Deck 8: Nutritional Assessment in Disease Prevention

Question 1

In persons with diabetes,the testing of urine is recommended for ________.

A)ketones only
B)glucose only
C)both glucose and ketones

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Given the conversion factor of 0.02586,which one of the following correctly represents a serum cholesterol level of 225 mg/dL?

A)2.59 mmol/l
B)5.82 mmol/l
C)8.70 mmol/l
D)87.01 mmol/l

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Since the 1950s,the age-adjusted death rate for diseases of the heart in the United States has ________.

A)increased
B)remained essentially unchanged
C)decreased

Answer 3

C

Question 4

There are four goals of MNT for adults with diabetes.Which one of the following is NOT included in this list?

A)Promote a healthful eating pattern,with a variety of nutrient-dense foods
B)Focus on individual macronutrients,micronutrients,and single foods
C)Maintain the pleasure of eating by providing nonjudgmental messages about food choices
D)Address individual nutrition needs

Question 5

The difference between the measured value as reported by a clinical laboratory and the "true" or "real" value is known as ________.

A)accuracy
B)coefficient of variation
C)precision
D)reproducibility

Question 6

Which of the following is not a clinical determinant of the metabolic syndrome?

A)High-risk waist circumference
B)Elevated serum triglyceride level
C)Elevated serum HDL-C level
D)Elevated plasma glucose level

Question 7

In the primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD),risk factor intervention efforts are implemented ________.

A)before the risk factor even develops
B)once the risk factor has developed but before CVD is diagnosed
C)after CVD is diagnosed
D)at any time,regardless of when the risk factor develops or when CVD is diagnosed

Question 8

Lifestyle management is a fundamental aspect of diabetes care and includes six components.Which one of the following is NOT on this list?

A)Diabetes self-management education (DSME)
B)Nutrition therapy
C)Short-term fasting on a monthly schedule
D)Psychosocial care

Question 9

The three major types of CVD are stroke,CHD,and ________.

A)CAD
B)PAD
C)HBP
D)TIA

Question 10

The primary purpose of the Friedewald equation is to calculate ________.

A)LDL-C
B)abdominal adiposity
C)percent lean body mass
D)triglycerides

Question 11

In the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD),risk factor intervention efforts are implemented ________.

A)before the risk factor even develops
B)once the risk factor has developed but before CVD is diagnosed
C)after CVD is diagnosed
D)at any time,regardless of when the risk factor develops or when CVD is diagnosed

Question 12

Which one of the following combinations cannot occur?

A)High precision,low bias
B)High precision,high bias
C)Low precision,low bias
D)Low precision,high bias

Question 13

Which of the following cannot be accurately determined in the non-fasting state?

A)HDL-C
B)Non-HDL-C
C)Total cholesterol
D)Triglycerides

Question 14

Which one of the following values correctly represents pre-hypertension for an adult?

A)120 over 80
B)120-139 over 80-89
C)140-159 over 90-99
D)160 over 100

Question 15

When a person lies down after standing for several minutes,serum cholesterol concentration ________.

A)increases
B)decreases
C)remains essentially unchanged

Question 16

The American Heart Association's (AHA)2020 goal is to reduce deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%.As a part of this initiative,the AHA tracks seven key health factors and behaviors called "Life's Simple 7." Which one of the following is NOT included in this list?

A)Not smoking
B)Control of cholesterol
C)Control of systemic inflammation
D)Healthy diet

Question 17

Which of the following factors is not associated with increased prevalence of hypertension?

A)Increasing age
B)Being of African descent
C)Physical inactivity
D)A low waist circumference

Question 18

According to the National Cholesterol Education Program,high HDL-C is considered a _______ risk factor because it _______ coronary heart disease risk.

A)positive; decreases
B)positive; increases
C)negative; decreases
D)negative; increases

Question 19

Since the 1960s,the mean total serum cholesterol level of U.S.adults has ________.

A)increased
B)remained essentially unchanged
C)decreased

Question 20

Poor glycemic control in people with diabetes is associated with hemoglobin A1C levels that are ________.

A)essentially unchanged from what they are in people who do not have diabetes
B)greater than they are in people who do not have diabetes
C)less than they are in people who do not have diabetes
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 21

A non-HDL cholesterol level of 130 mg/dl would be classified as ________ for a child or adolescent.

A)acceptable
B)high
C)very high
D)borderline high

Question 22

Which subgroup listed below has the highest prevalence of diabetes?

A)Age 65 years and older
B)African-Americans
C)Females
D)Hispanics

Question 23

The 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines identified four statin benefit groups.Which one of the following is NOT included in this list?

A)Those with arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)
B)Those with LDL-cholesterol values of 130 mg/dL and higher
C)People with type 1 or 2 diabetes who are 40-75 years of age with LDL-C of 70-189 mg/dL
D)People without diabetes who are 40-75 years of age with LDL-C of 70-189 mg/dL and have an estimated ASCVD 10-year risk of 7.5% and higher

Question 24

What lifestyle modification has the greatest influence in preventing and managing hypertension?

A)Adopt DASH diet
B)Dietary sodium reduction
C)Physical activity
D)Weight reduction

Question 25

According to the AHA,a healthy diet score must meet four to five goals (based on a 2000-calorie/day diet).Which one of the following is NOT included?

A)Sodium of less than 1500 mg per day
B)Sugar-sweetened beverages of less than 750 calories per week
C)Two 3.5-ounce servings per week of fish
D)4.5 cups per day or more of fruits and vegetables

Question 26

About 3 in 10 adults have high blood pressure,with proportions highest among the elderly and ________.

