Deck 5: Addressing Cultural and Socioeconomic Diversity

Question 1

If differences between categories are qualitative rather than quantitative, the measurement scale is:

A) ordinal.
B) nominal.
C) ratio.
D) interval.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If a scale has equal intervals between values and a single underlying quantitative dimension, then it is a(n) ____ scale of measurement.

A) ordinal.
B) nominal.
C) ratio.
D) interval.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Numbers can have the properties of identity, magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute zero. These properties refer to:

A) scales of measurement.
B) measures of central tendency.
C) standard scores.
D) measures of variation.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

If a scale has equal intervals between values, a single underlying quantitative dimension, and an absolute zero, then it is a(n) ____ scale of measurement.

A) ordinal.
B) nominal.
C) ratio.
D) interval.

Question 5

When a variable is continuous, it is appropriate to use:

A) a frequency polygon.
B) a bar graph.
C) a line graph.
D) either a frequency polygon or a bar graph.

Question 6

If most of the scores in a distribution are clustered near the middle, the distribution is:

A) skewed.
B) a frequency polygon.
C) normal.
D) bimodal.

Question 7

An IQ score is measured on a(n) ____ scale.

A) ratio
B) ordinal
C) nominal
D) interval

Question 8

Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?

A) mean
B) range
C) mode
D) median

Question 9

Classifying patients as highly anxious, moderately anxious, or not at all anxious would be an example of the use of a(n) ____ scale of measurement.

A) interval
B) ratio
C) ordinal
D) nominal

Question 10

If scores in a distribution are clustered towards the left end of the distribution, the distribution is:

A) negatively skewed.
B) positively skewed.
C) not skewed.
D) irregularly skewed.

Question 11

For a group of 60 people--50 men and 10 women--a distribution of weights would likely be:

A) normal.
B) positively skewed.
C) negatively skewed.
D) bell-shaped.

Question 12

Unlike the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales, the Kelvin temperature scale's lowest possible value is zero. Hence, the Kelvin scale can be considered to be ____.

A) ordinal.
B) nominal.
C) ratio.
D) interval.

Question 13

The middle score in a set of scores is called the:

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) arithmetic average

Question 14

When constructing a distribution of the number of people favoring each of five different political candidates, you should use:

A) a frequency polygon.
B) a bar graph.
C) a line graph.
D) either a frequency graph or a bar graph.

Question 15

When constructing a distribution of the number of people who obtained each score on a test, you should use:

A) a frequency polygon.
B) a bar graph.
C) a line graph.
D) either a frequency polygon or a bar graph.

Question 16

People's ethnic background would be measured by a(n) ____ scale.

A) nominal
B) interval
C) ordinal
D) ratio

Question 17

A distribution with two peaks is said to be:

A) asymmetrical.
B) symmetrical.
C) binormal.
D) bimodal.

Question 18

Weight is measured on a(n) ____ scale.

A) nominal
B) interval
C) ratio
D) ordinal

Question 19

When a frequency distribution is constructed, the ____ appears on the y-axis.

A) number of individuals who make each response
B) responses of the participants
C) independent variable
D) dependent variable

Question 20

When a frequency distribution is constructed, the ____ appears on the x-axis.

A) number of individuals who make each response
B) responses of the participants
C) independent variable
D) dependent variable

Question 21

SS/N is called the:

A) sum of all squares.
B) standard deviation.
C) variance.
D) mean.

Question 22

Professor Jones has given a statistics test to her class. After grading the tests she reports to the class that the mean score was a 99 and the standard deviation was 0. The class will be very happy because:

A) Only a few students failed the test.
B) Most people did moderately well on the test.
C) Everyone got a 99.
D) Most people scored around 99.

Question 23

The mean of the scores 3, 6, 7, 8, 1 is:

A) 5
B) 5.2
C) 6
D) 7

Question 24

The square root of the variance is called the:

A) squared deviation.
B) average squared deviation.
C) sum of the squared deviations.
D) standard deviation.

Question 25

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution is the:

A) median.
B) arithmetic average.
C) mean.
D) mode.

Question 26

The measure of variability that reflects the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a distribution is the:

A) standard deviation.
B) sum of squares.
C) variance.
D) range.

Question 27

If two sets of data have the same mean and the same range, they will also have:

A) the same variance.
B) the same standard deviation.
C) the same sum of squares.
D) none of these

Question 28

If you were told that the median of a distribution was greater than the mean, what would that tell you about the shape of the distribution?

A) It was negatively skewed.
B) It was positively skewed.
C) It was normal.
D) It would tell you nothing about the shape of the distribution.

Question 29

One reason to use standard scores instead of raw scores is:

A) to calculate a correlation coefficient.
B) to compare scores from two different distributions.
C) to compare the standard deviation and the mean.
D) all of these

Question 30

What technique can a researcher do to analyze data that is collected on different scales?

A) linear transformation
B) summing squares
C) plotting data on a scatter diagram
D) calculating the means

Question 31

To express a score in terms of its relative position in a distribution, you use:

A) the sum of squares.
B) the variance.
C) a standard score.
D) the mean.

Question 32

The average of the squared deviations from the mean is called:

A) variance.
B) sum of squares.
C) range.
D) standard deviation.

Question 33

When the independent variable represents a point on a continuum, the pictorial representation of the data should be:

A) a bar graph.
B) a frequency polygon.
C) a line graph.
D) either a bar graph or a line graph.

