Deck 7: The Experiment

Question 1

Mr.Marsh is so anxious to start his research that he doesnȇt consider the fact that his subjects may be completely humiliated by the research.Fortunately,

A)the Institutional Review Board (IRB)suggests that he find a different way to conduct his research so as to protect his subjects.
B)it is an impact of the Hawthorne Effect.
C)he uses controlled laboratory research.
D)he enrolls as a subject in his own study.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Researchers control experimenter expectancy by

A)hiring assistants.
B)diffusion of treatment.
C)using double-blind experiments.
D)testing.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A placebo is

A)sometimes called a sugar pill.
B)a noneffective or inactive independent variable.
C)used in double-blind experiments.
D)All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In an experiment,the group that receives the experimental intervention is

A)the control group.
B)the placebo.
C)the alpha group.
D)the experimental group.

Question 5

Dr.Van Offer is studying a new communication method.If he uses the new technique in a randomized study,it would be the

A)dependent variable.
B)independent variable.
C)placebo.
D)control group.

Question 6

Mr.Marsh conducts an experiment that he cannot translate into real life.The treatment is not realistic.This threat to external validity is called

A)reactivity.
B)artificial treatment.
C)maturation.
D)Hawthorne Effect.

Question 7

An experimenterȇs control over an experimental setting affects

A)the control group.
B)external validity.
C)maturation.
D)None of the above

Question 8

Threats to internal validity include all of the following EXCEPT

A)selection bias.
B)quasi-experimental.
C)testing.
D)history.

Question 9

The weakness of static group comparison is that the researcher

A)is biased.
B)cannot know whether group differences prior to the experiment or if the independent variable caused differences in post test outcomes.
C)cannot know whether group differences prior to the experiment or if the dependent variable caused differences in post test outcomes.
D)is unneeded.

Question 10

When a researcher is interested in how sequences affect the dependent variable,the design is

A)Solomon Four Group Design.
B)Two-Group Post Design.
C)Classical Design.
D)Latin Square Design.

Question 11

How many independent variables are in a 2 x 3 x 6 x 8 factorial design?

A)2
B)3
C)6
D)4

Question 12

Maturation is a threat to internal validity and means

A)that the subject (participant)is too immature.
B)that the subject quits the experiment before it is completed.
C)that a biological or emotional process within the participants that is not part of the independent variable induces a change in the dependent variable.
D)that the experiment is ripe.

Question 13

Ethics can be an issue in research

A)except in the case of survey research.
B)when researchers use deception in their research.
C)because placebos can be bad for peopleȇs health.
D)None of the above

Question 14

When using a true random process,over the long run the odds are

A)that the researcher tires of the experiment.
B)all the people in the groups will be different.
C)the people in the groups will be equal.
D)even.

Question 15

Dr.Mottle wants to test whether the style of clothing has an impact on serversȇ tips.The dependent variable is

A)the size of the tips.
B)clothing.
C)restaurant menu.
D)size of the clothing.

Question 16

Three major areas of technique for carrying out effective experiments are

A)planning,instructions to participants,and post experiment interviews.
B)discussion,field experiments,and Hawthorne Effect.
C)paper,computer,and PDAs.
D)internal validity,external validity,and Hawthorne Effect.

Question 17

Dr.King is conducting a field experiment.One setting that should not be used is

A)a barn.
B)a controlled laboratory.
C)a corn field.
D)a class room.

Question 18

A threat that might weaken external validity is

A)artificial setting.
B)maturation.
C)testing.
D)history.

Question 19

Selection bias and maturation are threats to

A)internal validity.
B)testing.
C)experimental mortality.
D)double-blind.

Question 20

A researcher should look at what elements when reading an experimental research paper?

A)How many action words are used?
B)Do the results of the research support your political views?
C)How was the dependent variable measured?
D)Is the author anyone that you know?

Question 21

Design notation is a technique used exclusively in field research to track the research subject (participant).

Question 22

Dr.Mottleȇs experiment is conducted in the School of Nursingȇs cafeteria.The student nurses that she observes in the study do not know that they are being studied.

A)Dr.Mottle is conducting a single-blind experiment.
B)Dr.Mottle has no idea what she is doing.
C)Dr.Mottle is conducting a highly controlled laboratory experiment.
D)Dr.Mottle wishes to avoid the Hawthorne effect.

