Deck 2: Human Nature

Question 1

Aristotle claimed that barbarians could be enslaved by Greeks.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Existentialism emphasizes the free and conscious individual.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Who proposed the idea of natural selection?

A) Charles Darwin
B) Charles Taylor
C) Plotinus
D) Plato

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The view that "all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from its body" is the

A) Buddhist view
B) Rational View
C) Traditional View
D) Hindu View

Question 5

Freud wrote Civilization and Its Discontents.

Question 6

In behaviorism, our consciousness seems to have disappeared.

Question 7

J.J. C. Smart endorsed what theory of human nature?

A) Identity theory
B) Coextension theory
C) The Traditional View
D) The Existential View

Question 8

The philosophical view that human beings act only out of self-interest is called

A) natural selection
B) psychological egoism
C) altruism
D) existentialism

Question 9

The philosopher who believed that who you are depends on your relationships to others is:

A) Hegel
B) Plato
C) Taylor
D) Sartre

Question 10

What contemporary American philosopher argued that behind every action we perform is a "self-regarding end"?

A) Mark Mercer
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Jean Paul-Sartre
D) Garrett J. DeWeese

Question 11

Freud claimed that humans are selfish.

Question 12

The view that humans are whatever they make themselves is termed

A) Darwinism
B) Buddhism
C) Existentialism
D) Platonism

Question 13

What, for Plato, was an eternal and perfect ideal that existed in an unchanging heaven?

A) Forms
B) Souls
C) Reason
D) Spirit

Question 14

Augustine did not believe that humans have wills.

Question 15

Who said that men possess "a powerful measure of desire for aggressiveness"?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Socrates
C) Plato
D) Jeremy Bentham

Question 16

Aristotle held that all living things have a purpose.

Question 17

What philosopher argued that humans act only out of self-interest and are material bodies?

A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Mark Mercer
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Aristotle

Question 18

Bad faith, according to Jean-Paul Sartre, is deceiving ourselves by pretending we are free.

Question 19

Hobbes believed that humans were altruistic.

Question 20

J. J. C. Smart argued that states of consciousness are identical with states of the brain.

Question 21

Who used the image of a charioteer with two winged horses?

A) Smart
B) Aristotle
C) Sartre
D) Plato

Question 22

How many parts of human nature did Plato believe there were?

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

Question 23

Hobbes believed that everything in the Universe was

A) corporeal.
B) spiritual.
C) unchanging.
D) endless.

Question 24

is the view that humans are made up of two substances.

Question 25

An argument that is supposed to show that its conclusion is probably true if its premises are true is called

A) deductive
B) inductive
C) sound
D) valid

Question 26

An inference to the best explanation is a(n)

A) deductive argument.
B) valid argument.
C) sound argument.
D) inductive argument.

Question 27

Over thousands of years the process of can make a species
change into a new species.

Question 28

An argument whose conclusion necessarily has to be true if the premises are true is

A) deductive
B) inductive
C) inconclusive
D) verifiable

Question 29

An argument that is both valid and has true premises is called a(n) argument.

A) inductive
B) rational
C) sound
D) reasonable

Question 30

All that a valid deductive argument guarantees is that if its premises are true, then the conclusion has to be .

A) false
B) valid
C) sound
D) true

Question 31

What philosopher argues that our ability to reason is the characteristic that sets the human self apart from all other creatures of nature?

A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) Saint Augustine
D) Charles Darwin

Question 32

An inference to the best explanation can be

A) either weak or strong.
B) valid.
C) invalid.
D) sound.

Question 33

What view of human nature claims that all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from the material body, has a purpose, endures over time and exists as a separate individual?

A) Traditional Western View
B) Traditional Eastern View
C) Modern Eastern View
D) Postmodern Western View

Question 34

According to Plato, humans can control their appetites and aggressive impulses through the use of their
____________________.

Question 35

The view that processes such as thought and life are really nothing more than physical and chemical processes is called _.

Question 36

What philosopher argued that our individual identity depends on relationships with others, such that who we are cannot be separated from our relationship with others?

A) Aristotle
B) Hegel
C) Plato
D) George Mavrodes

Question 37

What philosopher argued that humans are made up of dual substances, a material body and an immaterial mind?

A) Aristotle
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Rene Descartes
D) Genevieve Lloyd

Question 38

What philosopher argued that the mind could be reduced to the physical actions of the material body?

A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Rene Descartes
C) Gottfried Leibniz
D) Nicolas Malebranche

Question 39

says there is no universal human nature, no rational human nature, no purpose for human nature.

A) Aristotle
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Plato
D) Genevieve Lloyd

Question 40

One version of is the identity theory of the mind.

Question 41

What is "psychological egoism"? Do you find it a compelling view of human nature? Why, or why not?

Question 42

Do you believe that there is a "you" to whom this question is addressed? Explain your answer.

Question 43

Do you agree with the existentialists that humans are what they make of themselves? Why, or why not? What might the practical consequences of accepting the existentialist view be for (a) your own life, (b) social policy? Explain your answer.

Question 44

argued that a person's culture is the mirror through which society shows her who and what she is.

Question 45

Do you think that humans have a different moral status than other animals? Why? If your view is that they have certain properties that other animals lack, do all humans have these properties? If not, do those that lack them lack the moral status that you ascribe to humans? If your view is that humans matter morally because they are
human why does being human count for so much?

Question 46

If we are genetically inclined to be selfish, does this justify our selfishness or merely explain it? Explain your answer.

Question 47

Siddhartha Gautama was the founder of .

Question 48

is the view that we should explain mental states in terms of perceptual inputs and behavioral outputs.

Question 49

Behaviorism began as a school of that restricted the study of humans to what could be observed.

Question 50

Descartes' view of human nature says that humans are minds with
____________________ bodies.