A)Asians
B)Hispanic/Latino
C)African-Americans
D)White/not Hispanic

Question 27

________ diabetes is due to a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance.

A)GDM
B)MODY
C)Type 1
D)Type 2

Question 28

Of the 7 AHA health metrics,________ has the lowest prevalence for ideal behavior.

A)not-current smoker
B)total cholesterol less than 200 mg/dl
C)healthy dietary pattern
D)BMI < 25 kg/m²

Question 29

According to JNC8,in the general population aged ≥60 years,pharmacologic treatment to lower blood pressure (BP)should be initiated at a systolic blood pressure (SBP)≥ ________ or diastolic blood pressure (DBP)≥90mmHg and treat to a goal SBP <150 mm Hg and goal DBP <90 mm Hg.

A)150 mmHg
B)160 mm Hg
C)170 mm Hg
D)180 mm Hg

Question 30

Which one of the following is NOT a risk factor for diabetes?

A)Older age
B)HDL-C >35 mg/dL and/or a triglyceride level >275 mg/dL
C)First-degree relative with diabetes
D)Body mass index (BMI)of 25 kg/m² and higher

Question 31

According to the AHA,the definition for ideal cardiovascular health includes a fasting plasma glucose of less than ________ mg/dl.

A)100
B)126
C)140
D)150

Question 32

Despite an impressive drop from the 1960s,about _________ of Americans still have high-risk blood cholesterol levels (240 mg/dL and higher),with this proportion increasing to 28% when considering all individuals either with high blood cholesterol or on cholesterol-lowering medications.

A)8%
B)12%
C)18%
D)22%

Question 33

The leading risk factor for stroke is ________.

A)high blood pressure
B)high blood glucose
C)cigarette smoking
D)diabetes mellitus

Question 34

The metabolic syndrome is diagnosed when an individual has three or more of five risk factors.Which risk factor listed below is NOT on this list?

A)Plasma HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men
B)Plasma triglycerides greater than 225 mg/dL
C)Waist circumference of more than 35 inches in women
D)Fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL and higher

Question 35

A fasting serum triglyceride level of 250 mg/dL would be classified as ________.

A)very high
B)normal
C)borderline high
D)high

Question 36

Which one of the following is NOT regarded as a typical symptom of diabetes?

A)Extreme fatigue
B)Blurry vision
C)Infrequent urination
D)Polyphagia

Question 37

In response to mounting evidence,an expert panel convened by the NHBLI in 2011 recommended universal dyslipidemia screening for all children starting between ________ of age.

A)5 and 6 years
B)9 and 11 years
C)11 and 12 years
D)7 and 8 years

Question 38

According to the AHA,the definition for ideal cardiovascular health in children and adolescents includes a serum total cholesterol of less than ________ mg/dl.

A)180
B)200
C)125
D)170

Question 39

Most clinical laboratories estimate the LDL-C using the Friedewald equation from individuals who are overnight fasted.What parameter is used to complete this equation (fill in the blank)? LDL-C=TC−[HDL-C+(0.20×______)]

A)glucose
B)triglycerides
C)free fatty acids
D)dietary cholesterol

Question 40

The top risk factor related to overall disease burden,according to data reviewed by the AHA,was ________.

A)physical inactivity
B)suboptimal diet
C)tobacco smoking
D)high BMI

Question 41

When classifying blood pressure in the pediatric population,the same cut-points are used as when classifying the blood pressure of adults.

Question 42

Although precision is necessary in order for accuracy to exist,accuracy is not necessary in order for precision to exist.

Question 43

An A1C level of _______% and higher is a risk factor for diabetes.

A)5.7
B)6.3
C)7.5
D)8.3

Question 44

Asymptomatic adults should be screened for prediabetes or diabetes mellitus starting at age ________ years.

A)30
B)35
C)40
D)45

Question 45

Because cholesterol and triglycerides are fat soluble,they must be transported in the blood by spherical macromolecular complexes known as __________.

Question 46

The American Diabetes Association has several medical nutrition therapy recommendations for adults with diabetes.Which one of the following is NOT on this list?

A)Aim for at least 5% to 7% weight loss with an intensive lifestyle intervention program
B)Emphasize healthy eating patterns such as the Mediterranean,DASH,and plant-food based diets
C)Avoid all alcoholic beverages,and beverage with nonnutritive sweeteners
D)Don't use carbohydrate sources high in protein to treat or prevent hypoglycemia

Question 47

Children who are overweight and have two or more risk factors should be screened for diabetes mellitus starting at age ________ years.

A)8
B)10
C)12
D)5

Question 48

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is known as ________.

Question 49

One of the advantages of using non-HDL-cholesterol as an indicator of CHD risk is that it can be accurately determined in the non-fasting state.

Question 50

Glycosylated hemoglobin is considered a good indicator of average blood glucose levels during the previous 8 to 12 weeks.

Question 51

Diastole refers to the phase of cardiac relaxation.

Question 52

Risk factor intervention efforts that are implemented before a certain risk factor even develops are known as ________ prevention.

Question 53

Type 2 diabetes is rarely diagnosed in individuals younger than 30 years of age.

Question 54

Current clinical practice guidelines developed by the U.S.National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute for preventing cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents do not recommend universal screening of lipid levels in children and adolescents.

Question 55

Individuals at increased risk of developing diabetes in the future because they have either impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance are said to have ________.

Question 56

The majority of within-individual variability in cholesterol analyses is due to preanalytical factors.