Deck 7: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Question 1

Which of the following individuals coined the term "self­fulfilling prophecy"?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Robert Merton
C)Stanley Milgram
D)Robert Cialdini

Answer 1

Robert Merton

Question 2

__________ is the process of forming impressions of others.

A)Person perception
B)Social cognition
C)Social networking
D)Personal schema

Answer 2

Person perception

Question 3

Brett thinks he failed the math test because his brain just isn't built for math.Which type of attribution is he practicing?

A)Internal
B)External
C)Rational
D)Fundamental

Answer 3

Internal

Question 4

Explaining the behavior of out-group members on the basis of the characteristic that sets them apart is known as the

A)fundamental attribution error.
B)self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)out-group homogeneity effect.
D)out-group heterogeneity effect.

Question 5

In forming impressions of those who can affect our welfare and happiness,we tend to make ______ judgments.

A)snap
B)primacy
C)systematic
D)attributional

Question 6

If you think that someone's behavior was caused by situational factors,you're making a(n)

A)internal attribution.
B)external attribution.
C)defensive attribution.
D)fundamental attribution.

Question 7

____________ are assessments of others that are made quickly and on the basis of only a few bits of information.

A)Attributions
B)Snap judgments
C)Systematic judgments
D)Recency judgments

Question 8

Confirmation bias occurs in

A)casual social interactions.
B)job interviews.
C)courtrooms.
D)all of these.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a key source of information in the process of person perception?

A)Appearance
B)Actions
C)Nonverbal messages
D)Material possessions

Question 10

An attribution is

A)a defense mechanism used in social situations.
B)an inference about the causes of behavior and events.
C)always negative in tone.
D)all of the above.

Question 11

An assessment of a potential ______ is most likely to be made using a snap judgment.

A)waiter
B)employee
C)friend
D)mate

Question 12

You make a new acquaintance at a football game,and you ask him only questions about sports and athletics.This is an example of probable

A)external attribution.
B)confirmation bias.
C)self-serving bias.
D)fundamental bias.

Question 13

According to the research on expectations and self-fulfilling prophecy,

A)perceivers behave toward targets according to expectations.
B)targets adjust behaviors to fit perceiver expectations.
C)expectations of authority figures,such as teachers,influence subordinates' performance.
D)all of the above.

Question 14

Internal attributions ascribe causes of behavior to

A)situational factors.
B)interpersonal factors.
C)environmental factors.
D)personal dispositions.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT true about self-fulfilling prophecies?

A)The self-fulfilling prophecy operates with adults as well as with children.
B)The effect of self-fulfilling prophecies is limited to educational settings.
C)Research indicates that teacher expectations can significantly influence student performance.
D)The broad impact of self-fulfilling prophecy effects in the classroom remains unclear.

Question 16

External attributions ascribe causes of behavior to

A)extraneous factors.
B)dispositional factors.
C)situational factors.
D)personal factors.

Question 17

The process whereby expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectations is called

A)the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)the fundamental attribution error.
C)self-regulatory attribution.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 18

After reading about a rape that occurred in the neighborhood,Jane says,"all men are violent,sex­crazed,and dangerous." This is an example of the

A)fundamental attribution error.
B)self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)in-group homogeneity effect.
D)out-group homogeneity effect.

Question 19

When are we NOT likely to making attributions about someone?

A)When events are personally relevant
B)Whenever we meet someone
C)When others behave in unexpected ways
D)When others' motives arouse suspicion

Question 20

Perceiver expectations include

A)Pygmalion effect.
B)internal attributions.
C)Michelangelo effect.
D)self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 21

Melissa grew up in the South and is prejudiced against New Yorkers.She sees a TV program about a kind-hearted but clumsy New Yorker and afterward she talks about how the program made the New Yorker appear to be bumbling,stupid,and ignorant.Melissa's behavior best illustrates which of the following?

A)Self-serving bias
B)The selectivity of person perception
C)Defensive attribution
D)None of these

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the "what­is­beautiful­is­good" stereotype?

