Deck 22: Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity　

Question 1

The number of species in a relatively small area of homogeneous habitat is called

A) regional diversity.
B) local diversity.
C) regional species pool.
D) gamma diversity.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which field considers the spatial arrangement of habitats at different scales?

A) community ecology
B) landscape ecology
C) ecosystem ecology
D) population ecology

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When habitat is fragmented, a(n) _____ forms along the edges.

A) ecotone
B) biome
C) mesocosm
D) microhabitat

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which is NOT a way that edge habitat differs from interior habitat?

A) Edge habitat has more sunlight.
B) Edge habitat has warmer temperatures.
C) Edge habitat has higher soil moisture.
D) Edge habitat has higher rates of evaporation.

Question 5

Regional species diversity is also called _____ diversity.

A) beta
B) alpha
C) delta
D) gamma

Question 6

Which of the following describes the log-log form of the species area curve?

A) log S + log c = z log A
B) log S = log c × z log A
C) log S = log c + z log A
D) log S + z log A = log c

Question 7

What do studies of Roman Empire settlements tell us about the legacy effects of humans on the landscape? How do human settlements cause legacy effects?

Question 8

All of the species in all of the habitats that constitute a large geographic area are called

A) regional diversity.
B) alpha diversity.
C) local diversity.
D) regional species pool.

Question 9

Arranging species in the regional pool among localities according to their adaptations and interactions is called _____ sorting.

A) biodiversity
B) species
C) gamma
D) alpha

Question 10

A long-lasting influence of historical processes on the current ecology of an area is called a _____ effect.

A) retention
B) landscape
C) legacy
D) spatial

Question 11

Eskers are legacy effects of

A) volcanic eruptions.
B) asteroid strikes.
C) glaciers.
D) floods.

Question 12

How does fire cause habitat heterogeneity?

Question 13

Researchers studying soil conditions and plant species between 0 and 500 meters from former Roman settlements found that sites closer to settlements had

A) lower soil pH.
B) more available nitrogen.
C) greater species richness.
D) less species richness.

Question 14

Local species diversity is also called _____ diversity.

A) gamma
B) beta
C) alpha
D) delta

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an effect of fragmentation of a large contiguous habitat?

A) The amount of edge habitat decreases.
B) The total amount of habitat decreases.
C) The number of habitat patches increases.
D) Patch isolation increases.

Question 16

A regional species pool is the collection of species

A) that occur within a region.
B) that occur between two habitats.
C) in a relatively small area of homogeneous habitat.
D) in a large area of homogeneous habitat.

Question 17

As habitat _____, species diversity _____.

A) homogeneity decreases; decreases
B) homogeneity increases; increases
C) heterogeneity decreases; increases
D) heterogeneity increases; increases

Question 18

Which of the following equations describes the species-area curve?

A) S = cA^z
B) A = cS^z
C) S = czA
D) SA = cz

Question 19

A classic study by MacArthur and Wilson demonstrated that as the size of islands increases, species

A) richness increases.
B) richness decreases.
C) population size increases.
D) population size decreases.

Question 20

In species-area curves, S represents

A) number of species.
B) area of the site.
C) species diversity.
D) a constant fitted to the data.

Question 21

A graph of the number of species observed in relation to the number of individuals sampled is called a species _____ curve.

A) increase
B) accretion
C) accumulation
D) area

Question 22

Given average temperature and humidity, potential evapotranspiration is the amount of water that could be

A) evaporated from the soil.
B) transpired by plants.
C) evaporated from the habitat.
D) evaporated from the soil and transpired by plants.

Question 23

In North America, reptile diversity is greatest in the

A) south.
B) east.
C) west.
D) north.

Question 24

How can we apply the theory of island biogeography to determine which characteristics might give a nature reserve the highest probable success rate in preserving a region's biodiversity? Discuss size, number, proximity, spatial arrangement, connectivity, and shape of the reserve.

Question 25

Smaller islands at equilibrium contain fewer species than larger islands at equilibrium because smaller islands have

A) less colonization.
B) greater extinction.
C) greater isolation.
D) greater emigration.

Question 26

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which statement about reserve designs is TRUE?

A) Small reserves are better than large reserves.
B) Oval reserves are better than circular reserves.
C) One large reserve is better than many small reserves.
D) Remote reserves are better than nearby reserves.

