Deck 25: War and Revolution, 1914-1919

Question 1

On the Eastern Front

A)Russia occupied much of eastern Germany
B)Germany decisively defeated Russia and Romania
C)The Ottomans were able to occupy Russia
D)There was a bloody stalemate
E)The French and British intervened to support the Russian Army

Answer 1

Germany decisively defeated Russia and Romania

Question 2

Describe the effects of the war on domestic affairs in the various countries.What were the consequences of the shortages and economic dislocation? What was the German response to the British naval blockade? What role did women play in the war effort?

Answer 2

This is a less challenging, more limited version of the previous question.In this essay, students should mention food shortages, health problems, strikes and riots, and so forth.The efficiency of German domestic mobilization should be discussed.

Question 3

"This is not a peace.It is an armistice for twenty years." Describe the peace settlements and other consequences of the First World War in light of this assessment by Marshal Foch.

Answer 3

Student answers will vary.A balance of substance and perspective should be sought in this essay.

Question 4

Discuss the concept of the "Long Nineteenth Century, " by which is meant the period from 1789 to 1917.How is the Russian revolution a continuation of the previous revolutions? In what ways is it new?

Question 5

Over the course of the First World War

A)the Central Powers achieved victory on the eastern front.
B)for nearly four years, the front stretching from Switzerland to the North Sea barely moved.
C)Italy changed sides.
D)England imposed a blockade of Germany.
E)All of these.

Question 6

Explain the phenomenon of "total war" in the First World War.

Question 7

Discuss the terms of the peace settlement for Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.What new states in eastern Europe were recognized? What was Woodrow Wilson's main concern?

Question 8

Which country had the largest, but not necessarily the best, army in 1914?

A)Russia
B)Germany
C)Austria-Hungary
D)The Ottoman Empire
E)Great Britain

Question 9

How did Italy finish the war?

A)As a defeated power
B)Occupied by Austria-Hungary
C)As an ally of France and Britain
D)Occupying Vienna
E)Neutral

Question 10

Describe the alignment of states in the early days of World War I.Why did so many countries end up participating in the war? What were the expectations of both sides as to the length and results of the war? How did the stalemate on the western front alter the original mood of optimism?

Question 11

Using all that you have learned about the history of the West, explain the reactions to the declarations of war in 1914.Why was war greeted with such enthusiasm?

Question 12

What were the "Sacred Union" and the "Fortress Truce"?

A)Promises of the Catholic Church to support the war
B)Early peace plans
C)The union of all political parties in support of war efforts
D)The attempts to secure neutrality for non-combatants
E)None of these

Question 13

Discuss the year 1917 as a turning point in the war.Why did the United States declare war on Germany in that year? Summarize the events of the Russian Revolution and how they affected the war in 1917.

Question 14

Explain the events leading up to the end of the First World War.How was the long stalemate broken?

Question 15

What were the domestic consequences for Germany's defeat? Consider the political upheaval, the influence of the Bolshevik Revolution, and the unwillingness of the German people to admit defeat.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is not true?

A)The Great War eventually strained the whole fabric of life in Europe.
B)The entry of the Ottoman Empire and the colonial empires of the belligerents helped to make the war into a world war.
C)World War I made the world safe for democracy.
D)The Great War undermined European hegemony in the world.
E)Many thought a major war was impossible in rational and civilized Europe.

Question 17

World War I was fundamentally

A)a naval war.
B)decided by air power.
C)a land war.
D)characterized by rapid troop movements.
E)based on the techniques of Blitzkrieg.

Question 18

Create an inventory of the costs and consequences of the First World War.To what extent is the Titanic analogy from the previous chapter relevant?

Question 19

The outbreak of war in August 1914 was met with

A)pacifist revolts in most countries.
B)deep political divisions.
C)fear and bitterness.
D)enthusiasm, euphoria, and patriotism.
E)deep resentment from the socialists.

Question 20

The appeal of war in 1914 included

A)an exciting escape from stifling middle-class life.
B)the prospect of a renewal of society.
C)the exhilarating sense of national unity and purpose.
D)relief, because a war was the only way to solve past issues.
E)All of these

Question 21

Which of the following statements is not true?