A)Attractive people have an advantage in the social arena.
B)Attractive individuals are judged as less assertive than unattractive individuals.
C)Attractive individuals are perceived in a more favorable light than is actually the case.
D)The tendency to associate attractiveness with positive qualities occurs outside the United States.

Question 23

Compared to those who are less attractive,physically attractive people are actually likely to

A)be more competent.
B)be more assertive.
C)have better social skills.
D)have better mental health.

Question 24

In general,prejudice is ____________ and discrimination is _____________ .

A)an attitude;a behavior
B)a behavior;an attitude
C)a behavior;an attribution
D)an attitude;an attribution

Question 25

_______________ is a tendency to blame victims for their misfortune,so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.

A)Defensive attribution
B)Fundamental attribution
C)Person perception
D)Environmental attribution

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT among the most prevalent stereotypes in America?

A)Age
B)Attractiveness
C)Religious affiliation
D)Intelligence

Question 27

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to explain other people's behavior in terms of ,rather than _____ factors.

A)external;fundamental
B)fundamental;personal
C)personal;situational
D)situational;external

Question 28

Which of the following was NOT given as a reason why stereotypes persist?

A)Cognitive functionality
B)Confirmation bias
C)Self-fulfilling prophecy
D)Systematic judgments

Question 29

Prejudice is defined as

A)an effort to subjugate a racial group.
B)a negative attitude toward some group.
C)behaving differently toward someone because of their race.
D)all of the above.

Question 30

Categorizing others by ethnicity,gender,age,or religion is used to

A)make it easier to know who is in the in-group and out-group.
B)avoid expending cognitive effort to form a more accurate impression.
C)provide accurate labels for people.
D)point out the differences within groups.

Question 31

______________ are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.

A)Attributions
B)Stereotypes
C)Person perceptions
D)Self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 32

Which of the following reactions to a news account of a rape illustrates a defensive attribution on the part of a female?

A)Most men are animals.
B)Policemen don't consider rape to be serious.
C)The victim probably asked for it.
D)Women need training in self-defense.

Question 33

In explaining the causes of behavior,the fundamental attribution error refers to the overestimation of the role of ______ factors.

A)personal and situational
B)situational
C)personal
D)correlational

Question 34

In the United States over the past 40 years,prejudice and discrimination against minority groups have

A)diminished.
B)increased.
C)stayed about the same.
D)become more blatant.

Question 35

______________ refers to the tendency to explain other people's behavior as the result of personal,rather than situational,factors.

A)The fundamental attribution error
B)Correspondence bias
C)Stereotyping
D)Bigotry

Question 36

When someone tries to explain another's attribution based on actual behavior,

A)the inferences are accurate.
B)it is stereotyping.
C)it may be termed correspondence bias.
D)it is a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT one of the recurrent themes in the process of person perception?

A)Consistency
B)Efficiency
C)Ambiguity
D)Selectivity

Question 38

Which of the following best describes the process of person perception?

A)People prefer to exert as little cognitive effort as necessary.
B)People are likely to remember traits about people that are inconsistent with their expectations,because these traits "catch their eye."
C)First impressions are easily changed,because people are well aware that these may be distorted.
D)Recent studies indicate that the accuracy of Web-based impressions are not comparable to the accuracy of face-to-face impressions.

Question 39

The tendency for people to see what they expect to see helps to perpetuate

A)individualism.
B)outgroup heterogeneity effects.
C)external attributions.
D)stereotypes.

Question 40

A negative attitude held toward a particular group of people is referred to as

A)perceptionism.
B)prejudice.
C)discrimination.
D)defensive attribution.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential element of reducing intergroup hostility through cooperative interdependence?

A)Working together for a common goal
B)Successful outcomes to cooperative efforts
C)Ensuring that everyone has equal status
D)Assigning specific titles or names to each group

Question 42

In order to reduce prejudice within yourself,you need to

A)pay careful attention to what you think.
B)shift from mindlessness to mindfulness.
C)shift from automatic to controlled processing.
D)do all of these.

Question 43

Which of the following is generally NOT considered as a contributor to racial prejudice?

A)Egocentrism
B)Stereotyping
C)Defensive attribution
D)The fundamental attribution error

Question 44

Which of the following researchers conducted the classic study of group competition at Robbers' Cave State Park in Oklahoma?

