Deck 9: Friendship and Love

Question 1

Close relationships can arouse both positive and negative feelings.This phenomenon is termed

A)bipolar personality.
B)paradox of close relationships.
C)poetic license.
D)attraction paradox.

Answer 1

paradox of close relationships.

Question 2

Which of the following refers to the fact that we tend to like others who like us?

A)Proximity liking
B)Reciprocal liking
C)Matching hypothesis
D)Social exchange theory

Answer 2

Reciprocal liking

Question 3

Susan recognized the face of someone she often sees at work.She smiled when she saw the person despite not knowing who the person was.This is an example of

A)proximity.
B)mere exposure effect.
C)physical attractiveness.
D)personal space.

Answer 3

mere exposure effect.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the nature of initial encounters between two people?

A)Proximity
B)Familiarity
C)Resource exchange
D)Physical attractiveness

Question 5

Physical attractiveness

A)plays a major role in dating.
B)is only important to men.
C)is only important in heterosexual relationships.
D)is not important in friendships.

Question 6

In an international Internet survey,Lippa found all of the following EXCEPT

A)intelligence and humor were ranked higher than good looks by men and women.
B)men ranked good looks higher than kindness or intelligence.
C)men ranked good looks higher than women.
D)communication skills were ranked lower than humor by men and women.

Question 7

Researchers have suggested that the ________ can be used to explain the notion of reciprocal liking.

A)matching hypothesis
B)self-fulfilling prophecy
C)fundamental attribution error
D)theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 8

The largest group of college students identified which of the following as the person to whom they felt the closest?

A)Friend
B)Co-worker
C)Family member
D)Romantic partner

Question 9

__________ refers to geographic,residential,and other forms of spatial closeness.

A)Proximity
B)Familiarity
C)Similarity
D)Personal space

Question 10

Elena is very caring toward her friend Monique.She spends a lot of time texting with her,especially when Monique was going through a rough time in her marriage.When Monique forgave her husband for bad behavior,Elena felt despair and anger with Monique for giving in.These feelings exemplify

A)a bad friendship.
B)an intradependent relationship.
C)the paradox of close relationships.
D)the end of a friendship.

Question 11

Evolutionary explanations for dating and mating habits include

A)familiarity.
B)the matching hypothesis.
C)parental investment theory.
D)all of the above.

Question 12

The matching hypothesis suggests that people of similar _______ gravitate toward each other.

A)intellectual ability
B)personal warmth
C)physical attractiveness
D)academic accomplishment

Question 13

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the role of physical attractiveness in relationships?

A)Good looks play a role in friendships.
B)Its importance is different for a life partner than a casual relationship.
C)Males prefer attractiveness in both same- and other-gender friends.
D)The importance of physical attractiveness in a dating partner has decreased in the last 50 years.

Question 14

According to evolutionary psychologists,men seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a woman's

A)intelligence.
B)financial prospects.
C)reproductive capacity.
D)capacity for resource acquisition.

Question 15

According to evolutionary psychologists,women seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a man's

A)intelligence.
B)financial prospects.
C)reproductive capacity.
D)capacity for resource acquisition.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness is NOT true?

A)Attractiveness is an important factor in dating.
B)Males in particular reportedly prefer attractiveness in their same- and other-gender friends.
C)Judgments about physical attractiveness change as one learns about the person's personality.
D)Homosexuals place more importance on the physical attractiveness of their dating partners than heterosexuals do.

Question 17

Marge associates positive attributes with being underweight.She

A)is unlikely to have an eating disorder unless she is white.
B)is in danger of a having incidence of an eating disorder.
C)will be healthier than the average American.
D)understands the benefits of being thin.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT necessarily true about close relationships?

A)They are important.
B)They are long lasting.
C)They are interdependent.
D)They can be interchangeable.

Question 19

Heterosexual women's preferences for a physically attractive man

A)are not influenced by her economic power.
B)appear to increase along with her economic power.
C)appear to decrease along with her career opportunities.
D)are determined by biological factors.

Question 20

Which of the following facial features is NOT associated with physical attractiveness in women?