Question 23

When participants donȇt finish a study,it is called

A)testing.
B)internal validity.
C)experimental mortality.
D)history.

Question 24

What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?

Question 25

Why is a Latin Square design different from factorial design?

Question 26

Hawthorne Effect is

A)common in field experiments.
B)irrelevant.
C)awareness of being in a study.
D)None of the above

Question 27

Differentiate pre- versus post-test in the context of an experiment.

Question 28

When a researcher says that her experiment suffers from experimental mortality,it means that at least one of the participants died while participating in the experiment.

Question 29

A random assignment means that an instructor assigns homework to her students every weekend.

Question 30

If a double-blind study means that the subject (participant)and the person administering the treatment do not know whether the treatment is the control or placebo,then what does a single-blind study mean?

A)that the subject (participant)does not know what s/he is getting - treatment or control
B)that the researcher does not know what the subject is getting
C)that the researcher,the assistant administering the treatment or control,and the subject (participant)all do not know what the subject is getting
D)There is no such thing as a single-blind study.

Question 31

The greatest confidence in what is learned comes from studying the same issue using only one method.

Question 32

List the seven parts of an experiment.

Question 33

In general,social experiments are better for narrowly targeted short-term micro-level concerns than for complex macro-level issues in which many factors work together.

Question 34

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

Question 35

Natural experiments are field experiments

A)are always valid.
B)gather data after the fact.
C)involving placebos.
D)without merit.

Question 36

Researchers use deception in all their experiments to ensure that participants donȇt alter their behavior or opinions to fit the researcherȇs hypothesis.

Question 37

A researcher should never measure the dependent variable in an experiment.

Question 38

A placebo is an independent variable,typically an active treatment.

Question 39

In general,social scientists get their best results by comparing very different groups to each other.

Question 40

Quasi-experimental design should always be used instead of experimental design when the researcher does not know how to conduct preexperimental designs.

Question 41

If an unexpected event unrelated to the independent variable occurs during the experiment and influences the dependent variable,the experiment suffers a___________threat.

Question 42

______________________experimental design has random assignment,a pretest and a post test,an experimental group,and a control group.

Question 43

Natural experiments are___________experiments that people did not intentionally plan as an experiment.

Question 44

______________________design allows a researcher to test for causal relationships in situations where a true experimental design is difficult or inappropriate.

Question 45

If a researcher accidentally or indirectly communicate desired findings to participants,this is called___________.

Question 46

______________________is a threat to external validity; participants modify their behavior because they are aware that they are in a study.

Question 47

In experiments,the___________variable is something a researcher does,introduces or manipulates.

Question 48

In probability theory,___________is a process in which each case has a known and equal chance of selection.

Question 49

The weakness of static group comparison is that a researcher doesnȇt know whether group differences prior to the experiment caused differences in___________.

Question 50

A researcherȇs degree of control of an experimentȇs setting is key to impacting internal and external___________.

Question 51

A 2 x 6 x 3 factorial design has how many categories in the first,second,and third independent variables? (answer in this order)

Question 52

______________________design is used when a researcher uses two or more independent variables in combination.

Question 53

What is the difference between a classical experimental and quasi-experimental study?

Question 54

The two effects that influence the dependent variable are main effects and interaction effects in
design.

Question 55

What two effects can influence factorial designs?

Question 56

What is a double-blind experiment?

Question 57

______________________designs are used when it is difficult to use the full classical design.This design has a weakness in that it is more difficult to infer a causal relationship.

Question 58

Researchers consult with a(n)___________when there is a question about potential risk or harm to participants.

Question 59

What is a one-shot case study design?

Question 60

Two-group post test-only design has all parts of___________design except pretest.

Question 61

Discuss external validity.Name two threats that might weaken external validity.

Question 62

Discuss interrupted time series and equivalent time series.What might be the advantage of the equivalent series?

Question 63

Dr.Mottleȇs experiment includes randomizing subjects to a group that gets a needle-stick or to a group that gets a ȈfakeȈ needle-stick.
Differentiate experimental group from control group.What is the role of the placebo in experimental design? Give another example of use of a placebo.

Question 64

Discuss ethical considerations and deception in conducting experiments.

Question 65

Discuss the purposes for Factorial Design and Latin Square Design.