A)Albert Bandura
B)Muzafer Sherif
C)Robert Cialdini
D)Mark Snyder

Question 45

Vicki is a persuasive,successful salesperson.It is most likely that she appears to possess which of the following sets of characteristics?

A)A stake in the issue at hand
B)Less attractive in appearance
C)Dissimilarity with her customers
D)Credibility and likability

Question 46

Research supports the theory that a shift from __________ to _________ can reduce stereotyping and prejudice.

A)automatic processing;controlled processing
B)"old­fashioned" discrimination;symbolic racism
C)cooperative interdependence;intergroup competition
D)defensive attribution;diffusion of responsibility

Question 47

Which of the following characteristics is NOT an effective source of a persuasive message?

A)Likable
B)Credible
C)Trustworthy
D)Controversial

Question 48

Persuasion involves the communication of arguments and information intended to change another person's

A)attitudes.
B)personality.
C)perceptions.
D)attributions.

Question 49

The personality type that is prejudiced toward any group different from oneself is

A)authoritarian personality.
B)social dominance orientation.
C)left-wing authoritarian.
D)conventionalism.

Question 50

Blaming racial minorities for their plight by saying they should be able to "pull themselves up by their own bootstraps" discounts the importance of situational factors.This illustrates

A)the primacy effect.
B)the recency effect.
C)the ultimate attribution error.
D)defensive attribution.

Question 51

Fear arousal is likely to be an effective persuasive tactic

A)as long as the level of fear is sufficiently high with no likely solution.
B)with an audience that is relatively ignorant of the issues.
C)when it is presented as a one-sided argument.
D)if a workable solution to the problem is provided.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Derogatory stereotypes no longer exist in modern society.
B)People tend to selectively recall instances that counteract their stereotypes.
C)People tend to see what they expect to see when they encounter minorities they view with prejudice.
D)Although prejudice toward minorities still exists in America,discrimination has all but disappeared.

Question 53

The ____________ threats to one's in­group are much more likely to cause hostility between groups than threats.

A)competitive;territorial
B)territorial;competitive
C)actual;perception of
D)perception of;actual

Question 54

The largest role in factors contributing to prejudice is played by

A)stereotyping.
B)social categorization.
C)automatic cognitive processes.
D)group-based dominance.

Question 55

You are dealing with an audience that is uneducated on the issue on which you are speaking.Your best strategy is to present a message that

A)is one-sided.
B)is two-sided.
C)avoids fear.
D)avoids positive feelings.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is NOT true about prejudice and discrimination?

A)Prejudice can occur without discrimination.
B)Discrimination can occur without prejudice.
C)Over the past 40 years,prejudice and discrimination against minority groups have diminished.
D)Most white people have no problem with the possibility that they might hold racist views.

Question 57

Threats to personal and social identity motivate individuals to restore

A)social order.
B)self-esteem.
C)"old­fashioned" discrimination.
D)cooperation.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic element of the persuasion process?

A)Source
B)Signal
C)Message
D)Receiver

Question 59

When people say it is more important to encourage boys than girls in athletics,they are engaging in

A)"old­fashioned" discrimination.
B)modern discrimination.
C)defensive discrimination.
D)perceptual discrimination.

Question 60

Jane thinks that women don't need sexual harassment laws anymore because men get by with much worse anyway.Jane's attitudes are examples of

A)"old­fashioned" discrimination.
B)modern discrimination.
C)situational prejudice.
D)nondiscrimination.

Question 61

Conformity occurs when people change their behavior

A)as a result of punishment.
B)as a result of positive reinforcement.
C)in response to real or imagined social pressure.
D)after observing a model being reinforced for a particular response.

Question 62

In Asch's studies of conformity,participants

A)were ordered to deliver painful electric shocks to a stranger.
B)were the recipients of painful electric shocks delivered by an accomplice.
C)indicated which of three lines matched a standard line in length.
D)were ordered to give consistently wrong answers to simple questions.

Question 63

Mike served in the Army for four years and now is especially prone to follow direct orders from authority figures.Mike shows a high degree of

A)dependency.
B)obedience.
C)conformity.
D)prejudice.

