Deck 5: Regulation of Eating Behavior and Body Weight

Question 1

The average non-obese adult has between 30-50 billion adipocytes.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The brain is the primary integrator of the body systems that initiate and terminate feeding.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Researchers do not believe that BAT is involved in weight regulation in humans.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

_____________ is the most abundant neuropeptide in humans.It stimulates intake of food and reduces energy expenditure by inhibiting sympathetic nervous system activity in the brown adipose tissue.

A)Neuropeptide Y
B)Catecholamines
C)Anorexigenic peptides
D)All of the above

Question 5

_____________ is a system of glands and the hormones they secrete to deliver chemical messages to target cells throughout the body.

A)Limbic System
B)Autonomic Nervous System
C)Endocrine System
D)Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 6

The _______________ is the area of the brain that serves as a link between the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems; it promotes homeostasis by regulating temperature, water balance, food intake, hormonal balance, and emotional responses.

A)hypothalamus
B)cortex
C)cerebellum
D)All of the above

Question 7

Excess fat cells never go away.

Question 8

Fat in the hips is generally more difficult to reduce than fat in the waist.

Question 9

Increased Leptin drives people to eat.

Question 10

High levels of lipoprotein lipase promote the growth of fat cells.

Question 11

Gender determines to a great extent where fat is stored.

Question 12

_________________ is a branch of the nervous system that regulates involuntary physiological functions, such as sweating, circulation, and digestion.

A)Limbic System
B)Autonomic Nervous System
C)Endocrine System
D)Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 13

People likely inherit a preference for specific types of food (e.g.specific types of carbohydrates, such as spaghetti or potatoes).

Question 14

Hyperplasia is not typically permanent.

Question 15

_________________ is the stability of the body's internal environment to ensure survival.

A)Set Point
B)Homeostasis
C)Satiety
D)All of the above

Question 16

Acylation-stimulating protein levels rise proportionately with BMI, however, research shows that they are not higher among obese individuals.

Question 17

______________ is a critical hub that contains neurons that produce appetite stimulating neurotransmitters and neurons that produce appetite-dampening neurotransmitters.This area also contains many insulin and leptin receptors.

A)Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN)
B)Arcuate Nucleus (ARC)
C)Limbic System
D)All of the above

Question 18

Acylation-stimulating protein levels are also higher among individuals with insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, but levels can be reduced with weight loss and exercise.

Question 19

Much of adult-onset obesity is due to hypertrophy.

Question 20

Gender patterns in fat storage evolved to sustain survival.

Question 21

______________ stimulate food intake, but they may have a more important role in regulating sleep.

A)Neuropeptide Y
B)Peptide YY
C)Orexins
D)All of the above

Question 22

_______________ is the accumulation or production of fat, which occurs by the uptake of fatty acids into adipocytes.

A)Hypertrophy
B)Hyperplasia
C)Lipogenesis
D)Lipolysis

Question 23

This hormone in the gastrointestinal tract stimulates food intake.It is secreted mainly in the stomach and reaches peak levels just before eating.

A)Leptin
B)Ghrelin
C)Insulin
D)Acylation-stimulating protein

Question 24

____________ is the increase in the number of fat cells.

A)Hypertrophy
B)Hyperplasia
C)Lipogenesis
D)All of the above

Question 25

_______________ means the enlargement of fat cells.

A)Adiposity
B)Adiposity Rebound
C)Hypertrophy
D)All of the above

Question 26

____________ is the breakdown of fat and involves the release of fatty acids into the bloodstream after they have undergone hydrolysis.

A)Hypertrophy
B)Hyperplasia
C)Lipogenesis
D)Lipolysis

Question 27

_________________ are receptors on fat cells that are sensitive to sympathetic activation; they respond to norepinephrine or epinephrine to regulate fat cell size and function.

A)Cholinergic receptors
B)Adrenergic receptors
C)Both A & B

Question 28

___________________ is a protein produced by the fat cells that provide a satiety signal to the brain.It is derived from a Greek work that means "thin" because people who secrete normal amounts of it are frequently lean.

A)Ghrelin
B)Leptin
C)Acylation-stimulating protein
D)Both A & B

Question 29

Which of the following defines the body's "set point."

