) dissociation.

Question 11

Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a "truth serum" because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences. It is most likely that sodium pentothal is a(n)

A) barbiturate.
B) amphetamine.
C) hallucinogen.
D) form of cocaine.

Question 12

Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces the quickest and most powerful rush of euphoria?

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) cocaine
D) barbiturates

Question 13

Nicotine triggers a(n) ________ in anxiety and a(n) ________ in mental alertness.

A) increase; decrease
B) increase; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 14

Which of the following is classified as a depressant?

A) methamphetamine
B) LSD
C) marijuana
D) alcohol

Question 15

The lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported by

A) Asian-Americans.
B) Hispanic-Americans.
C) African-Americans.
D) Native Americans.

Question 16

Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through

A) the power of suggestion.
B) the placebo effect.
C) alteration of neural activity in the brain.
D) psychological, not physiological, influences.

Question 17

To prevent or reduce marijuana use, young people should be educated about

A) the tendency for teens to underestimate marijuana usage among their peers.
B) the increased self-consciousness caused by marijuana use.
C) the need for increasingly larger doses of marijuana to produce the desired high.
D) the long-term costs of regular marijuana use.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a stimulant?

A) amphetamines
B) caffeine
C) nicotine
D) alcohol

Question 19

Alcohol has the most profound effect on

A) the transfer of experiences to long-term memory.
B) immediate memory.
C) previously established long-term memories.
D) all of these factors.

Question 20

Hallucinations similar to those that accompany the near-death experience can be produced by

A) oxygen deprivation.
B) change blindness.
C) narcolepsy.
D) dissociation.

Question 21

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of

A) withdrawal.
B) neuroadaptation.
C) tolerance.
D) disinhibition.

Question 22

How a particular psychoactive drug affects a person depends on

A) the dosage and form in which the drug is taken.
B) the user's expectations and personality.
C) the situation in which the drug is taken.
D) all of these conditions.

Question 23

Muhammed can't sleep, is constantly anxious, has muscle aches, and craves his daily dose of cocaine. Muhammed is experiencing symptoms of

A) narcolepsy.
B) withdrawal.
C) REM rebound.
D) dissociation.

Question 24

Arlette often consumes up to six cocktails in a row before she experiences any noticeable symptoms of intoxication. This suggests that Arlette has developed

A) neuroadaptation.
B) tolerance.
C) withdrawal .
D) hallucinations.

Question 25

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.

A) neuroadaptive
B) disinhibition
C) psychoactive
D) neurotransmitter

Question 26

Drug use is considered a disorder when a person

A) craves the substance.
B) continues use despite social problems.
C) continues use despite hazards.
D) experiences all of these conditions.

Question 27

The reckless aggressive behavior that may follow alcohol consumption best illustrates that alcohol may act as a(n)

A) methamphetamine.
B) disinhibitor.
C) hallucinogen.
D) stimulant.

Question 28

Psychoactive drugs influence neurotransmission by stimulating, mimicking, or ________ the activity of neurotransmitters.

A) synthesizing
B) inhibiting
C) enhancing
D) hallucinating

Question 29

The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called

A) addiction.
B) reuptake.
C) disinhibition.
D) neuroadaptation.

Question 30

THC is the major active ingredient in

A) nicotine.
B) Ecstasy.
C) marijuana.
D) cocaine.

Question 31

When Celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply of heroin, she began to develop pain and an intense craving for the drug. Celeste was experiencing symptoms of

A) tolerance.
B) reuptake.
C) synthesis.
D) withdrawal.

Question 32

Which of the following occurs in a person with substance use disorder?

A) The person must exhibit six or more symptoms.
B) Brain circuits change and persist after quitting drug use.
C) The person feels powerless to overcome the disorder.
D) Neuroadaptation does not occur.

Question 33

I am a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria and social intimacy by triggering the release of dopamine and serotonin. What am I?

