Deck 10: The Auditory Brain and Perceiving Auditory Scenes

Question 1

The "where" pathway for audition includes the core regions,

A)the belt and parabelt regions,and the anterior parts of the temporal cortex.
B)the posterior parts of the auditory cortex,and the posterior parietal cortex.
C)as well as the anterior parts of the auditory cortex.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following receives inputs from the auditory core region?

A)the belt
B)the rostral core
C)the rostrotemporal core

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The auditory pathway plays a role in modulating the motile response,activating the acoustic reflex,and blocking task-irrelevant ascending auditory signals.

A)ascending
B)descending
C)lateral

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The pathway for audition includes the core regions,the posterior parts of the auditory cortex,and the posterior parietal cortex.

A)"what"
B)"where"
C)"why"

Question 5

An acoustic shadow has a much greater effect for

A)high-frequency sounds.
B)low-frequency sounds.
C)loud sounds.

Question 6

The is found in the midbrain.

A)medial geniculate body
B)superior olivary complex
C)inferior colliculus

Question 7

An acoustic shadow occurs when the sound source is located

A)on the median plane.
B)to the listener's left or right.
C)directly in front of the head.

Question 8

In the ,posterior neurons have characteristic frequencies.

A)rostral core;low
B)rostral core;high
C)rostrotemporal core;low

Question 9

The intensity of a sound decreases with the distance from the sound source such that there is an intensity difference between the sound reaching the left and right ears when the sound source is not located on the median plane.This effect is significant when the sound source is located

A)far from the head.
B)near to the head.
C)directly in front of the head.

Question 10

Which of the following is part of the auditory core region?

A)the belt
B)the parabelt
C)the rostrotemporal core

Question 11

The pathway for audition includes the core regions,the belt and parabelt,and the ante- rior parts of the temporal cortex.

A)"who"
B)"what"
C)"where"

Question 12

The main ascending auditory pathway from the right ear includes the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus,

A)the contralateral cochlear nucleus,and the contralateral auditory cortex.
B)the ipsilateral superior olivary complex,and the ipsilateral auditory cortex.
C)the contralateral inferior colliculus,and the contralateral auditory cortex.

Question 13

Sound localization in the dimension involves azimuth.

A)front-to-back
B)side-to-side
C)up-down

Question 14

In the ,posterior neurons have characteristic frequencies.

A)rostral and rostrotemporal cores;low
B)rostral and rostrotemporal cores;high
C)primary auditory cortex and the rostrotemporal core;high

Question 15

The is found in the brain stem.

A)medial geniculate body
B)superior olivary complex
C)inferior colliculus

Question 16

Tonotopic maps in the auditory core regions have shown that

A)the characteristic frequencies of the neurons gradually shift from lower at one end to higher at the other end.
B)the characteristic frequencies of the neurons appear to be randomly determined.
C)the arrangement of neurons is related to temporal coding but not to place coding along the basilar membrane.

Question 17

The secondary ascending auditory pathway from the right ear includes the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus,

A)the contralateral cochlear nucleus,and the contralateral auditory cortex.
B)the ipsilateral superior olivary complex,and the ipsilateral auditory cortex.
C)the contralateral inferior colliculus,and the contralateral auditory cortex.

Question 18

A broadly tuned neuron in the auditory cortex has

A)one characteristic frequency.
B)two characteristic frequencies.
C)multiple characteristic frequencies.

Question 19

The main ascending auditory pathway from the right ear includes the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus and

A)the contralateral cochlear nucleus.
B)the ipsilateral superior olivary complex.
C)the contralateral inferior colliculus.

Question 20

The ascending auditory pathway goes,in order,from inner hair cells to Type I auditory nerve fibers to

A)the contralateral cochlear nucleus.
B)the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus.
C)the contralateral inferior colliculus.

Question 21

Five pure tones are presented simultaneously such that three of them are harmonics of the same fundamental tone and one is a nonharmonic tone.The listener would perceive auditory streams.

A)one
B)two
C)three

Question 22

According to the Doppler effect,the of a sound emitted by a moving sound source is behind the sound source than in front of it.

