Deck 13: Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Question 1

Which of the following lymphoid organs is largest during a person's childhood but shrinks in adulthood?

A) tonsils
B) lymph nodes
C) spleen
D) bone marrow
E) thymus

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Lymph is

A) excreted by the kidneys.
B) returned to the circulatory system via arteries.
C) returned to the circulatory system via the subclavian veins.
D) absorbed by tissues.
E) excreted as sweat.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Innate immunity involves B and T cells.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

How is a lymph capillary like a blood capillary?

A) Both contain blood.
B) Both contain valves.
C) Both have thin walls.
D) Both are connected to the vena cava.
E) Both systems run parallel through all body tissues.

Question 5

An antihistamine counters the effects of histamine. Which of the following is an effect of histamine?

A) Increased blood flow brings more white blood cells to the site of injury or invasion.
B) Capillary dilation increases blood flow and causes surface redness.
C) Increased blood flow and permeability increase the fluids in the tissues, causing them to swell.
D) Increased blood flow brings more warmth to the area, causing a local "fever" that helps white blood cells and suppresses microbes.
E) All of the answer choices are effects of histamine.

Question 6

Which of the following would reduce the swelling associated with edema?

A) increased amounts of tissue fluid
B) tissue fluid accumulating in the tissues
C) increased blood pressure
D) increased capillary osmotic pressure
E) constricted veins during pregnancy

Question 7

A person without a spleen

A) cannot survive.
B) cannot synthesize red blood cells.
C) cannot synthesize white blood cells.
D) may need antibiotic therapy.
E) may need blood transfusions to prevent anemia.

Question 8

What type of cells are usually activated in a lymph node or the spleen when they become bound to specific antigens?

A) phagocytes
B) neutrophils
C) mast cells
D) macrophages
E) B cells

Question 9

Which of the following organs has a function independent of the others?

A) bone marrow
B) thymus
C) spleen
D) lymph nodes
E) kidneys

Question 10

Which lymphoid organ has stem cells that are capable of dividing and producing blood cells?

A) thymus
B) lymph nodes
C) spleen
D) bone marrow

Question 11

Elephantiasis is a tropical disease where small nematode larvae block the lymphatic ducts. As a result, the legs become large like those of an elephant and the scrotum and arms may also swell. This problem would be a severe form of

A) hemorrhoids.
B) phlebitis.
C) anemia.
D) angina.
E) edema.

Question 12

Neutrophils change into macrophages that act as scavengers.

Question 13

Lymph contains the same proteins as found in the blood.

Question 14

Earlier in the history of Western medicine, surgeons did not know the immune function of the thymus gland and it was sometimes removed in children. What symptoms would you predict these patients might display after having their thymus gland removed?

A) increased inflammatory and allergic responses to foreign material including viruses
B) reduced ability to recognize foreign material and distinguish it from body proteins
C) serious problems after receiving blood transfusions of any type of blood
D) complete rejection of all normal body tissues
E) failure to produce any white blood cells

Question 15

Edema results from

A) accumulation of tissue fluid.
B) an abnormally high amount of plasma proteins.
C) the kidney excreting too little protein.
D) drinking too little water.
E) drinking more water than normal.

Question 16

The thoracic duct will drain the abdomen.

Question 17

Disease-causing agents like viruses or bacteria are considered a(n)

A) antibody.
B) vaccine.
C) thrombin.
D) allergen.
E) pathogen.

Question 18

The larger lymphatic vessels are most similar in structure to

A) arteries.
B) veins.
C) capillaries.
D) intestinal villi.
E) nephron.

Question 19

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about the lymphatic system?

A) The lymphatic system protects the body from disease.
B) The lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
C) The fluid inside lymphatic vessels is called lymph.
D) The lymphatic system absorbs fats at the villi and transports them to the bloodstream.
E) All of the answer choices correctly describe the lymphatic system.

Question 20

During surgery for breast cancer, surgeons will often remove lymph nodes in the armpit. What is the most likely reason for this?

A) If any cancer cells have entered the lymph, they will travel to the closest lymph nodes, which are in the armpit.
B) Lymph nodes in the armpit are responsible for breast cancer.
C) Lymph nodes that are close to the surgical incision would prevent healing following the surgery.
D) Lymph nodes in the armpit become useless because of the surgery and can be removed without problem.
E) Lymph nodes do not help a person and are better removed before they become infected.