A)Large eyes
B)Small nose
C)Thin lips
D)Prominent cheekbones

Question 21

Studies indicate that the most important element of friendship is

A)generosity.
B)emotional support.
C)physical attractiveness.
D)similar religious attitudes.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT true?

A)We tend to overestimate the importance of friends.
B)College students with friendship are more optimistic.
C)People with strong friendships deal better with stress.
D)Friendships can break down prejudice.

Question 23

_________ involves the actions one takes to sustain the desirable qualities of a relationship.

A)Social exchange
B)Relationship maintenance
C)Reciprocity
D)Attribution

Question 24

Basically,social exchange (or interdependence)theory is a(n) __________ model of relationship satisfaction.

A)economic
B)comparison level
C)proximity level
D)relational

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the common themes underlying friendships?

A)Expressing affection and support
B)Participating in mutually shared activities
C)Providing intellectual stimulation
D)Social compatibility

Question 26

If you want to have a friend,be a friend.This statement is most consistent with which of the following concepts?

A)Proximity
B)Reciprocity
C)Matching hypothesis
D)Mere exposure effect

Question 27

Heterosexual married and dating couples tend to be similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)physical attractiveness.
B)intelligence.
C)attitudes.
D)personality.

Question 28

Encouraging your partner to disclose his or her thoughts and feelings to you illustrates which of the following relationship maintenance strategies?

A)Positivity
B)Assurances
C)Openness
D)Social networking

Question 29

___________ is an active relationship maintenance process that includes knowledge of the partner's opinions and making positive attributions regarding the partner's behaviors.

A)Reciprocity
B)Fundamental attribution error
C)Social exchange
D)Minding

Question 30

According to Clark and Mills,social exchange principles usually apply to ______ relationships,but these principles don't operate as consistently in ______ relationships.

A)sexual;close
B)close;business
C)communal;romantic
D)exchange;communal

Question 31

Kelly thinks she works hard to make sure that her relationship with her boyfriend Michael is fulfilling and fun.However,lately she has begun to think that Michael doesn't appreciate her efforts.According to ________ ,this relationship might not last.

A)social learning theory
B)social exchange theory
C)the matching hypothesis
D)the notion of reciprocal liking

Question 32

The "similarity principle" tends to be found most frequently in

A)heterosexual couples.
B)homosexual couples.
C)friendships.
D)all of the above.

Question 33

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding gender and e-mail communications?

A)Men and women are equally likely to discuss personal issues via e-mail.
B)Men and women are equally likely to focus on activities via e-mail as opposed to personal issues.
C)The gender differences associated with other forms of communication also appear in research on e-mail communication patterns.
D)Men are more likely to focus on personal problems and women are more likely to focus on activities in their communication via e-mail.

Question 34

The idea that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of rewards and costs is a key premise in

A)social exchange theory.
B)the matching hypothesis.
C)social comparison theory.
D)the theory of cognitive dissonance.

Question 35

Which of the following adages has the most empirical support?

A)"Birds of a feather flock together."
B)"Opposites attract."
C)"Similarity breeds contempt."
D)All of these have equally high support.

Question 36

Several lines of research indicate that the most important element of friendship is

A)emotional support.
B)intellectual stimulation.
C)access to financial resources.
D)physical contact.

Question 37

In the United States,women's friendships are more often _____ based,whereas men's tend to be _____ based.

A)activity;emotionally
B)emotionally;activity
C)socially;self-sufficient
D)self-sufficient;socially

Question 38

Eight-year-old Cindy has to decide whether to be best friends with Jillian,who has lots of toys to play with,or with Kaitlin,whose family has invited Cindy to go camping with them.According to social exchange theory,Cindy's choice will most likely be influenced by her consideration of which of the following?

A)Comparison level for alternatives
B)Evaluation of the matching hypothesis
C)Relative proximity of the two possible friends
D)The socioeconomic status of the girls' families

Question 39

In terms of relationship commitment,things that people contribute in a relationship that they cannot get back if the relationship ends are called

A)gifts.
B)investments.
C)stocks.
D)exchanges.

