Deck 31: Transport and Exchange 2: Digestion, Nutrition, and Elimination

Question 1

The upper throat may be referred to as the:

A) pharynx.
B) epiglottis.
C) larynx.
D) trachea.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What problem might result from damage to the epiglottis?

A) A person would no longer be able to taste food.
B) Food would be able to enter the respiratory passageway.
C) Food would not be digested properly.
D) A person would no longer be able to swallow.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In addition to breaking down food, what other valuable function does stomach acid perform?

A) Stomach acid kills bacteria and other pathogens in food.
B) Stomach acid activates enzymes in the small intestine.
C) Stomach acid recycles chlorine.
D) Stomach acid converts waste molecules into bile.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is an accessory organ in the digestive system?

A) the skin
B) the lungs
C) the pancreas
D) the kidneys

Question 5

Blood carries most nutrients straight from the small intestine to which organ?

A) the heart
B) the liver
C) the kidneys
D) the stomach
E) the pancreas

Question 6

Which structure regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine?

A) the pharynx
B) the epiglottis
C) the stomach submucosa
D) the pyloric sphincter

Question 7

Which is the main organic molecule that is digested by the secretions of the stomach?

A) carbohydrate
B) lipid
C) nucleic acid
D) protein

Question 8

Chemical digestion begins in the:

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) large intestine.
D) small intestine.

Question 9

Which layer of the digestive tract is actually in contact with the food?

A) muscularis externa
B) submucosa
C) serosa
D) mucosa

Question 10

Which type of muscle is involved in peristalsis in the intestine?

A) cardiac
B) skeletal
C) smooth
D) voluntary

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the stomach's role in absorption?

A) The stomach absorbs most nutrients.
B) The stomach absorbs mostly large proteins.
C) The stomach absorbs some drugs and alcohol but few nutrients.
D) The stomach absorbs acids.

Question 12

Most of the blood vessels and nerves in the digestive tract are located in the layer of:

A) muscularis externa.
B) submucosa.
C) serosa.
D) mucosa.

Question 13

How does food move from the pharynx to the stomach?

A) Gravity alone pushes food through the trachea.
B) Gravity alone pushes food through the esophagus.
C) Peristalsis and gravity push food through the trachea.
D) Peristalsis and gravity push food through the esophagus.

Question 14

What is the function of the rugae, or folds in the stomach?

A) The rugae push food down toward the intestine.
B) The rugae allow the stomach to expand when food enters.
C) The rugae neutralize excess acid.
D) The rugae manufacture bile.

Question 15

The outermost layer of the digestive tract is the:

A) muscularis externa.
B) submucosa.
C) serosa.
D) mucosa.

Question 16

Digestion of which organic molecule takes a somewhat more complicated route than most nutrients?

A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) protein
D) nucleic acid

Question 17

How do fats leave the digestive system and enter the bloodstream?

A) in the veins
B) in the capillaries
C) in the arteries
D) in the lymphatic vessels

Question 18

In the digestive system, the villi are:

A) muscles in the digestive system that push the food along.
B) finger-like projections of the mucosa.
C) glands that release digestive enzymes.
D) blood vessels that pick up nutrients from the digestive system.

Question 19

Why doesn't the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach digest its own lining cells?

A) The stomach has a dense connective tissue lining.
B) Lining cells produce a protective mucus layer.
C) The cells make chemicals that quickly neutralize all the acid.
D) The acid is specific to proteins, not cells.

Question 20

The mixture of food and digestive juices that leaves the stomach is called:

A) cud.
B) chyme.
C) pepsin.
D) trypsin.

Question 21

How would blockage of the pancreatic duct affect the digestive system?

A) The food in the small intestine would be more basic (alkaline).
B) It would have little effect because liver enzymes would take over.
C) The small intestine would contain acidic, mostly undigested chyme.
D) The stomach would be unable to function.

Question 22

Deficiency of which nutrient can cause muscle cramps, irregular heartbeat, or paralysis?