A)The intervention of America into the war added an increased sense of brutality.
B)The geographic scope of the war was unprecedented.
C)The war actually gave birth to nationalism in the post-war years.
D)The war put an end to European hegemony.
E)Both the Entente and Alliance believed that war would be over in six months.

Question 22

In Ireland during the war

A)loyalty to Britain prevailed.
B)full independence was achieved for the whole island.
C)German occupation of the north caused unrest.
D)the Easter Rebellion was brutally suppressed by Britain.
E)support for the Central Powers grew with the hope that Germany would defeat the Entente.

Question 23

What was a Soviet?

A)A military unit
B)A revolutionary doctrine
C)A measure of economic production
D)A council of leaders
E)The leader of the Bolsheviks

Question 24

Air attacks during World War One

A)were used primarily against submarines at sea.
B)were used primarily by the English.
C)were used to demoralize civilian populations.
D)did very little to damage factories.
E)were a major weapon in affecting the course of the war.

Question 25

What was the "Schlieffen Plan"?

A)Secret negotiations between France, Britain, and Italy.
B)The treaty ending the war between Russia and France.
C)A German military plan to strike France.
D)A plan to invade the Ottoman coastline.
E)The German naval blockade of Britain.

Question 26

The term white peace referred to

A)the peace signed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.
B)the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
C)unconditional surrender of the Germans.
D)a negotiated peace without clear victory for either side.
E)attempts to build a sense of fear in the civilian population.

Question 27

Germans violated the neutrality of what country in order to carry out the "Schlieffen Plan"?

A)Belgium
B)Denmark
C)The Netherlands
D)Switzerland
E)Poland

Question 28

What was Lenin's ideology?

A)He was a moderate reformer.
B)He was a gradualist socialist.
C)He was a supporter of the Tsar.
D)He was a constitutional monarchist.
E)He was a radical communist revolutionary.

Question 29

What was the purpose of the German offensive at Verdun in 1916?

A)To seek a breakthrough on the western front
B)To drive the British out of the war
C)To prevent American intervention
D)To punish the French for using poison gas
E)To inflict a final defeat on the Russians

Question 30

Who was a key military figure in postwar Germany?

A)Schlieffen
B)Von Moltke
C)Hindenburg
D)Wilhelm II
E)None of these

Question 31

The "mobilization of enthusiasm" meant

A)unprecedented use of propaganda, portraying the enemy as so evil that only total victory could bring peace.
B)providing entertainment for troops to keep up their morale.
C)writing new patriotic songs.
D)picturing the war as a holy war, especially against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire.
E)live uncensored news from the front.

Question 32

What was one reason that 1917 was a turning point?

A)The United States entered the war.
B)The Russians made a breakthrough on the Eastern Front.
C)Italy switched sides.
D)The Ottoman empire won massive gains in Russia.
E)None of these.

Question 33

The First World War accelerated the socioeconomic changes associated with industrialization in the following way(s):

A)the expanding economic role of women fueled the suffrage debate.
B)the demands of war spurred technological advancements with peacetime applications.
C)overall industrial production increased because of military needs.
D)women played an essential role by replacing men in factories and businesses.
E)All of these

Question 34

What reinforced the utility of trench warfare in World War I?

A)The development of tanks
B)Deployment of large numbers of cavalrymen
C)Air warfare
D)Zeppelins
E)Machine guns

Question 35

With Tsar Nicholas II at the front

A)Alexandra attempted to create an effective duma.
B)Rasputin emerged as the key political power behind Alexandra.
C)pro-German elements at the court attempted a coup.
D)the prince and heir to the Russian throne, Alexis, died.
E)a military coup successfully overthrew the throne and surrendered to Germany.

Question 36

In areas where the military momentum was lost, all of the following happened except

A)early and frequent mutinies.
B)armies dug extensive trench systems defended by barbed wire and machine guns.
C)each side mounted increasingly large and costly land attacks.
D)a war of attrition ensued.
E)trenches became filthy, foul vermin ridden networks for millions of soldiers.

Question 37

Why did the German military help Lenin get back to Russia?

A)They sympathized with communism.
B)They thought he was harmless.
C)They wanted him to help orchestrate a truce.
D)They knew he would destabilize their enemy.
E)None of these.