Question 21

The clonal selection theory states that

A) all B cells are exact clones of one another.
B) all T cells are exact clones of one another.
C) when a B or T cell is activated by binding to/recognizing an antigen, then that cell will be cloned into cells that recognize the same antigen.
D) when a B or T cell is stimulated by encountering the correct antibody, it divides to form a clone of cells that will respond to the same antibody.
E) T cells are stimulated by B cells to divide and form plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.

Question 22

T cells

A) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
B) are stimulated by B cells.
C) produce antibodies.
D) mature in the bone marrow.
E) do not form memory cells.

Question 23

If we inject three different antigens into a human at the same time

A) one plasma cell will produce three different antibodies.
B) plasma cells will produce three times the amount of one antibody.
C) at least three different plasma cells will be involved in antibody production since each plasma cell only produces one specific antibody.
D) three different immunoglobulins will assist one plasma cell in responding to the antigen.
E) three complement plasma proteins will assist one plasma cell in responding to the antigen.

Question 24

Which portion of the antibody binds to the antigen?

A) variable region
B) constant region
C) heavy chain
D) light chain

Question 25

Adaptive immunity depends upon the activity of what type of cells?

A) natural killer cells and B cells
B) natural killer cells and T cells
C) neutrophils and B cells
D) neutrophils and T cells
E) B cells and T cells

Question 26

Which of the following is considered to be an adaptive defense mechanism against infection?

A) stomach acids
B) skin
C) mucus in respiratory tract
D) normal bacteria in intestine
E) antibodies in mother's milk

Question 27

An antibody molecule

A) will either consist of a constant region or a variable region.
B) forms an X-shaped protein molecule.
C) contains an antigen-binding site on each arm.
D) contains four light chains and two heavy chains.
E) contains constant regions that bind to the antigen.

Question 28

Most antibodies found in the blood belong to what class of immunoglobulins?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Question 29

In order to decrease the effects of inflammation, you would take what type of medication?

A) antihistamine
B) vaccine
C) interferon
D) immunoglobulin
E) thromboplastin activator

Question 30

When comparing T cells and B cells, which of the following pertains only to T cells?

A) lymphocyte
B) passes through the thymus
C) functions in immunity
D) specific immunity
E) originates in bone marrow

Question 31

Complement is required for the formation of antigen-antibody complexes.

Question 32

Which type of cell will produce antibodies that are released into the bloodstream?

A) B cell
B) T cell
C) plasma cell
D) memory cell
E) mast cell

Question 33

Which of the following is specifically responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

A) T cell
B) B cell
C) platelets
D) RBC
E) complement

Question 34

A cell that produces a rapid antibody response against a foreign protein when it is encountered years after the first encounter is a(n)

A) memory B cell.
B) memory T cell.
C) cytotoxic T cell.
D) plasma cell.
E) antigen-presenting cell.

Question 35

The complement system contains

A) different types of white blood cells.
B) certain plasma proteins.
C) only B and T cells.
D) is a combination of B cells, T cells, and macrophages.
E) only B cells that secrete antibodies.

Question 36

Which proteins form a membrane attack complex that produces holes in the surface of bacteria and some viruses?

A) interferon
B) cytokines
C) histamine
D) complement
E) thrombin

Question 37

Inflammation or the inflammatory response is a harmful process that should be avoided.

Question 38

Which of the following statements accurately describe B cells? Check all that apply.

A) B cells require presentation of antigens by macrophages before they are able to recognize the antigen.
B) B cells develop and mature in the thymus.
C) B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces.
D) B cells, when stimulated and changed into plasma cells, produce antibodies.
E) B cells, when stimulated, divide into memory cells.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of adaptive immunity?

A) natural killer cells
B) complement
C) inflammation
D) histamine
E) plasma cells

Question 40

Which of the following is true about the clonal selection theory?

A) An antigen selects certain B cells to produce a clone of plasma cells.
B) An antibody stimulates the multiplication of B cell antigens against it.
C) T cells select those B cells that should produce antibodies, regardless of antigens.
D) T cells suppress all the B cells except the ones that should multiply and divide.
E) One B cell will give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies against several antigens.