A) potassium
B) sulfur
C) iron
D) copper

Question 23

Which of the following is a trace mineral?

A) sodium
B) sulfur
C) phosphorus
D) iodine

Question 24

Which category of nutrient would be best described as compounds needed in small amounts in the diet to facilitate chemical reactions in the body?

A) lipids
B) trace minerals
C) vitamins
D) enzymes

Question 25

Which organ is central to the body's metabolism of nutrients?

A) the stomach
B) the kidneys
C) the liver
D) the small intestine

Question 26

The main function of the gallbladder is to:

A) make bile.
B) make gallstones.
C) store and concentrate digestive enzymes.
D) store and concentrate bile.

Question 27

Which of the following is a complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested?

A) disaccharides
B) starches
C) high fructose corn syrup
D) fibers

Question 28

The appendix is attached to which portion of the large intestine?

A) the cecum
B) the colon
C) the rectum
D) the ileocecal valve

Question 29

In what way are the essential amino acids different from nonessential amino acids?

A) Nonessential amino acids are not necessary for any proteins we make.
B) Nonessential amino acids are not absorbed by the digestive tract.
C) Essential amino acids cannot be made and must be obtained from food.
D) Essential amino acids are the ones exclusively used to make enzymes.

Question 30

What is the main function of the colon?

A) to complete the digestion of lipids
B) to absorb water and vitamin K
C) to control nutrients it will send to the rest of the body
D) to digest and absorb carbohydrates

Question 31

Which of the following has the most stored energy per gram?

A) minerals
B) proteins
C) carbohydrates
D) lipids

Question 32

What is the first part of the small intestine that receives food from the stomach?

A) duodenum
B) ileum
C) jejunum
D) cecum

Question 33

Most of the absorption of digested food takes place in the:

A) stomach.
B) esophagus.
C) large intestine.
D) small intestine.

Question 34

Most digestion occurs in the:

A) large intestine.
B) mouth.
C) stomach.
D) small intestine.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a nutrient that helps to regulate bodily processes?

A) protein
B) water
C) lipid
D) potassium

Question 36

Gallstones are a problem when they:

A) get stuck in the folds of the small intestine.
B) block the cystic duct or common bile duct.
C) break and release enzymes.
D) break and release cholesterol.

Question 37

What is unusual about soy protein as opposed to other plant protein sources?

A) Soy protein has all essential amino acids in the proper proportions.
B) Soy protein has the same saturated fat levels as animal fat.
C) Soy protein has more energy per gram than lipids.
D) Soy protein has only one-tenth the energy per gram of other proteins.

Question 38

Roughly how long is the small intestine?

A) 6 feet
B) 14 feet
C) 20 feet
D) 30 feet

Question 39

Calories are a measure of the:

A) nutritional value of food.
B) amount of energy the food contains.
C) weight of the food.
D) amount of minerals and vitamins a food contains.

Question 40

The measure of how blood glucose levels are affected by a given amount of carbohydrate is:

A) sugar input.
B) glycemic load.
C) monosaccharide ratio.
D) insulin index.

Question 41

The urethra is different lengths in men and women.

Question 42

What is the difference between fats and oils?

A) Oils are mostly made of saturated fat.
B) Fats are mostly made of unsaturated fat.
C) Oils are liquids and fats are solid at room temperature.
D) Fats are always healthier as long as they are mostly saturated.

Question 43

About 99 percent of the fluid the kidney processes is recycled back into the body.

Question 44

Sodium is a nutrient because it provides us with energy.

Question 45

Why are saturated fats considered a less healthy nutrient?

A) Because saturated fats are from animal sources, they can produce allergic reactions.
B) Saturated fats cannot be used for energy as the other fats can.
C) Saturated fats raise HDL levels, which contributes to heart disease.
D) Saturated fats raise LDL levels, which contributes to heart disease.

Question 46

Why does alcohol ingestion increase urine output?