Question 64

Which of the following statements about the routes of persuasive messages is true?

A)Persuasion usually occurs via the central route.
B)Attitudes formed via the central route are longer lasting than those formed via the peripheral route.
C)Attitudes formed via the peripheral route are better predictors of behavior than those formed via the central route.
D)Attitudes formed via the central route are longer lasting,but those formed via the peripheral route are more resistant to challenge.

Question 65

The bystander effect is most likely to occur because of

A)ambiguous situations.
B)social norms.
C)informational influence.
D)normative influence.

Question 66

Art is on the debate team and is interested in philosophy.He enjoys seeking out effortful thought.He is most likely to be persuaded by

A)an attractive celebrity.
B)a one-sided argument.
C)a high-quality argument.
D)all of the above.

Question 67

The elaboration likelihood model states that

A)the more elaborate the message,the likelier the attitude will change.
B)the thoughts about a message rather than the content of the message determines whether an attitude will change.
C)peripheral routes are more important than central routes.
D)attitudes change mainly when the person cannot elaborate on their reasoning for their initial attitude.

Question 68

Which of the following is the best example of normative influence?

A)A child goes along with his peers in bullying a new student out of fear of being bullied himself
B)A man goes along with the investment choices of his roommates because of the belief that "they can't all be wrong"
C)A woman complies with traditional feminine roles in order to win the favor of her traditional relatives
D)An individual joins a gang to look cool in front of his friends

Question 69

Asch found that group size had little influence on group conformity if

A)the task was ambiguous.
B)the experimenter ridiculed the group's wrong answers.
C)just one accomplice failed to go along with the rest of the group.
D)at least several accomplices failed to go along with the rest of the group.

Question 70

People who look to others to know which fork to use at a seven-course dinner are conforming through

A)informational influence.
B)normative influence.
C)social norms.
D)compliance.

Question 71

Normative influence operates when people conform to social norms because of

A)hope of positive social consequences.
B)fear of violent consequences.
C)fear of negative social consequences.
D)hope of monetary gain.

Question 72

In Milgram's study,what percentage of the participants fully obeyed the experimenter and administered the maximum level of shock?

A)5%
B)35%
C)65%
D)95%

Question 73

In Milgram's studies of obedience,participants were

A)instructed to deliver electric shocks to a learner.
B)asked to select one of three lines that matched a standard line in length.
C)ordered to give consistently wrong answers to simple questions.
D)the recipients of painful electric shocks delivered by an experimental accomplice.

Question 74

The important conclusion from Milgram's study of obedience is that

A)people apparently like to shock other people.
B)people will yield to imagined pressure.
C)people who appear to be good may be inherently bad.
D)the situation is a stronger indicator of behavior than the kind of person.

Question 75

___________ occurs when people yield to social pressure in their public behavior,even though their private beliefs have not changed.

A)Conformity
B)Compliance
C)Obedience
D)Attribution

Question 76

The results of Milgram's study imply that

A)obedience to authority was even more common than he anticipated.
B)in the real world,most people will refuse to follow orders to inflict harm on a stranger.
C)most people are willing to give obviously wrong answers when ordered to do so.
D)most people adhere to their own beliefs,even when group members unanimously disagree.

Question 77

__________ is a form of compliance in which people change their behavior in response to direct commands.

A)Obedience
B)Conformity
C)Giving in to social pressure
D)Effective persuasion

Question 78

Sally would like to resist pressures to conform.She should

A)notice the social forces involved.
B)find someone in a group with whom to argue.
C)avoid involving friends in the situation.
D)all of these.

Question 79

In Asch's studies, ________ and _________ were found to be key determinants of conformity.

A)task difficulty;group size
B)group size;group unanimity
C)group size;the participants' intelligence
D)the group leader's personality;group unanimity

Question 80

How did Asch induce conformity in his studies involving judgments of line length?

A)An authority figure urged participants to select a certain line.
B)Participants discussed the problem and came to a group consensus.
C)An attractive confederate of the opposite sex persuaded the participants.
D)Several accomplices gave incorrect answers before the true participant answered.