A)loudness;higher
B)frequency;lower
C)loudness;lower

Question 23

Interaural level difference refers to the difference in

A)arrival time for two distinct sounds reaching one ear.
B)the sound level of the same sound reaching the two ears.
C)location within the cone of confusion.

Question 24

As a sound source approaches the listener,the loudness ;as a sound source recedes from the listener the loudness .

A)increases;decreases
B)decreases;increases
C)increases;stays the same

Question 25

Most people have an interaural time difference threshold of microseconds.

A)less than 100
B)more than 200
C)between 1,000 and 1,500

Question 26

The mixture of frequencies arriving at the ear at a given interval of time can be grouped according to

A)harmonic coherence only.
B)synchrony only.
C)harmonic coherence and/or synchrony.

Question 27

According to the effect,the frequency of a sound emitted by a moving sound source is in front of the sound source than behind it.

A)Doppler;higher
B)Dolby;lower
C)Doppler;lower

Question 28

Bats use by emitting sounds in the range of .

A)echolocation;20 to 20,000 Hz.
B)echolocation;20,000 to 100,000 Hz.
C)the Doppler effect;20,000 to 100,000 Hz.

Question 29

Interaural level difference refers to the difference ,while interaural time difference refers to the difference .

A)in arrival time for two distinct sounds reaching one ear;in the sound level of the same sound to the two ears
B)in the sound level of the same sound to the two ears;in the arrival time for the same sound to the two ears
C)location within the cone of confusion;arrival time for two distinct sounds with the same azimuth

Question 30

The first step in is to organize the input into a set of distinct .

A)auditory scene analysis;auditory streams
B)auditory stream analysis;auditory scenes
C)auditory scene analysis;frequency ranges

Question 31

The location of two equidistant sound sources would be in the cone of confusion when______________ are highly similar.

A)only their ITDs
B)only their ILDs
C)both their ITDs and ILDs

Question 32

The Doppler effect states that the frequency of a sound emitted by a moving sound source is in front of the sound source than behind it.

A)higher
B)lower
C)simpler

Question 33

______________ analysis is the process of extracting and grouping together the frequencies emitted by a specific sound source.

A)Auditory scene
B)Auditory stream
C)Auditory scream

Question 34

The location of two sound sources would be in the cone of confusion when their are highly similar.

A)equal-distance;ITDs
B)different-distance;ILDs
C)equal-distance;ITDs and ILDs

Question 35

Information about the of a sound source comes from the spectral shape cue provided by the .

A)elevation;pinna
B)azimuth;basilar membrane
C)azimuth;pinna

Question 36

Coincidence detectors have been found in

A)the medial superior olive.
B)the lateral geniculate body.
C)the inner ear.

Question 37

According to Albert S.Bregman's description of auditory scene analysis

A)unrelated auditory streams rarely start or stop at the same time.
B)unrelated auditory streams typically start and stop at the same time.
C)a single auditory stream typically includes an abrupt change in frequency,amplitude,or timbre.

Question 38

Five pure tones,each a harmonic of the same fundamental tone,are presented such that only one has an asynchronous onset and offset.The listener would perceive auditory streams.

A)one
B)two
C)three

Question 39

Information about the elevation of a sound source comes from the spectral shape cue provided by the

A)pinna.
B)basilar membrane.
C)auditory canal.

Question 40

A sound source located directly in front of the listener will produce the same ILD and ITD as a source located directly behind the listener until the listener

A)closes her eyes.
B)wiggles her ears.
C)moves her head.

Question 41

The ascending auditory pathway goes directly from Type I auditory nerve fibers to

A)the contralateral cochlear nucleus.
B)the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus.
C)the contralateral inferior colliculus.

Question 42

Which of the following could be considered examples of sensory substitution devices: (1)thermometer, (2)toaster, (3)oscilloscope, (4)beep of a car going backward, (5)escalator, (6)musical score? And what senses are being substituted?