Question 40

In general,women's friendships are more likely to focus on _______ ,whereas men's friendships tend to be based on ________.

A)shared interests;family events
B)family events;emotional intimacy
C)shared interests;financial matters
D)emotional intimacy;shared interests

Question 41

Romantic love as attachment is a relationship mode that is based on the work of

A)Freud.
B)Sternberg.
C)Berscheid and Hatfield.
D)Bowlby and Ainsworth.

Question 42

Measures of ________ were the best predictors of whether dating couples continued their relationships.

A)commitment and intimacy
B)commitment and passion
C)intimacy and passion
D)financial security and sexual compatibility

Question 43

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love,companionate love can be divided into which of the following components?

A)Friendship and passion
B)Intimacy and infatuation
C)Commitment and intimacy
D)Sexuality and commitment

Question 44

One possible problem with generalizing the results of research on romantic love and relationships is that

A)researchers tend to assume that subjects are heterosexual.
B)homosexuals don't volunteer enough for laboratory studies.
C)homosexuals tend to misrepresent their sexual orientation on surveys.
D)funding is only available for research on heterosexual relationships.

Question 45

__________ fall in love more easily,but ________ fall out of love more easily.

A)There are no gender differences.
B)Men;women
C)Women;men
D)Gays;other gender couples

Question 46

Harry assumes that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual until he is told otherwise.His attitude reflects

A)his sexism.
B)his heterosexism.
C)the reciprocity principle.
D)the fundamental attribution error.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT one of the components in Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love?

A)Passion
B)Support
C)Intimacy
D)Commitment

Question 48

Research findings suggest that are more ________ romantic,and ________ are more likely to display emotions.

A)men;men
B)women;women
C)men;women
D)women;men

Question 49

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love,the combination of intimacy and passion produces

A)liking.
B)infatuation.
C)romantic love.
D)companionate love.

Question 50

Steve and Pat's relationship is marked by a high level of commitment but low passion and low intimacy.According to Sternberg,their relationship is best characterized as

A)fatuous love.
B)nonlove.
C)companionate.
D)empty love.

Question 51

Love is difficult to

A)define.
B)measure.
C)understand.
D)all of the above.

Question 52

According to Hazan and Shaver,common elements in infant attachment and adult love include all but which of the following?

A)Distress at separation
B)Efforts to spend time together
C)Passion
D)Intense fascination with the other person

Question 53

Susan and Manny's relationship is characterized by warmth,closeness,and sharing.Their relationship would be considered high in which of the following?

A)Sharing
B)Passion
C)Intimacy
D)Commitment

Question 54

Most homosexual women prefer to call themselves

A)gay.
B)lesbians.
C)bisexuals.
D)homosexuals.

Question 55

Alicia and Michael have thought seriously about splitting up on several occasions.The fact that they're still together indicates a high level of _______ in their relationship.

A)passivity
B)irrationality
C)commitment
D)stubbornness

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT true about men's same­gender friendships?

A)Men's friendships tend to center around shared activities.
B)Men's friendships are influenced by the tendency for men to see themselves as competitors.
C)Men are socialized to be self-sufficient,which inhibits self-disclosure.
D)In all world cultures,men's friendships tend not to be emotionally intimate.

Question 57

Which of the following is the correct order for the three steps in friendship repair rituals?

A)Acknowledgement,remedy,reproach
B)Reproach,remedy,acknowledgement
C)Acknowledgement,reproach,remedy
D)Reproach,acknowledgement,remedy

Question 58

Friendship repair rituals include all of the following EXCEPT

A)reproach.
B)remedy.
C)reliability.
D)acknowledgment.

Question 59

Conflicts in friendships can result from

A)changes in interests.
B)incompatible goals.
C)mismatched expectations.
D)all of the above.

Question 60

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love,when passion,intimacy,and commitment are all present in a relationship,then ________ is said to exist.

A)liking
B)infatuation
C)fatuous love
D)consummate love

Question 61

Which of the following does NOT contribute to break-ups of unmarried couples?