Question 41

Which antibody class is most responsible for the allergic reaction?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Question 42

Which T cell boosts the immune response by activating other types of cells?

A) helper T cell
B) suppressor T cell
C) cytotoxic T cell
D) memory T cell
E) IgT cell

Question 43

If you are bitten by a highly venomous snake, you would need to be given antivenom right away. Antivenom is made from injecting horses with small-to-larger dosages of snake venom, and then harvesting the antibodies from the horse plasma. Antivenom is an example of

A) passive immunity.
B) active immunity.
C) developing an inflammatory response to increase the IgG production.
D) high levels of complement.
E) high levels of interferon.

Question 44

Which type of lymphocyte is sometimes called a "killer cell" because it brings about destruction of cells bearing a specific non-cell protein?

A) helper T cell
B) suppressor T cell
C) cytotoxic T cell
D) memory T cell
E) macrophage

Question 45

When a person is bitten by a venomous snake, receiving blood plasma from another person who recently survived the same type of snake bite would provide passive immunity.

Question 46

Cytokines may be used in the treatment of cancer and AIDS because they stimulate white blood cell formation and/or function.

Question 47

What blood type is considered the universal donor?

A) O
B) A
C) B
D) AB
E) All blood types are considered universal donors.

Question 48

A vaccine contains

A) penicillin.
B) horse serum.
C) antigens that are no longer virulent.
D) antibodies made by plasma cells.
E) antibiotics against a particular bacterial strain.

Question 49

Cowpox is very similar to smallpox, which is more dangerous for humans. Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. Patients given cowpox developed

A) passive immunity.
B) active immunity.
C) an inflammatory response that increased the IgG production.
D) high levels of complement.
E) high levels of interferon, although Jenner did not realize these diseases were viral.

Question 50

A response that does not occur immediately cannot be considered an allergic response, even if it appears like one.

Question 51

The primary target of the HIV virus is

A) helper T cells.
B) suppressor T cells.
C) cytotoxic T cells.
D) memory T cells.
E) B cells.

Question 52

An antibody will react against any virus or bacterial cell.

Question 53

In order to prevent an allergic reaction, injections of the allergen are sometimes given.

Question 54

Anaphylactic shock may occur due to

A) exposure to the HIV virus.
B) a bee sting.
C) organ donation.
D) use of interferon.
E) antihistamines.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true about hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A) Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when the father is Rh^- and the mother is Rh⁺.
B) Hemolytic disease of the newborn would be a problem any time the mother is Rh^-, regardless of the father's blood type.
C) Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when a Rh^- mother and a Rh⁺ father produce an Rh⁺ child.
D) If a mother has a higher threshold for rejecting foreign tissues there is a higher chance of the baby having hemolytic newborn disease.
E) The problem is complicated because the disease is dependent on both Rh factor and ABO blood groups.

Question 56

Babies generally appear to be immune to diseases for approximately the first six months of life. What could be responsible for this immunity?

A) active immunity due to the mother
B) passive immunity from the mother
C) babies not being exposed to diseases until around six months
D) babies born with excellent active immunity that wanes the older the child gets
E) active immunity due to being exposed to numerous antigens during the birthing process

Question 57

A person who is B positive will have

A) A antigens, anti-B antibody, Rh antigen.
B) B antibodies, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen.
C) B antigens, anti-A antibody, no Rh antigen.
D) B antigens, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen.
E) B antigens, anti-B antibody, Rh antigen.

Question 58

Which of the following is true regarding monoclonal antibodies?

A) The antibodies produced are all of the same type.
B) They are produced from plasma cells derived from the same B cells.
C) They can be formed in vitro by fusing spleen cells with malignant plasma cells.
D) They are used in the diagnosis of various diseases.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 59

In the later 1800s, the brilliant French chemist Louis Pasteur worked with chicken cholera, passing the disease agent from sick to healthy chickens. He suspended his research and went on vacation for several weeks. When he returned, the old cholera culture he gave to healthy chickens failed to kill them. He assumed his culture was bad and injected these same chickens with a fresh culture of chicken cholera. These chickens remained healthy while new chickens injected with the fresh culture of chicken cholera rapidly became sick and died. From our current knowledge of immunity, how would these observations be explained?

