Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

____________ is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.

A)Diagnosis
B)Etiology
C)Prognosis
D)None of the above

Answer 1

Prognosis

Question 2

The ______________ model proposes it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.

A)physiological
B)medical
C)psychosocial
D)bio-neurological

Answer 2

medical

Question 3

A prognosis

A)is a plan for treating an illness.
B)involves distinguishing one illness from another.
C)is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.
D)refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

Answer 3

is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for abnormal behavior?

A)Deviance
B)Maladaptive behavior
C)Personal distress
D)Bizarre behavior

Question 5

The judgment of the normality of an individual's behavior can be based on whether

A)he or she experiences personal distress.
B)the behavior deviates from accepted social norms.
C)his or her everyday adaptive functioning is impaired.
D)any of these.

Question 6

Susan's psychologist tells her the probable course of her depression.In the medical model this is called

A)a diagnosis.
B)a prognosis.
C)the etiology.
D)stereotyping.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the definition of abnormal behavior?

A)Everyone acts in deviant ways once in a while.
B)It is often difficult to draw a line that clearly separates normality from abnormality.
C)People are judged to have psychological disorders only when their behavior becomes extremely deviant,maladaptive,or distressing.
D)For the most part,people with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways that are very different from the behavior of normal people.

Question 8

In what year was the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM- 5)published?

A)1953
B)1975
C)1995
D)2013

Question 9

The DSM-5

A)has multiple axes to make a distinction between disorders.
B)uses axes to make notations about physical illnesses,stressors,and global functioning.
C)uses a dimensional approach.
D)uses a categorical approach.

Question 10

_______________ is a psychological disorder in which a man achieves sexual arousal by dressing in women's clothing.

A)Bisexuality
B)Transvestic fetishism
C)Homosexuality
D)Bulimia nervosa

Question 11

The process of distinguishing one illness from another is called

A)diagnosis.
B)etiology.
C)prognosis.
D)somatization.

Question 12

Betty has been depressed.She has been describing how she feels to her friends who recommended she seek out a therapist.Which of the following conclusions regarding Betty's behavior is appropriate?

A)It should not be considered abnormal,because her adaptive functioning is not impaired.
B)It should not be considered abnormal,because everyone experiences depression.
C)It can be considered abnormal,because she obviously feels great personal distress.
D)It can be considered abnormal,because the behavior meets the three criteria of the medical model.

Question 13

Bill has been stopping off at a bar every day on his way home from work.Lately,he has made up excuses to his wife as to why he is late.His behavior best satisfies which of the following criteria of abnormality?

A)Deviance
B)Personal distress
C)Physical discomfort
D)Maladaptive behavior

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

A)It is usually not easy to divide people into distinct normal and abnormal groups.
B)People with psychological disorders usually behave in bizarre ways.
C)An abnormal behavior in one culture is always an abnormal behavior in other cultures.
D)The criteria for normal and abnormal behaviors are value-free.

Question 15

The medical models of abnormal behavior

A)developed prior to the 18th century.
B)has eliminated the social stigma of having a mental illness.
C)became the dominant way of thinking during the 19th and 20th centuries.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 16

Transvestic fetishism is considered to be a psychological disorder primarily because it

A)is maladaptive.
B)is socially deviant.
C)is a medical problem.
D)causes great personal distress.

Question 17

Thomas Szasz has criticized the medical model because he believes that abnormal behavior

A)involves deviation from social norms rather than an illness.
B)does not really exist since it is society that has problems.
C)has a psychological rather than a physical cause.
D)is based on the individual's subjective experience and choice.

Question 18

_______________ is the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

A)Diagnosis
B)Etiology
C)Prognosis
D)None of the above

Question 19

Dr.Richards explained to his client that obsessive-compulsive disorder appears to be heavily influenced by biological causes.Dr.Richards is explaining the ____________ of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A)diagnosis
B)etiology
C)prognosis
D)none of the above

Question 20

Kenny believes that his dog often tells him how to prepare his food.The dog's orders are not a problem for Kenny to carry out,and Kenny does not seem to mind the extra trouble.Under which criteria could Kenny's behaviors be considered a disorder?