A)Ineffective communication
B)Premature commitment
C)Boredom
D)Unavailability of more attractive partners

Question 62

Betty wanted to ensure her friendship with Wilma would last.She should do which of the following?

A)Make a long-term commitment right away
B)Emphasize the positive qualities in the relationship
C)Find ways to avoid change
D)Not worry about conflict management

Question 63

Hazan and Shaver found that,like infants in their attachment relationships,adults fall into the following three categories in their love relationships:

A)secure,insecure,volatile.
B)ambitious,authentic,altruistic.
C)avoidant,anxious-ambivalent,secure.
D)intimate,approach-avoidant,secure.

Question 64

Researchers have found that people with anxious adult attachment styles under stress

A)withdraw from their partner.
B)may become angry when asked for support.
C)become fearful and sometimes hostile.
D)may do any of these.

Question 65

Married couples make _________ comments to their spouses than to strangers.

A)more negative
B)more positive
C)equal number of positive and negative
D)unknown;there is insufficient research on this topic.

Question 66

Which of the following is true regarding insecure people and relationships?

A)They are open about their negative feelings.
B)They are especially good at reaching out to potential partners.
C)They have a lot going for them in terms of relative attractiveness.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 67

Changes from secure to insecure attachment

A)are unstable in the first 19 years of life.
B)are very rare throughout life.
C)are typically related to negative life events.
D)cannot be helped by therapy.

Question 68

Barack and Joe decided to try one new activity together a month.This may help their relationship through

A)emphasizing positive qualities.
B)getting to know one another before commitment.
C)bringing novelty.
D)developing conflict management skills.

Question 69

Research with couples married 15 years or more indicates ________ is a key to enduring love.

A)commitment
B)passion
C)intimacy
D)conflict

Question 70

Significant correlations have been found between attachment style and

A)mental health.
B)reactions to stress.
C)relationship quality.
D)all of the above.

Question 71

Barbie and Ken love each other and live in a great house they decorated together.Lately,they have been arguing a lot over her new pink Cadillac and other expenditures.To avoid a break-up,Barbie and Ken should

A)strengthen conflict management skills.
B)stifle disagreements.
C)increase alone time.
D)give up on their relationship.

Question 72

According to Sternberg,which of the following components of a love relationship is most likely to peak early in the relationship and then decline in intensity as time progresses?

A)Respect
B)Passion
C)Intimacy
D)Commitment

Question 73

According to Hazan and Shaver,

A)adult romantic relationships are similar to attachment relationships in infancy.
B)those who had ambivalent attachments in infancy will probably never fall in love as adults.
C)those who had avoidant relationships in infancy often overcompensate by becoming excessively intimate in their adult love relationships.
D)all of the above.

Question 74

___________ attachment is promoted by a warm,responsive approach.

A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Inconsistent
D)Anxious-ambivalent

Question 75

The main difference between the Hazan and Shaver model of adult attachment styles and other models is that the other models

A)consider only positive relationships.
B)delineate two avoidant attachment styles.
C)are based on one's notion of the "ideal" other.
D)include homosexual as well as heterosexual relationships.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the major factors explaining why passion fades in romantic relationships?

A)Fantasy
B)Novelty
C)Arousal
D)Age

Question 77

According to Hazan and Shaver,the largest proportion of adults falls into which of the following categories?

A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Inconsistent
D)Anxious-ambivalent

Question 78

Jennifer can be described as having an avoidant-fearful attachment style,thus it is likely that she

A)is uncomfortable in social situations and worries about rejection.
B)suffers extreme jealousy in her relationships.
C)wants more relationship closeness than her partner does.
D)is not worried about rejection and avoids social groups.

Question 79

Adults who are obsessed and preoccupied with their relationships would be considered as belonging to which of the following categories?

A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Inconsistent
D)Anxious-ambivalent

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT considered a prominent factor contributing to the breakup of a romantic relationship?

A)Premature commitment
B)Incompatible attachment styles
C)Ineffective conflict management skills
D)Availability of a more attractive relationship