A)minimum healthy weight of a person that can be maintained for 10 years after age 21
B)maximum healthy weight of a person
C)point at which a dieter plateaus and then drops weight quickly
D)point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

Question 30

The opioid peptide, __________________, promotes eating and has pain-reducing properties.This morphine-like substance acts on the feeding centers of the hypothalamus to stimulate the consumption of highly palatable foods, such as fats.It may also play some role in stress-induced eating.

A)Neuropeptide Y
B)Peptide YY
C)Dynorphin
D)Galanin

Question 31

_____________________ is a specialized form of fat tissue that contributes to energy expenditure through its capacity for thermogenesis, or production of heat.

A)Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
B)Leptin
C)Lipoprotein lipase
D)Lipolysis

Question 32

________________ is an enzyme produced in many tissues to help remove fatty acids from the bloodstream.This has been referred to as the gatekeeper of the fat cells because of its role in fat storage.

A)Lipogenesis
B)Lipoprotein lipase
C)Hypertrophy
D)Acylation-stimulating protein

Question 33

__________________ are the structures and pathways involved in the sense of smell.
A.Olfactory System
B.Gustatory System
C.Limbic System
D.All of the above

Question 34

What is the role of the hypothalamus in hunger and satiety?

A)it produces leptin at abnormally high levels in some people, stimulating hunger
B)it contains hunger and satiety centers that are responsive to neuropeptides
C)it signals the duodenum to secrete cholecystokinin after eating
D)all are roles of the hypothalamus

Question 35

_____________ stimulates eating particularly by increasing the size of a meal and increasing the intake of carbohydrates.

A)Peptide YY
B)Dynorphin
C)Galanin
D)Norepinephrine

Question 36

________________ are receptors on cells that are sensitive to parasympathetic activation; they respond to acetylcholine; fat cells do not contain cholinergic receptors.

A)Cholinergic receptors
B)Adrenergic receptors
C)A& B

Question 37

A group of brain structures collectively known as ____________ integrate sensory information and transmit this information to other parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus.It exists outside the blood-brain barrier.

A)Circumventricular organs
B)the Limbic System
C)the Gustatory System
D)the Olfactory System

Question 38

__________________ turns off eating, and in some cases increases energy expenditures.

A)Catecholamines
B)Dynorphin
C)Norepinephrine
D)All of the above

Question 39

ß-adrenergic receptors in fat cells stimulate

A)homeostasis
B)lipogenesis
C)lipolysis
D)hyperplasia

Question 40

The ________________ is responsible for the sense of taste and includes the tongue and several areas of the brain, most notably the cortex and hypothalamus.

A)Olfactory system
B)Gustatory System
C)Limbic System
D)All of the above

Question 41

When leptin secretion occurs

A)an individual is driven to eat
B)triglyceride uptake by the fat cells increases
C)BMR rises
D)food consumption slows and then stops

Question 42

__________________ is now understood to be a messenger between fat cells and the brain that provides vital information about the size of the body's energy stores.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of normal brown adipose tissue?

A)hyperplasia after it is stimulated
B)rich in UCP-1
C)sensitive to cold exposure and food intake
D)important fat storage tissue in gluteofemoral region

Question 44

The psychological desire to eat that accompanies the sight, smell, or thought of food is known as:

A)appetite
B)satiety
C)hunger
D)palatability

Question 45

_____________ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to an increase in the blood glucose level; it permits glucose to be taken up by the cells and is responsible for fat storage.

Question 46

_________________ represents a psychological desire to eat and includes selecting particular nutrients, having a taste for specific foods, and craving specific foods in response to the sight, smell or thought of them.

Question 47

Which of the following describes the process of thermogenesis?

A)burning of fat
B)synthesis of fat
C)generation of heat

Question 48

________________ is a level of body weight or fatness maintained by a complex combination of body systems.

Question 49

The enzyme called the "gatekeeper of the fat cells," because it stimulates fat uptake is:
A.lipoprotein lipase
B.insulin
C.neuropeptide Y
D.bombesin

Question 50

_________________ is the termination of eating after hunger has been satisfied.

Question 51

Obesity resulting from an increase in the size of fat cells is termed:

A)hyperplastic obesity
B)hypertrophic obesity
C)hypometabolic obesity
D)leptin-dependent obesity