Deck 38: Plant Defense Responses

Question 1

Evidence that black walnut trees exhibit allelopathy includes

A)the lack of vegetation growing under black walnut trees.
B)the death of hornworms that try to eat black walnut leaves.
C)the symbiotic relationship the trees have with fungi.
D)the ants that protect the trees from herbivory.
E)the morphological changes that occur in response to pathogenic attacks.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Parasitoid wasps are sometimes involved in a plant's defensive response.In what way are the wasps helpful to the plant?

A)The wasps respond to a chemical the plant gives off when wounded,and the wasps lay their eggs on the caterpillar that wounded the plant.
B)The wasps live in hollow thorns of the plants,and attack the plants' predators.
C)The wasps stimulate the production of alkaloids the plants use for defense.
D)The wasps enhance the plants' hypersensitive response.
E)The wasps trigger leaf abscission so that herbivores do not have anything to eat.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements about plant toxins against herbivores is false?

A)The toxin may be kept in a membrane-bound structure to keep it from harming the plant.
B)The toxin may not be toxic unless it is metabolized in the intestine of a herbivore.
C)The toxin may have also have a bad taste.
D)Even a little bit of the toxin will be deadly.
E)Some toxins can over stimulate particular physiological processes.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Systemin can correctly be described as a(n)

A)peptide.
B)apoplast.
C)receptor.
D)leaf lipid.
E)carbohydrate.

Question 5

How does systemin cause the activation of the wound response in tomato plants?

A)It binds directly to jasmonic acid.
B)It directly signals gene expression.
C)It induces the production of tannins.
D)It induces a jasmonic acid signaling pathway in certain cells.
E)It triggers genes that are able to signal the plant that mechanical injury has occurred.

Question 6

How does jasmonic acid contribute to the activation of the wound response in tomato plants?

A)It moves through the phloem of the plant until it reaches the wound site.
B)It produces a polypeptide that binds with membrane lipids.
C)It binds to enzymes in the gut of the predator.
D)It increases the energy available for the plants to fight the predator.
E)It signals gene expression,leading to the production of a proteinase inhibitor.

Question 7

Plants such as peppermint and sage contain oils.What is the function of these oils?

A)They help keep the plant from drying out.
B)They help repel insects.
C)They keep other plants from germinating nearby.
D)They prevent fungal infection.
E)They have hormone-like activity that helps wounds heal.

Question 8

Nonnative plant invaders,such as the alfalfa plant bug,are extremely invasive and hard to control because

A)they arrive in new locations where natural predators are not present.
B)they tap into the xylem of a plant while seeking carbohydrates.
C)they cause the plants' axillary buds to grow out.
D)their populations evolve faster than the plants they attack.
E)cause the plants' stomates to become unevenly distributed within the epidermis.

Question 9

Phytoestrogens are steroid-like chemicals that are derived from soy.One of their characteristics is that they are able to

A)paralyze nerve endings.
B)bind to the human estrogen receptor.
C)cause estrogen breakdown within human cells.
D)increase the rate of prostate cancer in men.
E)cure malaria.

Question 10

Which of the following steps is not one of the phases of a fungal invasion of a plant?

A)Windblown fungal spores land on plant leaves.
B)Hyphae grow through cell walls and press against the cell membrane.
C)Fungal DNA is replicated by the plant cells.
D)Hyphae differentiate into specialized structures called haustoria.
E)A fungal spore germinates and forms an adhesion pad that allows it to stick to a plant's leaf.

Question 11

The steps in the pathogen-specific response do not include

A)responding to the pathogen.
B)development of antibodies.
C)recognizing the pathogen.
D)triggering the hypersensitive response.
E)the pathogen releases distinctive proteins.

Question 12

The series of metabolic events that occurs within tomato plants in response to wounding is

A)a systemic response.
B)a waterfall effect.
C)the hypersensitive response.
D)a pathogen-specific response.
E)resistance to coevolution.

Question 13

Which of the following methods do fungi use in order to penetrate the initial layer of a plant's defenses?

A)mechanical bridging
B)sharp mouthparts
C)entry through stomates
D)secretion of phospholipids to dissolve the cuticle

Question 14

Which of the following is a false statement about plant secondary metabolites?

A)Some can be used to treat human diseases.
B)Some can be poisonous to humans.
C)The activity of certain medicines is due to secondary metabolites.
D)Some of them can cross the placenta during pregnancy.
E)They are too unpredictable to use in pharmaceutical research.

Question 15

________ occurs when a chemical signal secreted by the roots of one plant blocks the germination of nearby seeds or inhibits the growth of a neighboring plant.

A)Nodulation
B)Etiolation
C)Reduction
D)Allelopathy
E)The systemic response

Question 16

The activation of proteinase inhibitor genes occurs

A)in the cytoplasm of the affected cells.
B)on the plasma membrane of the affected cells.
C)in the nucleus of the affected cells.
D)before the systemin moves through the phloem of the plant.
E)in anticipation of a physical wound to the plant.

Question 17

Tannins are chemicals that help plants repel invaders by

A)over-stimulating the predator.
B)sedating the predator.
C)binding to proteins and thereby disrupting the predator's digestion.
D)injuring the external covering of the predator's body.
E)causing the predator to grow so rapidly that it dies.

Question 18

Which of the following plant secondary metabolites is used as an antimalarial drug?

A)morphine
B)taxol
C)genistein
D)quinine
E)manihotoxin

Question 19

Viruses travel through animals mainly by lysing cells and then spreading to other cells.Plant cells are not easily lysed.If a pathogen enters a plant cell and does not initiate a hypersensitive response,what is the most likely way the virus would spread to other plant cells?

A)Through the chloroplasts
B)Directly through the cell wall
C)Through the central vacuole
D)Through the plasmodesmata
E)Through transport vesicles

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the pathogen-specific response is true?