A) The alcohol increases blood pressure.
B) The alcohol suppresses ADH production.
C) The alcohol stimulates ADH production.
D) The alcohol redirects blood flow away from the skin and to the kidneys.
E) The alcohol is converted to excess water by the liver.

Question 47

Place the following in order of the movement of urine through the urinary system: (1) urethra, (2) ureter, (3) kidney, (4) urinary bladder.

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 3, 4, 1, 2
C) 1, 3, 2, 4
D) 2, 3, 4, 1
E) 3, 2, 4, 1

Question 48

Soy protein and nearly all animal protein sources provide all the essential amino acids needed in the diet.

Question 49

Which of the following types of fat are the least healthy?

A) trans fat
B) polyunsaturated fat
C) saturated fat
D) monounsaturated fat

Question 50

In a traditional food pyramid, which type of food would be closest to the base?

A) dairy products
B) fish and poultry
C) whole grain foods
D) vegetables
E) fruits

Question 51

Fiber is defined as a complex carbohydrate that is digestible.

Question 52

Why are large amounts of red meat and butter not healthy choices in the diet?

A) They contain too much protein.
B) They contain a lot of saturated fat.
C) Most people cannot digest them.
D) They contain excessive amounts of fiber.

Question 53

Voluntary control of urination is accomplished by:

A) an external sphincter made of skeletal muscle.
B) an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.
C) the skeletal muscle of the bladder.
D) contraction of the ureters.

Question 54

The tube leading from the bladder that carries urine out of the body is the ureter.

Question 55

Digestion is a process of mechanical and chemical breakdown of larger food molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed.

Question 56

What affect does ADH secretion have on the kidneys?

A) Water stays trapped in the kidney tubules.
B) Urine output increases.
C) The filtration rate increases.
D) Water moves out of the kidney tubules.
E) Blood pressure to the kidneys decreases.

Question 57

A "nutritional" calorie is actually 1,000 of the energy unit calories.

Question 58

Most digested food is absorbed into the blood by the villi of the small intestine.

Question 59

Minerals are always chemical elements, not compounds.

Question 60

The knot of capillaries in a nephron, where filtration of blood occurs, is the:

A) glomerulus.
B) bowman's capsule.
C) proximal tubule.
D) distal tubule.
E) collecting duct.

Question 61

Formulate reasons in support of why the duodenum could be described both structurally and functionally as the "crossroads" of the digestive tract.

Question 62

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.
Which structure, A, B, C, or D, transports urine using peristalsis?

Question 63

A classmate tells you that his mother had her gallbladder removed, and he says she wants to cut down on fat in her diet. He comments that he's not sure why because lipase is the enzyme that breaks down fats, and bile stored in the gallbladder isn't an enzyme. Although his last statement is factually true, how would you help your classmate understand this connection?

Question 64

The functional units of the kidneys are the ________.

Question 65

A friend tells you that she wants to try to be a strict vegetarian or vegan, but her parents are discouraging her from doing so. Her parents say she will not get enough protein or vitamins. What advice can you offer your friend to help her convince her parents she will get enough protein and vitamins on a vegetarian or vegan diet?

Question 66

Which nutrient has the highest caloric content?

Question 67

Chemical elements that are needed to help form bodily structures and to facilitate chemical reactions in the body are ________.

Question 68

Which part of the brain is responsible for producing and controlling the release of the hormone ADH?

Question 69

Could someone add body fat by eating a diet low in fat but high in carbohydrates? Defend your answer.

Question 70

Propose an argument for why the urinary system is much more than just a waste filtration site and is also a major player in the game of homeostasis.

Question 71

What are the two main chemicals secreted by the gastric pits in the stomach?

Question 72

Complex carbohydrates that are digestible are known as ________.

Question 73

The layer of the digestive tract that contains smooth muscle is the ________.

Question 74

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.
Which organ, A, B, or C, produces digestive enzymes and chemical buffers?