A)Deviance
B)Maladaptive behavior
C)Personal distress
D)Bizarre behavior

Question 21

Comorbidity is

A)the coexistence of two or more disorders.
B)two related people dying from the same cause.
C)someone who is sometimes seriously depressed and other times inappropriately happy.
D)when someone has a discontinuous disorder.

Question 22

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder marked by a chronic,high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat?

A)Panic disorder
B)Phobic disorder
C)Generalized anxiety disorder
D)Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 23

Which of the following categories of psychological disorders includes phobic disorders in the DSM-5?

A)Mood disorder
B)Anxiety disorder
C)Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)Somatoform disorder

Question 24

Jerry is terrified of snakes and refuses to read nature books to his son if there are pictures of snakes.He is probably suffering from

A)panic disorder.
B)phobic disorder.
C)generalized anxiety disorder.
D)no disorder since this is a normal fear.

Question 25

An unwanted thought that repeatedly intrudes upon an individual's consciousness is called a(n)

A)delusion.
B)obsession.
C)compulsion.
D)hallucination.

Question 26

In epidemiology ____________,refers to the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.

A)comorbidity
B)discontinuous
C)prevalence
D)estimates

Question 27

Jenny cannot quit wondering if she unplugged her iron this morning.Jenny is experiencing

A)a compulsion.
B)panic ideation.
C)an obsession.
D)a delusion.

Question 28

The current classification system for psychological disorders (DSM-5)

A)avoids giving people potentially stigmatizing diagnostic labels.
B)contains fewer disorders than previous systems,making it easier to use.
C)recognizes the importance of information other than a traditional diagnostic label.
D)provides specific criteria that allow therapists to classify individuals simply as normal or abnormal.

Question 29

Compulsion is to "action" as obsession is to

A)fear.
B)thought.
C)emotion.
D)behavior.

Question 30

Lila believes that worrying will help her avoid negative events.She will usually find a reason to worry about something - her schoolwork,her boss,her parents,and whether the bus will come on time.Lila may be suffering from

A)panic disorder.
B)phobic disorder.
C)generalized anxiety disorder.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 31

Research suggests that a(n) ______________ temperament in infants is a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders later in life.

A)difficult
B)inhibited
C)outgoing
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 32

The famous industrialist Howard Hughes devised extraordinary rituals to minimize the possibility of being contaminated by germs.For example,he would sometimes spend hours methodically cleaning a telephone.Hughes's behavior exemplifies which of the following disorders?

A)Agoraphobia
B)Panic disorder
C)Generalized anxiety disorder
D)Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 33

Estimates of lifetime prevalence suggest that psychological disorders are

A)very rare.
B)more common than most people realize.
C)particularly common in non-Western cultures.
D)more common in higher socioeconomic classes.

Question 34

Recent studies have found psychological disorders in roughly _______________% of the population over their lifetime.

A)5 to 15
B)15 to 25
C)25 to 35
D)35 to 45

Question 35

The class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety is called

A)anxiety disorders.
B)somatoform disorders.
C)affective disorders.
D)phobic disorders.

Question 36

Vinnie dislikes leaving his home and has gradually become more fearful whenever he has to go somewhere.Lately,he has decided to have his groceries delivered and do all his work online.Vinnie may be suffering from

A)arachnophobia.
B)generalized anxiety disorder.
C)stress disorder.
D)agoraphobia.

Question 37

A person who checks his alarm clock 20 times before going to sleep is being

A)phobic.
B)amnesic.
C)obsessive.
D)compulsive.

Question 38

The anxiety disorder brought on by specific stimuli is

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B)generalized anxiety disorder.
C)phobic disorder.
D)stress disorder.

Question 39

Epidemiology is the study of

A)treatments for psychological disorders.
B)how cultural values affect judgments of abnormality.
C)epidemics involving specific mental or physical disorders.
D)the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population.

Question 40

The genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders can be characterized as

A)weak to moderate.
B)moderate to strong.
C)strong to very strong.
D)nonexistent.

Question 41

Some clinicians maintain that most cases of dissociative identity disorder are rooted in

A)early reinforcement for avoiding reality.
B)a genetic predisposition for engaging in fantasy.
C)a deficiency in certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
D)severe emotional trauma that occurred during childhood.

Question 42

Recent research has related disturbances in the neurotransmitter _______________ to anxiety disorders.