Question 34

Under what conditions would the median, mode, and mean be the same value?

A) when the distribution is positively skewed
B) when the distribution is bimodal
C) when the distribution is normal
D) when the distribution is negatively skewed

Question 35

When the independent variable represents categorical information, the pictorial representation of the data should be:

A) a bar graph.
B) a line graph.
C) a frequency polygon.
D) either a line graph or a frequency polygon.

Question 36

The measure of central tendency that takes all the scores in a data set into account is the:

A) mean.
B) median.
C) mode.
D) range.

Question 37

What is the median of the following scores: 9, 5, 4, 8, 10, 12?

A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 9.5

Question 38

If a group of scores are tightly clustered around the mean, they will have a:

A) small median.
B) small variance.
C) small N.
D) all of these

Question 39

When graphing measures of central tendency from experimental data, you place the ____ on the x-axis.

A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) measure of the central tendency
D) responses of the research participants

Question 40

Which of the following is not a measure of variability?

A) frequency
B) range
C) variance
D) standard deviation

Question 41

For a correlation to be meaningful, the relation between the two variables should be:

A) curvilinear.
B) linear.
C) >1.
D) positive.

Question 42

When you construct a scatter diagram, the variable that you plot on the y-axis is:

A) the independent variable.
B) the dependent variable.
C) either variable.
D) the frequency of response.

Question 43

If two variables are not related in any way, the coefficient of correlation must be:

A) -1
B) 1
C) 0
D) .5

Question 44

In a set of scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 5, what is the z score associated with a raw score of 95?

A) -5
B) 5
C) -1
D) 1

Question 45

What does it mean to say, "statistics do not know and do not care where numbers come from"?

Question 46

If the correlation between practice and performance accuracy is .80, how much of the variance in performance is not accounted for by practice?

A) 6.4%
B) 20%
C) 36%
D) 64%

Question 47

To determine the amount of variance in one measure due to the other measure you would calculate:

A) sum of squares.
B) z² $\times$ 100/SD.
C) r² $\times$ 100.
D) z-score.

Question 48

If the correlation between age and memory is -.30, how much of the variance in memory is accounted for by age?

A) .09%
B) .9%
C) 9%
D) 90%

Question 49

The distribution of z scores has:

A) a mean of 1 and a standard deviation of 2.
B) a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of -1.
C) a mean of 1 and a standard deviation of 1.
D) a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

Question 50

The statistical technique used to predict one variable from another is called:

A) a t-test.
B) transformation.
C) a z-test.
D) regression.

Question 51

If the correlation between two variables is -.80, then:

A) low scores on one variable are associated with high scores on the other variable.
B) low scores one variable are associated with low scores on the other variable.
C) high scores on one variable are associated with high scores on the other variable.
D) there is little relation between the two variables.

Question 52

The appropriate graph for a correlation is a:

A) frequency polygon.
B) scatter diagram.
C) line graph.
D) bar graph.

Question 53

One of the most common correlation coefficients is called:

A) range.
B) t score.
C) Pearson product moment correlation coefficient.
D) standard correlation.

Question 54

A scatter diagram that contains data points which are tightly clustered on a path that goes from the bottom left to the upper right is likely to depict a ____ correlation.

A) weak negative
B) strong positive
C) weak positive
D) strong negative

Question 55

A transformation that allows all scores to be positive with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10 is called a:

A) T score.
B) z score.
C) F score.
D) r score.

Question 56

The correlation coefficient is a value between:

A) -1.0 and +1.0.
B) the mean and standard deviation.
C) low score and high score.
D) .0 and +1.0.

Question 57

You have a study partner who says that she has an IQ of 130. Given that the mean IQ is 100 and the standard deviation is 15, what would you conclude about your partner?

A) She's pretty smart.
B) She's above average in intelligence.
C) Her intelligence z score is 2.00.
D) All of these.

Question 58

If your z score on a test is 0, your score is:

A) the worst in the class.
B) average.
C) above average.
D) below average.

Question 59

In a particular college class, most students are around 20 years of age. But there is a retired third-grader teacher in that class and she is 73 years old. Her age lies outside the normal pattern and would be consider to be a(n):

A) z-score.
B) outlier.
C) mean.
D) variable.

Question 60

Contrast the four scales of measurement.

Question 61

How will the shape of a frequency distribution change as variability changes?

Question 62

Why is the variance a preferred measure of variability to the range?

Question 63

What is the most commonly used measure of central tendency? Under what conditions is it inappropriate to use this measure? Why?

Question 64

Show how two distributions with the same mean can have different measures of variability. In which of the two distributions is the mean a "better" descriptor? Why?

Question 65

Describe why it might be appropriate to transform data.

Question 66

What advantage do standard scores give a researcher?

Question 67

Why would a researcher select regression to analyze data?

Question 68

Suppose that you were told that the mean score on this test was 72 with a standard deviation of 4 and that your z-score was -.5. What was your actual score on this test?

Question 69

Suppose the correlation between depression and memory loss was -.50. Draw a rough scatter diagram of this relation. How would you interpret this correlation? How much of the variance in memory may be accounted for by depression? How much is accounted for by something other than depression?

Question 70

Draw and describe a bimodal distribution, positively skewed distribution, and negatively skewed distribution.

Question 71

Graph the following results of an experiment: Mean weight loss for individuals on Diet A was 20 lbs., on Diet B was 30 lbs., and on Diet C was 40 lbs.