A)The pathways involved always trigger the hypersensitive response.
B)The pathogen is recognized by its avr gene product.
C)There is never a gene-for-gene response.
D)If the R gene product is not triggered,no disease will occur.
E)Avr and R gene pairs have been cloned in species pathogenized by microbes,fungi,and insects.

Question 21

Many plants are filled with toxins that kill or deter herbivores.Many plants sequester these compounds within the cell.Where in the plant cell are these toxic substances most likely stored?

A)Central vacuole
B)Mitochondria
C)The stroma
D)Amyloplasts
E)Lysosomes

Question 22

Why don't ants that protect the Acacia tree scare off bees trying to pollinate the tree's flowers?

A)They can't climb to the tops of the tree.
B)The bees are too big.
C)The bees fly in and out quickly.
D)The open flowers contain a chemical that is an ant deterrent.
E)Parasitoid wasps protect the bees from attack.

Question 23

Taxol,a secondary metabolite from the bark of the Pacific yew tree,is used as a treatment for

A)diabetes.
B)breast cancer.
C)indigestion.
D)headaches.
E)high blood pressure.

Question 24

Which category of plant second metabolites includes stimulants like caffeine,nicotine,and cocaine?

A)tannins
B)alkaloids
C)phenolics
D)cyanogenic glycosides
E)terpenes

Question 25

Cyanogenic glycosides,which break down into cyanide,are toxic to cells because they inhibit the function of which organelle(s)?

A)Golgi apparatus
B)Ribosome
C)Nucleolus
D)Mitochondria
E)Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

Dermal tissue in plants

A)is several cell layers thick.
B)acts a barrier to potential pathogens.
C)houses guard cells that defend against pathogen invasion.
D)differs depending if it above ground or below ground.

Question 27

A patient who requires repeated dosing with strong analgesics over a period of more than a few days might be prescribed which of the following secondary plant metabolites?

A)Genistein
B)Morphine
C)Quinine
D)Taxol
E)Cyanogenic glycosides

Question 28

Parasitic fungi will usually attack a plant through stomata on the root surface.

Question 29

What plant secondary metabolite was isolated from the Cinchona tree to fight malaria?

A)digitalis
B)penicillin
C)acacia
D)taxol
E)quinine

Question 30

In your garden,you have an Ailanthus altissima,also known as the Tree-of-Heaven.You try adding additional plants to the same garden bed,but notice poor seed germination and seedling growth around the tree.What is the most likely explanation for this?

A)The tree is blocking most of the available sunlight which is limiting germination and growth.
B)The tree is utilizing most of the available miconutrients in the soil.
C)The roots of the tree have a stronger water potential than the seedlings which is causing the seedlings to dehydrate.
D)The tree has a mutalistic relationship with animals that are removing plants that are in competition for resources with the tree.
E)The tree is releasing chemicals into the soil that are inhibiting germination and growth of other plants.

Question 31

Which common crop may contain traces of hormone-like substances that may affect human health?

A)corn
B)wheat
C)peanuts
D)soybean
E)wine grapes

Question 32

Treating a plant with a fungicide could interfere with the plant's uptake of nitrogen.

Question 33

The plant alkaloid ricin is nontoxic inside castor beans,but becomes active when digested by an animal.The toxic form of ricin kills by

A)inactivating the animal's immune system.
B)over stimulating the animal's heart rate.
C)inactivating ribosomes needed for translation.
D)binding to RNA polymerase.
E)releasing cyanide.

Question 34

A nematode that has parasitized a plant root has breached the cutin layer of the epidermis.

Question 35

Which of the following chemicals is a signal that induces systemic acquired resistance?

A)salicylic acid
B)brassinosteroids
C)systemin
D)avr
E)nitric acid

Question 36

What is the main difference between plant defense mechanisms that use secondary chemical metabolites versus plant defense mechanisms that use a systemic response?

A)The metabolites are not as lethal as the systemic response.
B)The metabolites are present at all times,and the systemic response must be induced.
C)The metabolites can only help in defense against insects,not against other plants.
D)The metabolites are toxic to the plants that produce them,the systemic response is safer.
E)The metabolites are a more reliable way to kill the invader.

Question 37

Systemic acquired resistance is

A)a broad-ranging resistance that lasts for a period of days.
B)the same as the human immune response.
C)a response whereby antibodies recognize specific antigens.
D)a response that occurs when the hypersensitive response fails.
E)a method for plants to modify their DNA for protection.

Question 38

Systemic response occurs when plants exhibit generalized defense responses in organs distant from the wound.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about the relationship between ants and acacia trees is/are accurate? Check all that apply.

A)The ants protect the acacias from other insects.
B)The ants protect the acacias from epiphytic plants and vines.
C)The ants live in the hollow thorns of the acacias.
D)The ants are provided with sugar or other nutrition by some species of acacia.
E)The ants aid pollination of the acacias.

Question 40

A plant has a mutation in the gene that codes for systemin.What is the likely consequence of this mutation?

A)The plant will have a stronger than normal wound response.
B)The mutated form of systemin would be recognized as a pathogen and a hypersensitive response will be initiated.
C)The levels of jasmonic acid will build inside the cell creating a toxic environment.
D)Systemin receptors will not be activated and proteinase inhibitor will not be transcribed.
E)R genes will fail to match up with avr genes.

Question 41

If a bacterium containing a mutation in the avirulence gene lands on a plant that has the corresponding R gene,the bacterium may not initiate rapid cell death in the plant.

Question 42

Using biotechnology,plant breeders attempt to find and incorporate specific resistance genes into plants that lack them.Once a plant has been given a resistance gene,it will have indefinite protection from the associated pathogen.