Deck 8: Attention and Awareness

Question 1

The failure to perceive a fully visible but unattended visual object is called

A)inattentional blindness.
B)change blindness.
C)attentional blindness.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)procedure has been used to study differences between

A)auditory and visual attention.
B)selective attention and divided attention.
C)extracting both the gist and the specific details of a scene.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

______________ listening involves listening to one message in the right ear and a different message in the left ear.

A)Dichotic
B)Binaural
C)Preattentive

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The text defines attention as the selection of one source of sensory input for increased

A)perceptual processing.
B)cognitive processing.
C)selective attention.

Question 5

Chiu and Yantis (2009)directed viewers' attention to either the left or right side of a display.When they measured brain activity with ,they found that .

A)fMRI;brain activity changed but only when the eyes actually moved
B)single neuron recordings;brain activity was not related to attention
C)fMRI;actual eye movements were not needed to cause changes in brain activity

Question 6

The problem occurs when the visual system is faced with determining which visual features belong to the same object.

A)cocktail party
B)binding
C)cueing visual attention

Question 7

Reynolds et al.(1999)recorded from a single V4 neuron while a monkey was fixating on a visual display that contained both an effective stimulus and an ineffective stimulus.Neural activity when the monkey attended to the effective stimulus was

A)enhanced as if only the effective stimulus had been presented.
B)suppressed as if only the ineffective stimulus had been presented.
C)at an intermediate level due to the presence of both the effective and ineffective stimuli.

Question 8

According to Broadbent's filter theory of attention,only some of the physical signal is processed for ,with the remainder being filtered out.

A)structure
B)meaning
C)source location

Question 9

When a target "pops out," the participant is doing

A)a feature search.
B)a conjunctive search.
C)either a feature or a conjunctive search.

Question 10

In Mack and Rock's (1998)study of inattentional blindness,the majority of participants who were asked to state which arm of a cross was longer

A)did not report seeing the critical stimulus.
B)did report seeing the critical stimulus.
C)could not accurately judge the lengths of the arms.

Question 11

For searches,feature integration theory predicts that .

A)feature;response time is unrelated to the number of features
B)conjunction;response time decreases as the number of features increases
C)feature;response time increases as the number of features increases

Question 12

______________ proposes that the brain solves the problem by selectively attending to one object at a time.

A)Triesman's feature integration theory;cocktail party
B)Broadbent's filter theory of attention;binding
C)Triesman's feature integration theory;binding

Question 13

______________with requires the listener to repeat one of the two messages as it is being presented.

A)Shadowing;the dichotic listening procedure
B)Shadowing;the inattentional blindness technique
C)Divided attention;the cocktail party problem

Question 14

The typical study of change blindness uses the rapid alternation of photos,with each presented for about one-quarter of a second.The results show that the observers can detect the change in the photos after about alternation cycles.

A)2
B)12
C)100

Question 15

______________ attention refers to the ability to attend to several things at one time,while____________________________ attention refers to being aware of only one thing at a time.

A)Focused;divided
B)Divided;focused
C)Good;poor

Question 16

In Mack and Rock's (1998)study of inattentional blindness,the participants who were told to ignore the large cross

A)almost never reported seeing the critical stimulus.
B)almost always reported seeing the critical stimulus.
C)accurately judged the lengths of the arms.

Question 17

Posner et al.(1978)used a technique called with valid,invalid,and neutral cues and found that response time was fastest with valid cues.

A)attentional cueing
B)dichotic cueing
C)preattentive cueing

Question 18

The was designed as a laboratory version of the real-world .

A)cocktail party problem;inattentional blindness problem
B)the dichotic listening task;cocktail party problem
C)the dichotic listening task;inattentional blindness problem

Question 19

Triesman (1960)showed that participants who were asked to shadow one message in a dichotic listening study would sometimes follow the message from the "attended" ear to the "to-be- ignored" ear.This finding suggests that

A)the meaning of the unattended message does receive some processing.
B)the meaning of the unattended message is not processed.
C)characteristics other than meaning can affect shadowing.

Question 20

Colin Cherry coined the term to refer to the challenge of comprehending speech in a real-world noisy environment.

A)selective attention
B)cocktail party problem
C)dichotic listening

Question 21

Perceptual bistability is the phenomenon in which a(n)visual stimulus leads to repeated alternation between two different perceptual experiences.