Question 38

The world of the trenches for the ordinary soldier did not include

A)having to climb over barb wire to get to the enemy lines.
B)being mowed down by machine guns.
C)bombardment by new and heavier forms of artillery.
D)effects of gas attacks.
E)disastrous air attacks.

Question 39

What did total war mean?

A)That all branches of the armed services were involved in the war.
B)That all citizens became soldiers.
C)Unprecedented governmental mobilization of society.
D)Wholehearted determination to win the war.
E)A sharp increase in diseases for civilians because of food scarcities.

Question 40

For ordinary Germans, the war and the naval blockade resulted in

A)little suffering, because of large stockpiles of supplies.
B)food shortages and increases in some diseases.
C)a surplus of food and supplies, captured from enemies.
D)support of the civilian population by Germany's more agrarian partner, Austria-Hungary.
E)an increased resolve of the German people to fight to victory.

Question 41

The cultural impact of the Great War

A)produced a feeling of resignation and cynicism.
B)resulted in an accelerated pride in military victory.
C)increased the belief that the sacrifices made in the war had been worthwhile.
D)left a feeling of accomplishment by the elimination of European monarchs.
E)increased the sense of Western civilization's superiority.

Question 42

Which of the following describes the German allies as the war drew to an end?

A)Bulgaria was able to hold off Allied attacks in the Balkans.
B)With the Russians out of the war, the Ottoman military could now be used by Germany on the Western Front.
C)The Austrian defeat of the Italians at Caporetto took Italy out of the war.
D)The Habsburg dynasty was disintegrating along nationality lines.
E)After Russia left the war, it pledged support for the Germans in return for territory after the war.

Question 43

After initial German success in 1918, why did their offensive fail?

A)American intervention
B)Susceptibility to Spanish Flu
C)Foch's clever use of tanks at the Battle of the Marne
D)The collapse of Germany's Balkan allies
E)All of these

Question 44

In January 1919, Prince Faisal ibn-Husayn argued for all of the following except that

A)Arab independence was mandated by Western principles.
B)some Arab regions would require substantial Western assistance but not a complete loss of sovereignty.
C)Arab civilization was superior and all Muslims should be united in a resurrected caliphate.
D)Jews are very close to Arabs in blood.
E)Arabs cannot be held responsible for the clashes between religions and races in Palestine.

Question 45

All of the following are true about the League of Nations except that

A)the League was established by the Treaty of Versailles.
B)its main purpose was to resolve international disputes without war.
C)the League was effective because of the strong leadership of the United States.
D)it created a system of mandates that recognized the gradual retreat from colonialism.
E)it failed to prevent the escalating violence that culminated in World War II.

Question 46

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A)ended World War I.
B)ensured Italian support for Britain and France.
C)was made when the U.S.entered the war.
D)resulted in a Russian armistice.
E)saw the surrender of Belgium.

Question 47

All of the following were consequences of the war except

A)the creation of independent states by a number of nationalities.
B)ten to thirteen million military deaths.
C)an economic dislocation that would contribute to the Great Depression.
D)relatively lenient treatment of the losing side.
E)lack of food in the defeated nations after the war produced disease and malnutrition.

Question 48

The most likely origin of the "stab in the back" theory associated with World War I was

A)genuine suspicion among the German population, which had been kept in the dark about Germany's faltering condition.
B)the bitterness of the tsar's supporters after the February (March)Revolution.
C)a growing awareness among citizens of France and Britain that their governments did not have their best interests in mind when they went to war.
D)Italy's failure to aid the other members of the Triple Alliance.
E)based on the alarm and surprise that Germany had actually been invaded, although the public felt victory was near.

Question 49

The initially successful German offensive in 1918 was launched

A)in part, because Russia had left the war and the Americans had not yet arrived.
B)when moderates, who wanted a compromise peace, were overruled by the military leadership.
C)in part, because Germany would be out of reserves by the summer.
D)because the German military convinced Kaiser Wilhelm that Germany could still win the war.
E)All of these.