A)GABA
B)serotonin
C)epinephrine
D)dopamine

Question 43

Which of the following is an old name for one dissociative disorder?

A)Schizophrenia
B)Bipolar disorder
C)Insanity
D)Multiple-personality disorder

Question 44

One of the differences between depressive and bipolar disorders is that

A)people with major depressive disorder experience periodic bouts of depression.
B)people with bipolar disorders experience emotional extremes of both depression and mania.
C)people with major depressive disorder experience anhedonia.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 45

People are more likely to develop phobic responses to snakes and spiders than to hot irons or electrical outlets.This finding is most consistent with which of the following concepts?

A)Neuroticism
B)Preparedness
C)Classical conditioning
D)Observational learning

Question 46

According to your textbook,Abraham Lincoln,Ted Turner,and Kurt Cobain all suffered from

A)schizophrenia.
B)severe mood disorders.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)dissociative identity disorder.

Question 47

Phobic responses tend to be acquired through __________ and ____________ maintained through .

A)classical conditioning;operant conditioning
B)operant conditioning;classical conditioning
C)classical conditioning;observational learning
D)operant conditioning;observational learning

Question 48

The fear of snakes and spiders is very common in people.Seligman (1971)would probably explain this with the idea of

A)experience.
B)learning history.
C)ego comparison history.
D)preparedness.

Question 49

According to cognitive theorists,some people are prone to suffer from problems with anxiety because they tend to

A)focus excessive attention on perceived threats.
B)misinterpret harmless situations as threatening.
C)selectively recall information that seems threatening.
D)all of the above.

Question 50

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of depressive disorders is NOT accurate?

A)Differences in gender prevalence are due to genetic makeup.
B)The prevalence of depression is about twice as high in women as it is in men.
C)Evidence indicates that the lifetime prevalence of depression may be as high as 14%.
D)Estimates of prevalence vary because it is difficult to determine normal dejection compared to abnormal depression.

Question 51

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between stress and anxiety disorders?

A)High stress may help precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders.
B)People with anxiety disorders tend to be unaffected by stress.
C)The relationship between stress and anxiety disorders is largely a myth.
D)Stress appears to exert its influence on the severity,rather than the onset,of anxiety disorders.

Question 52

Ernest is deeply sad.He does not eat much,does not seem to want to take care of himself,and believes his life's work is useless.You think this is strange because several weeks ago,Ernest was very excited about his life.He talked and talked about his new book and even seemed to stay up an entire week writing.Ernest probably has

A)major depression.
B)schizophrenia.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)bipolar disorder.

Question 53

Some theorists speculate that people with ______________ are more susceptible to dissociative disorders.

A)certain personality traits
B)fantasy proneness
C)a tendency to be absorbed in personal experiences
D)all of the above

Question 54

______________ are chemicals that carry signals from one neuron to another.

A)Neurochemicals
B)Poly-transmitters
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Psychoactive drugs

Question 55

Anhedonia is

A)a sign of mania.
B)a diminished ability to experience pleasure.
C)used to treat bipolar disorders.
D)none of the above.

Question 56

Experiences of depression or bipolar disorder come and go,because these disorders are often

A)episodic.
B)not serious.
C)cured without treatment.
D)related to natural occurrences such as phases of the moon.

Question 57

Kim is a successful lawyer who suddenly forgot who she is and most of the important details of her life after she survived a terrible car accident that killed three of her colleagues.Kim may be suffering from

A)bipolar disorder.
B)conversion disorder.
C)dissociative amnesia.
D)multiple-personality disorder.

Question 58

People who lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory and experience disruptions in their sense of identity would most likely be considered as having which of the following types of disorders?

A)Schizophrenia
B)Anxiety disorders
C)Dissociative disorders
D)Somatoform disorders

Question 59

Which of the following disorders features the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete,and usually very different,identities or personalities?

A)Schizophrenia
B)Dissociative amnesia
C)Dissociative fugue
D)Dissociative identity disorder

Question 60

In _____________ disorders,people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure.

A)manic
B)phobic
C)depressive
D)conversion

Question 61

Richard is a clerk who works at a music store.He believes that the CIA can pick up his thoughts using the frequency on the store radio.Richard is exhibiting

A)delusions.
B)repression.
C)hallucinations.
D)displacement.