A)changing
B)unchanging
C)invisible

Question 22

The problem of consciousness refers to ,while the problem of consciousness refers to

A)hard;third-person data;easy;first-person data
B)easy;third-person data;hard;first-person data
C)hard;how color vision works;easy;how people shift attention

Question 23

Rogers and Monsell's (1995)investigation of task switching showed that trials where task switching was necessary compared to trials when it was not necessary.

A)for any level of difficulty,response times did not differ between
B)for simple tasks,response times were actually faster on
C)for simple tasks,response times were actually slower on

Question 24

______________ attentional control is involuntary.

A)Top-down
B)Bottom-up
C)Conceptually driven

Question 25

Tong et al.(1998),using a task to study neural correlates of consciousness,found that alternating perceptual experience.

A)monocular rivalry;both FFA and PPA activity were correlated with
B)binocular rivalry;both FFA and PPA activity were correlated with
C)perceptual bistability;only FFA activity was related to

Question 26

Research indicates that the neural pathway passing from the retina to the superior colliculus to the thalamus and onto the visual cortex underlies the phenomenon of blindsight.This pathway

A)can support conscious vision.
B)cannot support conscious vision.
C)cannot support visually guided action.

Question 27

Current research indicates that attentional control signals come from and .

A)the posterior parietal cortex;the frontal eye field
B)the anterior parietal cortex;the frontal eye field
C)the occipital cortex;the frontal eye field

Question 28

When Tong et al.(1998)presented a composite image of a face and a house (an anaglyph)to observers who were wearing red-blue glasses,each eye saw only the house or the face.The results of fMRI measurements of brain activity showed that

A)when the observer was perceiving the face,FFA activity increased while PPA activity decreased.
B)when the observer was perceiving the face,FFA activity decreased while PPA activity increased.
C)when the observer was perceiving the house,FFA activity increased while PPA activity decreased.

Question 29

The Necker cube is an example of

A)binocular rivalry
B)motion parallax
C)perceptual bistability

Question 30

Unilateral visual neglect is more likely to occur

A)on the left side of visual space.
B)on the right side of visual space.
C)as a result of damage to the left eye.

Question 31

When Tong et al.(1998)presented a composite image of a face and a house (an anaglyph)to observers who were wearing red-blue glasses,each eye saw only the house or the face.The results of fMRI measurements of brain activity showed increased FFA activity

A)when the observer was perceiving the face.
B)when the observer was perceiving the house.
C)when the observer was not wearing the red-blue glasses.

Question 32

Bottom-up attentional control is considered all of the following except

A)voluntary.
B)involuntary.
C)stimulus-driven.

Question 33

David Chalmers believes that we can make progress on the problem of consciousness by finding .

A)hard;perceptual bistability
B)hard;neural correlates of consciousness
C)easy;perceptual bistability

Question 34

______________ is the ability to point to and sometimes discriminate visual stimuli without any conscious awareness of them.

A)Binocular rivalry
B)Perceptual bistability
C)Blindsight

Question 35

Research has shown that a conversation with a passenger in a vehicle a cell phone conver- sation.

A)impairs driving performance more than
B)impairs driving performance less than
C)impairs driving performance the same as

Question 36

When Tong et al.(1998)presented a composite image of a face and a house (an anaglyph)to observers who were wearing red-blue glasses,each eye saw only the house or the face.The results of fMRI measurements of brain activity showed increased PPA activity

A)when the observer was perceiving the face.
B)when the observer was perceiving the house.
C)when the observer was not wearing the red-blue glasses.

Question 37

Rogers and Monsell's (1995)investigation of task switching showed that for even simple tasks response times were on trials where task switching was necessary compared to trials when it was not necessary.

A)50% faster
B)50% slower
C)33% slower

Question 38

Reynolds et al.(1999)recorded from a single V4 neuron while a monkey was fixating on a visual display that contained both an effective stimulus and an ineffective stimulus.They found that neural activity when the monkey attended to the effective stimulus was enhanced as if only the effective stimulus had been presented.This finding is

A)consistent with feature integration theory.
B)consistent with the filter theory of attention.
C)consistent with biased competition theory.

Question 39

Jonides and Yantis (1988)showed that response times for a target letter was unrelated to the number of letters to be searched when the target was an abrupt-onset item because the abrupt onset captures the participant's attention.Thus attentional control can produce a quick response to sudden events.

A)top-down
B)bottom-up
C)a combination of top-down and bottom-up

Question 40

Top-down attentional control is

A)voluntary.
B)involuntary.
C)stimulus-driven.