A) LSD
B) MDMA
C) THC
D) cocaine

Question 34

Which of the following is usually the most powerful determinant of whether teenagers begin using drugs?

A) family strength
B) religiosity
C) school adjustment
D) peer influence

Question 35

The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to

A) feel increased feelings of shame.
B) hide the drug abuse from public view.
C) feel powerless to overcome the addiction.
D) become victims of social hostility and prejudice.

Question 36

Which of the following involves significant life disruption from the use of psychoactive drugs?

A) reuptake
B) tolerance
C) substance use disorder
D) near-death experience

Question 37

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

A) an occasional cigarette smoker almost always becomes a heavy smoker.
B) regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for THC.
C) many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help.
D) individuals who receive morphine from physicians for pain relief usually develop the irresistible cravings of an addict.

Question 38

Depressants are drugs such as

A) marijuana and LSD.
B) barbiturates and opiates.
C) nicotine and caffeine.
D) cocaine and amphetamines.

Question 39

Smokers with ________ levels of nicotine tolerance are likely to suffer the most severe withdrawal symptoms when they discontinue smoking.

A) high
B) moderate
C) low
D) high or low

Question 40

Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences is an indication of

A) tolerance.
B) disinhibition.
C) addiction.
D) reuptake.

Question 41

Experimental participants who consumed alcohol rather than a placebo beverage were less likely to notice that their minds were wandering during a reading task. This best illustrates that alcohol reduces

A) serotonin.
B) dissociation.
C) self-awareness.
D) hallucinations.

Question 42

Under the influence of alcohol, angered people are ________ likely to be aggressive than they would otherwise be and restaurant patrons are ________ likely to tip generously than they otherwise would.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 43

Amphetamines are to ________ as barbiturates are to ________.

A) hallucinogens; depressants
B) stimulants; depressants
C) hallucinogens; stimulants
D) stimulants; hallucinogens

Question 44

Prolonged and excessive drinking can shrink the brain most intensely in ________ who have ________ of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol.

A) men; more
B) women; more
C) men; less
D) women; less

Question 45

Alcohol consumption is likely to ________ attention to an arousing provocation and ________ attention to normal inhibitions.

A) decrease; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; decrease
D) increase; increase

Question 46

Young teens are most likely to start smoking in order to

A) gain social acceptance.
B) trigger the release of lymphocytes.
C) reduce their mental alertness.
D) reduce their blood pressure.

Question 47

Women who have been drinking alcohol become ________ disposed to casual sex, and men who have been drinking become ________ disposed to casual sex.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) more; more

Question 48

Repeated use of an opiate

A) decreases the brain's production of endorphins.
B) increases heart and breathing rates.
C) is not associated with any serious withdrawal symptoms.
D) triggers auditory as well as visual hallucinations.

Question 49

Amphetamines ________ appetite and ________ self-confidence.

A) decrease; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) increase; increase
D) decrease; decrease

Question 50

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember

A) at the time he is drinking the names of the people he has just met.
B) the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking.
C) at the time he is drinking the name of his employer and his own home address.
D) the next day the names of the business associates he talked to before going to the bar.

Question 51

University men were shown an erotic movie clip. Compared with those who thought they had recently consumed a nonalcoholic beverage, men who believed they had recently consumed an alcoholic beverage were

A) more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and more likely to report having feelings of guilt.
B) less likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and less likely to report having feelings of guilt.
C) less likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and more likely to report having feelings of guilt.
D) more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and less likely to report having feelings of guilt.

Question 52

The use of barbiturates ________ anxiety and ________ nervous system activity.

A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) decreases; decreases
D) increases; increases

Question 53

If heavy drinking follows a period of moderate drinking, people may poison themselves with an overdose because the moderate drinking

A) stimulates their secretion of leptin.
B) reduces their body's level of free radicals.
C) depresses their vomiting response.
D) increases their inhibitions.