Question 62

Manic states can

A)be scary and disturbing.
B)increase energy and optimism.
C)be deceptively appealing.
D)be all of the above.

Question 63

The evidence available today suggests that there is _____________ between stress and the onset of mood disorders.

A)no relationship
B)a moderately strong link
C)a curvilinear relationship
D)a weak negative correlation

Question 64

Suicide is the _____________ leading cause of death in the United States.

A)20th
B)11th
C)7th
D)3rd

Question 65

Hallucinations and delusions are classified as _______________ of schizophrenia.

A)negative symptoms
B)positive symptoms
C)temporary symptoms
D)dangerous symptoms

Question 66

Which of the following statements is NOT true about suicide?

A)About 90% of people who complete suicide suffered from a psychological disorder.
B)More men than women complete suicide.
C)Completed suicide is highest in the college-age bracket.
D)Suicide attempts outnumber completed suicides by a ratio of 10 to 1.

Question 67

Phil has been talking to Bill about contemplating suicide.Bill can help Phil most by

A)taking Phil's talk seriously.
B)telling Phil to get over it since men are much less likely to commit suicide than women.
C)promising not to tell anyone so Phil will remain his friend.
D)leaving to get help.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a helpful suicide prevention tip?

A)Provide empathy and support.
B)Identify and clarify the crucial problem.
C)In an acute crisis,do not leave a suicidal person alone.
D)Promise to keep the person's suicidal thoughts secret.

Question 69

Interpersonal roots of depression include all of the following EXCEPT

A)inadequate social skills.
B)attracting a supportive social network.
C)alienating others by asking for reassurances about their relationships and self-worth.
D)gravitating toward partners who view them unfavorably.

Question 70

Which of the following statements regarding neurochemical and neuroanatomical factors in the development of mood disorders is accurate?

A)Correlations have been found between mood disorders and levels of several neurotransmitters in the brain.
B)Most of the drugs that are effective in the treatment of mood disorders are known to affect the availability of specific neurotransmitters.
C)Depression has been correlated with reduced hippocampal volume.
D)All of the above statements are accurate.

Question 71

Correlational studies between mood disorders and structural abnormalities in the brain have found that

A)depressed patients generally have enlarged brain ventricles.
B)mood disorders are related to abnormally high levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.
C)the hippocampus tends to be 8%-10% smaller in depressed people than in normal people
D)the pleasure center of the brain tends to be undeveloped in people with mood disorders.

Question 72

Seventy-five percent of schizophrenic cases manifest

A)after 65 years of age.
B)by 30 years of age.
C)between 35 and 45 years of age.
D)at any age.

Question 73

Sarah hears voices that tell her to shoot Dr.Laura.She is experiencing

A)delusions.
B)compulsions.
C)a phobic reaction.
D)hallucinations.

Question 74

Which of the following groups of psychological disorders is characterized by irrational thinking,poor reality contact,disturbed emotion,and hallucinations?

A)Mood disorders
B)Anxiety disorders
C)Somatoform disorders
D)Schizophrenic disorders

Question 75

Seligman's learned helplessness model

A)is based primarily on human research.
B)posits active giving up as a cause of depression.
C)posits that pessimistic explanatory style is related to depression.
D)is all of the above.

Question 76

Bipolar disorder was formerly known as ___________ disorder.

A)manic-depressive
B)multiple personality
C)schizophrenic
D)major depressive

Question 77

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of bipolar disorders is accurate?

A)Bipolar disorders are seen more frequently in women than in men.
B)Bipolar disorders are much more common than major depressive disorder.
C)Research indicates that bipolar disorders affect about 10% of the population.
D)The peak of vulnerability for bipolar disorders is between the ages of 20 and 29.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schizophrenia?

A)Irrational thought
B)Deterioration of adaptive behavior
C)Distorted perception
D)Consistently fearful emotions

Question 79

Research suggests that heredity can create

A)a predisposition to mood disorders.
B)the hormonal imbalance associated with depression.
C)a genetic "map" that determines the onset of mood disorders.
D)a cognitive mind-set that fosters the development of bipolar disorder.

Question 80

Depressed people who ____________ tend to remain depressed longer than those who don't.

A)try to distract themselves
B)engage in passive attribution
C)ruminate about their depression
D)discuss their depression with family members