Question 41

Posner et al.(1978)used attentional cueing with valid,invalid,and neutral cues and found that

A)response time was fastest with the valid cue.
B)response time was fastest with the invalid cue.
C)response times were equally fast with either the valid or invalid cues,but slower with the neutral cues.

Question 42

Dichotic listening involves

A)following conversations at a cocktail party.
B)thinking about a source of stimulation.
C)listening to one message in the right ear and a different message in the left ear.

Question 43

Explain how Ruben's face-vase illusion could be used to investigate the neural correlates of con- sciousness.

Question 44

Could there be any disadvantage for a batter in baseball to "look" for a pitch in a particular loca- tion .

Question 45

Kim often brings her small tan dog,Seaweed,to the dog park.On Tuesday,Seaweed is playing with a number of other small dogs,all of whom are black.On Wednesday,there are some large tan dogs and small black dogs in the park with Seaweed.Describe how Kim's search for Seaweed is different on each day.

Question 46

______________ attentional control is voluntary.

A)Top-down
B)Bottom-up
C)Stimulus-driven

Question 47

According to Broadbent's theory of attention only some of the physical signal is processed for meaning,with the remainder being filtered out.

A)filter
B)attenuation
C)full-processing

Question 48

The inability to quickly detect changes in a complex visual scene is called

A)inattentional blindness.
B)change blindness.
C)attentional blindness.

Question 49

Describe the response of a V4 neuron whose receptive field is occupied by an effective and inef- fective stimulus when attention is directed to (1)the effective stimulus, (2)the ineffective stimu- lus,and (3)neither stimulus.

Question 50

When Chiu and Yantis (2009)directed viewers' attention to either the left or right side of a display and then measured brain activity with fMRI,they found that

A)brain activity changed but only when the eyes actually moved.
B)brain activity was not related to attention.
C)actual eye movements were not needed to cause changes in brain activity.

Question 51

For conjunction searches,feature integration theory predicts that

A)response time is unrelated to the number of features.
B)response time decreases as the number of features increases.
C)response time increases as the number of features increases.

Question 52

Think of three types of musical changes or elements a composer might use to capture a listener's attention.Include at least one change that does not rely on bottom-up control.

Question 53

Sunny has been living in the same neighborhood for seven years.Last week a friend pointed out to her that all the street signs around her house are white with black writing,but that starting only two blocks south the signs become green with white writing.How would you explain the fact that Sunny,who frequently drives all around the neighborhood,never realized this about the signage?

Question 54

The rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)procedure has demonstrated that with RSVP

A)participants can extract only the gist of a scene.
B)participants can extract only the specific details of a scene.
C)participants can extract both the gist and the specific details of a scene.

Question 55

Shadowing with dichotic listening requires the listener to

A)try to attend to both messages.
B)repeat one of the two messages as it is being presented.
C)try to ignore one of the messages.

Question 56

Ben claims that he can save time by reading his history text while having an online chat with the project team from his marketing class.How would you explain to Ben that not only will he not save time,but he will probably expend more total time overall by multitasking.

Question 57

The text defines cognitive processing.

A)awareness
B)attention
C)selective attention

Question 58

It has been shown that if you are speaking to someone at a noisy party,you can generally disregard what is said in nearby conversations,but your attention will be captured if your own name is spo- ken.What other words or names do you think would have a similar effect? Would the same words work for all people? Why or why not?

Question 59

Although studies have shown that observers often fail to recognize significant changes in a visual scene,why is change blindness not usually an issue in our everyday visual experience?

Question 60

How would you explain the typical finding that for a conjunction search,the target-absent re- sponse times are approximately twice as slow as the target-present response times (i.e. ,for any given number of display items)?

Question 61

Tong et al.(1998),using a binocular rivalry task to study neural correlates of consciousness,found that

A)both FFA and PPA activity were unrelated to alternating perceptual experience.
B)both FFA and PPA activity were correlated with alternating perceptual experience.
C)only FFA activity was related to alternating perceptual experience.

Question 62

______________ is the phenomenon in which an unchanging visual stimulus leads to repeated alternation between two different perceptual experiences.

A)Monocular rivalry
B)Perceptual bistability
C)Perceptual instability

Question 63

D.B. ,a man described in the text,reported that he could not see anything in his left visual field after surgery.However,when D.B.was tested by having him point to spots of light presented in his left visual field,the results showed that he could point quite accurately.This phenomenon is called

A)binocular rivalry
B)perceptual bistability
C)blindsight