Question 50

When the tsarist government collapsed in the face of demonstrations demanding bread and widespread mutinies

A)a provisional government assumed temporary authority, while the capital came to be governed by the Petrograd Soviet.
B)the Bolsheviks under Lenin immediately staged a coup and established Soviet Russia.
C)the provisional government immediately took Russia out of the war in order to address the social and economic problems that had helped bring down Nicholas II.
D)Nicholas II and his family retired to the Crimea.
E)the new government took Russia out of the war.

Question 51

Where was there a danger of a socialist revolution in 1918 and 1919?

A)Italy
B)Germany
C)France
D)Great Britain
E)Russia

Question 52

Opposing the view of the Russian government and others that the war was not worth continuing, Woodrow Wilson insisted that

A)the Bolsheviks must be overthrown.
B)allied victory was important for the emergence of a new, ideal international order.
C)the war should be continued only by Europeans, and the Americans should go home.
D)fourteen points should guide the new world order after an Allied victory.
E)Russia should re-enter the war.

Question 53

All of the following are true of Lenin in 1917 except that he

A)was transported back to Russia with German help.
B)held that the time had come for a dictatorship of the proletariat.
C)had no problem persuading his party to seize power.
D)opposed continuing the war.
E)believed that the strains of war made the world ripe for a wider proletarian revolution.

Question 54

Which was not included in Wilson's "Fourteen Points"?

A)free trade
B)reduction of armaments
C)self-determination of nations
D)the dissolution of the German empire
E)a league of nations

Question 55

Which empire ceased to exist after World War I?

A)the Ottoman Empire
B)the British Empire
C)the French Empire
D)Russia
E)None of these

Question 56

Which of the following was not a new country created after World War I?

A)Bulgaria
B)Poland
C)Czechoslovakia
D)Serbia
E)Lithuania

Question 57

Lenin's aim in the October (November)Revolution was

A)limited to a seizure of power in the Russian cities; the peasants, he believed, were not ready for a revolution.
B)to create a bourgeois government as a necessary stage toward the socialist revolution.
C)to spark a worldwide revolution that would destroy capitalism.
D)to "build socialism in one country."
E)to restore the monarchy as a constitutional government with a strong Bolshevik duma.

Question 58

The Balfour Declaration

A)specified the boundaries of the new state of Israel.
B)cautiously favored a "Jewish home" in Palestine, where 90 percent of the population was Arab.
C)assigned Syria and Lebanon to the French and Palestine and Mesopotamia (Iraq)to Britain.
D)planned a joint Arab-Jewish state.
E)was used by Britain to stop Arab nationalism, which threatened British interests in the area.

Question 59

The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany

A)was responsible for the war and would have to pay reparations.
B)would have to cede considerable territory and would need to demilitarize the Rhineland.
C)was severely limited in the military forces it could maintain.
D)and its allies would be treated on a moral basis.
E)All of these.

Question 60

As negotiations for an armistice proceeded in October and November 1918

A)Austria-Hungary was no longer a military threat to the allies.
B)Wilhelm II abdicated and went into exile; Germany became a republic.
C)workers' and soldiers' councils appeared throughout Germany.
D)Prince Max von Baden became chancellor.
E)All of these.

Question 61

The leader of the Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, was the mastermind of the November 1917 revolution that saw the overthrow of the provisional government leading to a communist regime.

Question 62

The term "white peace" referred to unconditional surrender by Germany.

Question 63

The origin of the "stab in the back" theory was due to the inability of Italy to aid the other members of the Triple Alliance.

Question 64

Air attacks played a major role in the outcome of World War I.

Question 65

One of the most famous retrospective writings on World War I was the novel All Quiet on the Western Front by the German Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970).

Question 66

"Mobilization of enthusiasm" was coined by historian Elie Halevy to describe the manipulation of collective passions of governments as it had never been seen before.

Question 67

The provisional government established in Russia in 1917 was made up primarily of Bolsheviks.

Question 68

The Petrograd Soviet council was elected in March of 1917 after the Petrograd workers protested in response to war time shortages.

Question 69

Because of the stability of his government, in August of 1915 Tsar Nicholas II assumed personal command of the army in Russia.

Question 70

When war was declared, many saw it as a relief, which produced a wave of euphoria and domestic unity.