Question 27

Species
Community A
Community B
Betula lenta
42
29
Acer saccharum
33
35
Acer pensylvanicum
12
20
Fagus grandifoia
10
1
Tilia Americana
1
8
Quercus rubra
9
2
Prunus serotina
1
1
Robinia pseudoacacia
3
8
Acer rubrum
1
2
Prunus pensylvanica
2
0
The table lists tree species observed in communities A and B. Based on these data, calculate the estimated number of species in each community. How does the number of species represented by single individuals affect the estimated number of species in the community?

Question 28

Islands at equilibrium that are farther from the mainland contain fewer species than nearer islands at equilibrium because farther islands have

A) less colonization.
B) greater emigration.
C) less isolation.
D) greater extinction.

Question 29

In the Northern Hemisphere, the number of species of plants generally

A) decreases from east to west.
B) increases from east to west.
C) decreases from north to south.
D) increases from north to south.

Question 30

In the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, occurs where extinction _____ colonization.

A) is greater than
B) equals
C) is less than
D) None of the above

Question 31

The equilibrium theory of island biogeography states that the number of species on an island reflects a balance between

A) emigration of existing species and extinction of existing species.
B) colonization of new species and extinction of existing species.
C) evolution of new species and emigration of existing species.
D) colonization of new species and emigration of existing species.

Question 32

MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography considers both species-area relationships and

A) biomes.
B) productivity.
C) isolation.
D) environment.

Question 33

In North America, the number of species of mammals generally

A) increases from north to south.
B) decreases from north to south.
C) increases from east to west.
D) decreases from east to west.

Question 34

Small intervening patches that dispersing organisms can use to move between large favorable habitats are called

A) habitat corridors.
B) stepping stones.
C) glades.
D) matrix pathways.

Question 35

PET is a measurement that combines the amount of solar radiation and

A) temperature.
B) precipitation.
C) transpiration.
D) evaporation.

Question 36

For marine organisms, the highest diversity is seen at _____ and the lowest diversity is seen at _____.

A) low longitudes; high longitudes
B) high longitudes; low longitudes
C) low latitudes; high latitudes
D) high latitudes; low latitudes

Question 37

How does habitat fragmentation increase the total edge habitat? Describe the effect of habitat fragmentation on a 600-meter by 600-meter forest plot that has been divided into nine 200-meter by 200-meter sections using calculations of edge size.

Question 38

In North America, amphibian diversity is greatest in the

A) northeast.
B) northwest.
C) southeast.
D) southwest.

Question 39

Researchers in the Florida Keys fumigated islands to remove most arthropods and then observed colonization of species over time. The fumigated islands were near other islands, far from other islands, or at intermediate distances from other islands. What did their results show?

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT associated with low terrestrial diversity?

A) recent glaciation
B) variation in vegetation
C) high temperature
D) low precipitation

Question 41

Why does Australia have a wide variety of unique animals and plants? Give examples.

Question 42

According to the _____ hypothesis, sites with higher amounts of energy are able to support more species.

A) energetic-diversity
B) energy-diversity
C) energy-biodiversity
D) bioenergetics-diversity

Question 43

Time since glaciation is one possible predictor of species diversity. Explain how time since glaciation leads to differences in terrestrial diversity between polar and tropical regions.

Question 44

Which biogeographic region is also called the Oriental region?

A) Indomalayan
B) Afrotropical
C) Australian
D) Palearctic

Question 45

Marine environments are most diverse in _____ environments and most productive in _____ environments.

A) tropical; tropical
B) tropical; temperate
C) temperate; tropical
D) temperate; temperate

Question 46

When the continents divided 60 million years ago, there was a land bridge between

A) Africa and Europe.
B) India and Asia.
C) North America and South America.
D) Asia and North America.

Question 47

You own a small backyard lot behind your home that you have fertilized and mowed consistently over the years as a lawn. You decide you want to refocus your backyard lot and emphasize species diversity. What might you do to your backyard lot to enhance species diversity?

Question 48

The movement of landmasses across the surface of Earth is called

A) tectonic spread.
B) Pangaea.
C) continental drift.
D) continental divide.

Question 49

Discuss the confounding issue that areas are losing species while at the same time increasing in biodiversity.

Question 50

North and South America were joined by the Isthmus of Panama

A) 3 million to 6 million years ago.
B) 10 million to 12 million years ago.
C) 5 million to 8 million years ago.
D) 1 million to 2 million years ago.

Question 51

About 250 million years ago, all of Earth's landmasses were joined as a single landmass called

A) Pangaea.
B) Gondwana.
C) Laurasia.
D) Indomalaysia.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a Southern Hemisphere biogeographic region?