Question 43

Perhaps you have seen video of a blind person riding a bicycle down a town street.What audi- tory information could a blind bicyclist use to safely negotiate around other vehicles and station- ary objects?

Question 44

An acoustic shadow is produced by

A)an environmental object.
B)a hard reflective surface.
C)the perceiver's head.

Question 45

How does diffraction of sound waves explain both the effectiveness of the interaural time difference and the ineffectiveness of the interaural level difference in discerning the azimuth of a low-frequency sound?

Question 46

Tonotopic maps in the auditory core regions have shown that

A)the arrangement is similar to the arrangement of characteristic frequencies along the basilar membrane.
B)the arrangement,while systematic,is unrelated to the arrangement of characteristic frequen- cies along the basilar membrane.
C)the arrangement is related to temporal coding but not to place coding along the basilar membrane.

Question 47

Explain this analogy: Auditory scene analysis is like trying to determine the activity on a lake by looking at the waves striking a one-foot-wide section of the shore.

Question 48

Interaural time difference refers to the difference in

A)arrival time for two distinct sounds to reach one ear.
B)arrival time of the same sound to the two ears.
C)location within the cone of confusion.

Question 49

The states that the frequency of a sound emitted by a moving sound source is higher in front of the sound source than behind it.

A)Dolby effect
B)Doppler effect
C)von Békésy effect

Question 50

The is found in the thalamus.

A)medial geniculate body
B)superior olivary complex
C)inferior colliculus

Question 51

A football helmet completely covers and cushions a player's ears (pinna),save for a small hole that allows sound to enter.How is a player's ability to localize sounds affected by wearing a helmet?

Question 52

What are at least three cues to determining the distance to a source of sound?

Question 53

Structures in the visual system such as the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)and visual cortex are described as having "retinotopic" mapping.What type of mapping is ascribed to structures in the auditory core region? Briefly define this type of mapping.How is this type consistent with functionality of the cochlea?

Question 54

According to the text,which of the following would be a sensory substitution device (SSD)?

A)reading text for a person with vision
B)touching Braille for the first time by a person with vision
C)echolocation for humans

Question 55

Sound localization in the side-to-side dimension involves

A)azimuth.
B)elevation.
C)distance.

Question 56

What are "coincidence detectors"? Where are they located and what functionality do they provide?

Question 57

Information about the elevation of a sound source comes from the provided by the .

A)spectral shape cue;pinna
B)spectral shape cue;basilar membrane
C)interaural time difference;pinna

Question 58

When listening to music over a pair of headphones,we sometimes perceive a whole band play- ing before us on stage,e.g. ,guitar to the far left,drums near left,singer in the center,bass to the right.(A)Explain how this effect can be achieved.(B)Explain whether the music can be produced such that it is perceived as coming from behind the listener.

Question 59

The "what" pathway for audition includes the core regions,

A)the belt and parabelt regions,and the anterior parts of the temporal cortex.
B)the belt and parabelt regions,the posterior parts of the temporal cortex,and the posterior parietal cortex.
C)the posterior parts of the temporal cortex,and the posterior parietal cortex.

Question 60

A listener can judge when the frequency of two sequential tones rises or falls unless

A)two same-frequency flanker tones are also included.
B)two same-frequency flanker tones and a series of same-frequency captor tones are also included.
C)several same-frequency captor tones are also included.

Question 61

According to the text,which of the following would be a sensory substitution device (SSD)?

A)reading text for a person with vision
B)touching Braille for a person without vision
C)both reading text for a person with vision and touching Braille for a person without vision are SSDs

Question 62

Neurons in the are thought to detect specific interaural time differences.

A)medial superior olive
B)lateral geniculate body
C)inner ear

Question 63

Auditory scene analysis is the process of

A)extracting and grouping together similar frequencies regardless of the specific sound source.
B)extracting and grouping together the frequencies emitted by a specific sound source.
C)combining all frequencies in the auditory scene.

Question 64

Bats use echolocation by emitting sounds in the range of

A)20 to 20,000 Hz.
B)20,000 to 100,000 Hz.
C)100,000 to 200,000 Hz.