Question 1

Part of a TNE approach to chronic pain is an emphasis on:&#10;A) a new language for the description and explanation of pain.&#10;B) the patient's intelligence.&#10;C) the patient's pain tolerance.&#10;D) the required discontinuation of traditional treatment modalities.

Accepted Answer

A TNE approach to chronic pain places emphasis on a new language for the description and explanation of pain. This involves empowering patients to understand their pain and providing them with new language to describe and discuss their pain experience. This helps to change the patient's relationship with their pain and reduce the fear and distress that often accompanies chronic pain.

Question 2

In an acute stress situation,adrenosensitive ion channels (nerve sensors):&#10;A) close.&#10;B) open.&#10;C) do not change.&#10;D) produce high levels of cortisol.

Accepted Answer

Adrenosensitive ion channels (nerve sensors) open in response to acute stress, allowing for the influx of calcium ions into the cell, which triggers the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Question 3

What is another name for an individual pain neuromatrix?&#10;A) Gate control&#10;B) Pain neurotag&#10;C) Individualized emotional state&#10;D) No pain,no gain

Accepted Answer

An individual pain neuromatrix is also commonly referred to as a pain neurotag. This term is used to describe the unique network of neurons and brain regions that are activated during the experience of pain in a specific individual.

Question 4

Where is pain produced?&#10;A) Injured tissue&#10;B) Affected body system&#10;C) Brain&#10;D) Nerve endings

Accepted Answer

Pain is actually produced in the brain. While nerve endings detect damage or potential harm, and injured tissues or affected body systems send signals through the nervous system, it is the brain that interprets these signals as pain.

Question 5

The theory that pain is produced by the brain's processing of information from tissues,the environment,thoughts,beliefs,experiences,memories,and senses is called the:&#10;A) hypothalamus theory.&#10;B) neuromatrix theory.&#10;C) gate control theory.&#10;D) pain reaction theory.

Accepted Answer

The neuromatrix theory proposes that the brain creates a neurosignature or "neuromatrix" that integrates various sensory inputs, memories, emotions, and cognitive processes to produce the perception of pain. This theory emphasizes that pain is not solely caused by the activation of pain receptors in the body, but also by the brain's interpretation of various sensory inputs and past experiences.

Question 6

Which of the following have been found to be effective in treating chronic pain?&#10;A) Aerobic exercise and behavior therapy&#10;B) Behavior therapy and ultrasound&#10;C) Ultrasound and electrical stimulation&#10;D) Aerobic exercise and ultrasound

Accepted Answer

Aerobic exercise has been found to increase endorphins, which are natural painkillers, and also improve physical function, mood, and quality of life. Behavior therapy can help individuals re-define their relationship with chronic pain and develop coping mechanisms to manage pain. While ultrasound and electrical stimulation may provide temporary relief, they are not considered as effective in long-term pain management as aerobic exercise and behavior therapy.

Question 7

Which gland produces cortisol?&#10;A) Pancreas&#10;B) Liver&#10;C) Hypothalamus&#10;D) Adrenal

Accepted Answer

The adrenal gland is responsible for producing cortisol.

Question 8

Which of the following is a shortcoming of the gate control theory of pain?&#10;A) It does not explain phantom limb pain&#10;B) It does not account for immune and inflammatory processes,which are components of pain&#10;C) It does not consider patient emotions&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The gate control theory of pain does not explain phantom limb pain (A), does not account for immune and inflammatory processes which are components of pain (B), and does not consider the patient's emotions (C). Therefore, option D, all of the above, is the correct answer.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct definition of chronic pain?&#10;A) The experience of pain in one area when the actual tissue damage is in another area&#10;B) Pain of less than 3 months duration that has an underlying pathology&#10;C) Pain that lasts beyond normal healing time,which generally is 3-6 months&#10;D) Pain perceived to be in a diseased limb even after that limb has been amputated

Accepted Answer

Chronic pain is defined as pain that lasts beyond the normal healing time, which is generally 3-6 months. Option A describes referred pain, option B describes acute pain, and option D describes phantom pain.

Question 10

Which of the following is a primary goal of TNE?&#10;A) Resolve the specific tissue injury causing pain&#10;B) Substitute for therapeutic exercises&#10;C) Replace the interventions of a physical therapist (PA)and physical therapist assistant (PTA)&#10;D) Decrease the patient's fear and perception of pain and improve the patient's attitude about pain

Accepted Answer

TNE, or therapeutic neuroscience education, aims to decrease a patient's fear and perception of pain by educating them about the complex nature of pain and how it relates to the nervous system. It also helps to improve the patient's attitude about pain and their ability to cope with it. TNE is often used as a complementary approach to other treatment modalities, such as physical therapy or medication, rather than a substitute for them.

Question 11

Which glucocorticoid steroid hormone increases blood sugar,suppresses the immune system,and aids in the metabolism of fat,protein,and carbohydrates?&#10;A) Cortisol&#10;B) Adrenaline&#10;C) ACTH&#10;D) Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which glucocorticoid steroid hormone increases blood sugar,suppresses...

Question 12

What is a fast-acting neurotransmitter and hormone that affects many tissues,including the regulation of heart rate,blood vessels,and air passages?&#10;A) Estrogen&#10;B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)&#10;C) Cortisol&#10;D) Adrenaline

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a fast-acting neurotransmitter and hormone...

Question 13

What is the name of the pain theory that proposes pain is conducted from tissue to the brain by thin pain fibers along with thick fibers that conduct sensations of touch,pressure,and vibration?&#10;A) Gate control theory&#10;B) Pressure theory&#10;C) Pain reaction theory&#10;D) Neuromatrix theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the name of the pain...

Question 14

Which of the following currently is recommended for patients with lower back pain (LBP)?&#10;A) Back school education&#10;B) Cognitive behavioral therapy&#10;C) Therapeutic neuroscience education (TNE)&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following currently is recommended...

Question 15

A type of patient education that helps patients gain an increased understanding of the neurological processes underpinning their pain state is:&#10;A) cognitive behavioral therapy.&#10;B) TNE.&#10;C) Back School.&#10;D) biomechanical patient education.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A type of patient education that helps...

Question 16

Which of the following is true for treatment of chronic pain?&#10;A) Traditional modalities such as transcutaneous electrical neuromuscular stimulation (TENS)and ultrasound usually are effective&#10;B) Traditional modalities such as TENS and ultrasound usually are not effective&#10;C) TENS normally is effective,but ultrasound is not&#10;D) Ultrasound normally is effective,but TENS is not

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true for...

Question 17

Another name for the human basic threat response is:&#10;A) excitability response.&#10;B) fight-or-flight response.&#10;C) aggressive/passive response.&#10;D) adrenaline/cortisol response.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Another name for the human basic threat...

Question 18

In the past 20 years,chronic pain rates in the United States have been:&#10;A) increasing steadily.&#10;B) decreasing steadily.&#10;C) essentially unchanged.&#10;D) untracked by epidemiological data.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the past 20 years,chronic pain rates...

Question 19

Traditionally,which nerve fibers were considered to be &#34;pain conductors?&#34;&#10;A) Q fibers&#10;B) C fibers&#10;C) D fibers&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Traditionally,which nerve fibers were considered to be...

Deck 25: Orthopedic Management of Pain and Pain Syndromes