A) Pasteur had accidentally discovered a strain of chickens that had natural immunity.
B) His first disease culture had weakened over time and stimulated the development of active immunity.
C) His first disease culture had weakened over time and the chickens developed a form of passive immunity.
D) The chickens apparently had better B cells for development of more effective antibodies.
E) The first set of chickens served as a control group to the second set that showed the development of antibodies.

Question 60

A person who is blood type AB has

A) only antigen A on the surface of RBCs.
B) only antigen B on the surface of RBCs.
C) antigens A and B on the surface of RBCs.
D) antibodies A and B on the surface of RBCs.
E) only antibody A on the surface of RBCs.

Question 61

List the function of the following antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE.

Question 62

List the steps involved with the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Question 63

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?

A) multiple sclerosis
B) systemic lupus
C) rheumatoid arthritis
D) type I diabetes
E) All of the answer choices are examples of autoimmune diseases.

Question 64

Describe the three major functions of the lymphatic system.

Question 65

What is the major drawback to cytokine therapies?

A) Side effects can be life-threatening.
B) The therapies are still untested.
C) The treatments are very expensive.
D) The therapies only work for women.
E) The therapies only work for men.

Question 66

Xenotransplantation is the use of animal organs instead of human organs in transplant patients. Scientists are considering using dogs as organ donors because they have long been domesticated by humans.

Question 67

Which of the following health problems are likely to occur if a person is unable to form the IgE antibodies?

A) The person would have problems defending themselves against parasitic worm infections as well as lacking an immediate allergic response.
B) The person would be unable to activate the complement.
C) Pathogens would be able to attach to their epithelial cells much easier.
D) They would be unable to have their cells clump.
E) Their B cells would be unable to respond to antigens.

Question 68

Which of the following may result in a severe immune reaction, but would not cause an immunodeficiency?

A) inherited lack of B cells
B) blood transfusion
C) surgical removal of the thymus
D) SCID
E) AIDS

Question 69

Which blood cells are usually the first to arrive at the site of an infection?

A) neutrophils
B) natural killer cells
C) red blood cells
D) interferons
E) monocytes

Question 70

What is the originator cell for monoclonal antibodies?

A) B cells
B) T cells
C) red blood cells
D) white blood cells
E) macrophages

Question 71

What are the two most common applications of cytokine therapies?

A) stimulation of blood cells and treatment of cancer
B) stimulation of blood cells and treatment of HIV
C) treatment of cancer and HIV
D) production of antibodies
E) providing immunization against various diseases

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency?

A) AIDS
B) SCID
C) flu
D) None of the answer choices is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency.
E) All of the answer choices are examples of an acquired immunodeficiency.

Question 73

Which of the following may reduce tissue rejection following organ transplantation? Check all that apply.

A) MHC incompatibility between donor and recipient
B) using tissues from the patient's own body
C) using tissues from a donor
D) weakening the patient's immune response to foreign material
E) administering immunosuppressive drugs

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier to infection?

A) mucous membrane
B) oil gland secretions
C) pH of the stomach
D) bacteria that live in the intestine
E) inflammatory response

Question 75

In the movie Bubble Boy, Jimmy lives inside a plastic bubble where he is protected from all outside agents. Which type of disease would require a child to live inside a plastic bubble?

A) an autoimmune disease
B) systemic lupus erythematosus
C) multiple sclerosis
D) AIDS
E) SCID

Question 76

Would untreated SCID be considered a lethal disease?

A) Yes
B) No

Question 77

Which type of T cell has a TCR that can recognize an antigen fragment presented by antigen-presenting cells with MHC class II proteins?

A) helper T cells
B) cytotoxic T cells
C) major histocompatibility complex
D) B cells
E) monocytes

Question 78

An autoimmune disease means that the body attacks itself because it does not recognize itself.

Question 79

During organ transplant, which feature is the most important to recognize?

A) the difference between the MHC proteins of the donor and the recipient
B) the difference between the blood types of the donor and the recipient
C) the similarities between the blood types of the donor and the recipient
D) the type of organ being transplanted
E) the age of the recipient of the transplanted organ