A) Afrotropical
B) Indomalayan
C) Nearctic
D) Neotropical

Question 53

(Figure 22.24) As you can see in the figure, species richness for animals and plants increases with average potential evapotranspiration, but the curves level off at high levels of evapotranspiration. Why are high levels of evapotranspiration associated with a plateau in species richness?

Question 54

Eventually _____ split into South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India.

A) Gondwana
B) Pangaea
C) Indomalaysia
D) Laurasia

Question 55

In which biogeographic region is Egypt?

A) Neotropical
B) Afrotropical
C) Indomalayan
D) Palearctic

Question 56

(Figure 22.27) What caused changing tree distributions seen in the figure? As global warming increases temperatures, what can be expected to happen to tree distributions of spruce, hemlock, and oak?

Question 57

Landmass movement occurs because islands of _____ rock are moved by _____ currents of semimolten material.

A) high-density; convection
B) low-density; convection
C) high-density; conduction
D) low-density; conduction

Question 58

About 150 million years ago the single landmass separated into northern and southern landmasses called

A) Laurasia and Gondwana.
B) Gondwana and Afrotropica.
C) Pangaea and Laurasia.
D) Nearctica and Palearctica.

Question 59

In which biogeographic region is the United States?

A) Neotropical
B) Nearctic
C) Palearctic
D) Indomalayan

Question 60

Eventually _____ split into North America, Europe, and Asia.

A) Gondwana
B) Pangaea
C) Laurasia
D) Neotropica

Question 61

On which type of island should we expect to see the lowest level of biodiversity when equilibrium is reached?

A) a small island located far from the source of colonizing species
B) a small island located nearer to the source of colonizing species
C) a large island located far from the source of colonizing species
D) a large island located nearer to the source of colonizing species

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT true with regard to the species-area relationship?

A) The relationship only holds for terrestrial environments and not aquatic (i.e., wetlands).
B) The species-area curve is represented by the equation S = cA^z.
C) The relationship is not always represented as a linear relationship.
D) The relationship is found among various taxa.

Question 63

The bronzed cowbird is a species of bird that thrives in edge habitat. This species is a nest parasite, which means what?

A) The female of the species takes over the nests built by other species and incubates and raises its young in these nests.
B) The male of the species steals nest materials from the nests of other species to be used in building its own nests.
C) The male and female of the species destroy the nests of other birds and then claim the location as their own to build their own nest.
D) The female of the species lays her eggs in the nests of other species and then departs, leaving the eggs to be incubated by the other species and the young to be raised by the other species.

Question 64

The reduction in habitat size resulting from fragmentation causes a decline in species diversity for what reason?

A) Fragments are more diverse, leading to greater specialization.
B) Fragments are more diverse, leading to greater generalization.
C) Fragments support smaller populations that are more prone to extinction.
D) Fragments tend to have more predators than unfragmented areas.

Question 65

According to researchers, how has forest fragmentation led to the potential higher rate of exposure to Lyme disease?

A) Forest fragmentation has led to a decrease in population size of the bird species that feed on ticks.
B) Forest fragmentation has led to a warmer and drier environment that is not suitable for tick growth.
C) Forest fragmentation has led to an increase white-footed mice populations that are serve as hosts for ticks
D) Forest fragmentation has led more human contact with the smaller parcels of forests

Question 66

Based on MacArthur and Wilson's equilibrium theory of island biogeography at Ŝ,

A) the rate of colonization exceeds the rate of extinction.
B) the number of species on the island stays the same though the actual species present on the island may be changing.
C) the rate of extinction exceeds the rate of colonization.
D) the number of species on the island stays the same and the actual species present on the island is unchanging.

Question 67

Discuss what MacArthur and Wilson meant by the species-area curve. What implications does this curve have for the management of nature centers/reserves?

Question 68

Why are nature reserves that are more circular more likely to be preferred than nature reserves that are more oval in shape?

A) Oval-shaped nature reserves act more like corridors; thus, species are less likely to reside in them as compared to circular-shaped nature reserves.
B) Oval-shaped nature reserves have more edge and less interior than do more circular-shaped nature reserves; thus, oval-shaped nature reserves will favor edge species.
C) In circular-shaped nature reserves, edge species are all equidistant to the center of the reserve.
D) There is no difference between oval-shaped and circular-shaped nature reserves based solely on their geometric shape.