Question 54

Which synthetic opiate is sometimes prescribed as a substitute for heroin?

A) methamphetamine
B) melatonin
C) methadone
D) THC

Question 55

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?

A) amphetamines
B) barbiturates
C) hallucinogens
D) opiates

Question 56

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by

A) suppressing REM sleep.
B) increasing anxiety.
C) decreasing metabolic functioning.
D) increasing self-consciousness.

Question 57

By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.

A) alcohol
B) heroin
C) nicotine
D) ghrelin

Question 58

François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?

A) morphine derivatives
B) marijuana
C) amphetamines
D) barbiturates

Question 59

For those with alcohol use disorder, when alcohol use is suspended, this leads to

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) disinhibition.
D) REM sleep.

Question 60

Morphine and heroin are

A) amphetamines.
B) opiates.
C) hallucinogens.
D) barbiturates.

Question 61

When cocaine is snorted, injected, or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria by

A) creating hallucinations.
B) blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters.
C) increasing the occurrence of REM.
D) triggering a state of dissociation.

Question 62

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.

A) marijuana; hallucinogen
B) marijuana; stimulant
C) cocaine; stimulant
D) cocaine; hallucinogen

Question 63

When deprived of nicotine, smokers experience heightened levels of

A) hallucinations.
B) distractibility.
C) REM sleep.
D) alertness.

Question 64

Mrs. Roberts, who suffers from AIDS, has been given an ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Considering her specific medical condition, it is likely that she has received

A) LSD.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) heroin.

Question 65

Cocaine is classified as a(n)

A) hallucinogen.
B) stimulant.
C) depressant.
D) opiate.

Question 66

One of the dangers of using Ecstasy at all-night dances is

A) increased appetite.
B) dehydration.
C) lethargy.
D) pupil constriction.

Question 67

An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use of

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) LSD.

Question 68

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) LSD.
D) marijuana.

Question 69

A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces

A) blood pressure and heart rate.
B) sensitivity to pain.
C) mental alertness.
D) the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream.

Question 70

With repeated use of most psychoactive drugs, the immediate pleasant effects become ________ and the unpleasant aftereffects become ________.

A) less strongly pleasant; less strongly unpleasant
B) more strongly pleasant; more strongly unpleasant
C) less strongly pleasant; more strongly unpleasant
D) more strongly pleasant; less strongly unpleasant

Question 71

Reduced immune system functioning is most likely to accompany long-term repeated use of

A) Nembutal.
B) caffeine.
C) Ecstasy.
D) morphine.

Question 72

After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of

A) cocaine.
B) LSD.
C) heroin.
D) marijuana.

Question 73

When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.

A) LSD
B) heroin
C) Amytal
D) methamphetamine

Question 74

Unlike alcohol, the THC in marijuana

A) acts as a disinhibitor.
B) impairs motor coordination skills.
C) promotes a state of relaxation.
D) lingers in the body for a week or more.

Question 75

Which of the following is a common symptom of nicotine withdrawal?

A) anxiety
B) drowsiness
C) diminished appetite
D) insensitivity to pain

Question 76

Near-death experiences are

A) typically triggered by neuroadaptation.
B) often accompanied by visions of bright lights.
C) recalled by nearly all who have been revived from a cardiac arrest.
D) examples of REM sleep.

Question 77

Symptoms of drug withdrawal are likely to be

A) most severe among those with low levels of drug tolerance.
B) most severe among those with moderate levels of drug tolerance.
C) most severe among those with high levels of drug tolerance.
D) equally severe among those with low, moderate, or high levels of drug tolerance.

Question 78

Which of the following is a psychedelic drug?

A) LSD
B) cocaine
C) heroin
D) nicotine

Question 79

Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen?

A) marijuana
B) Nembutal
C) Ecstasy
D) heroin

Question 80

One biological basis for addiction involves brain activity in the ________ reward system.

A) sensory
B) dopamine
C) motor
D) melatonin