Deck 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

In the context of altruism, people who are apathetic are more likely to help people in need.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Men tend to emphasize the following in a romantic partner: consideration, kindness, and thrift.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In the Milgram studies on obedience, lack of social comparison was a factor contributing to why people complied to perform immoral tasks.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Research reveals that people who say that drinking alcohol, smoking, and drunken driving are serious threats to their health curb these activities.

Question 5

Groupthink can be averted if group leaders encourage members to remain skeptical about options and to feel free to ask probing questions and disagree with one another.

Question 6

All prejudices involve stereotyping but not all stereotypes lead to prejudices.

Question 7

The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.

Question 8

Altruism is a form of discrimination.

Question 9

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to situations, not their dispositions.

Question 10

From the behavioral perspective, organisms that are reinforced for aggressive behavior are more likely to behave aggressively in situations similar to those in which reinforcement occurs.

Question 11

One reason for the fundamental attribution error is that in the West, people tend to infer traits from social roles and obligations.

Question 12

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, consummate love is romantic love plus infatuation.

Question 13

Even though the accident happened directly in front of the crowd, no one called the authorities. This is an example of the bystander effect.

Question 14

The elaboration likelihood model has three different factors that can change our attitudes.

Question 15

Cross-cultural studies on mate selection find that men tend to place relatively greater emphasis on professional status, consideration, dependability, kindness, and fondness for children.

Question 16

In cultures that view the self as independent, people tend to make dispositional attributions.

Question 17

In the context of changing attitudes through persuasion, fear appeals are most effective when the audience believes that the risks are insignificant.

Question 18

Asch's research was focused on studying obedience.

Question 19

Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim.

Question 20

Intergroup contact heightens awareness of individual variation, and this knowledge can lead us to abandon stereotypical thinking.

Question 21

What are the names of the two terms your text discusses with regard to why we typically develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to us?

A)propinquity and reciprocity
B)selective exposure and selective avoidance
C)intimacy and passion
D)dispositional and situational attributions

Question 22

__________ involves championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

A)Intimacy
B)Desire
C)Commitment
D)Acceptance

Question 23

A reason people tend to have partners from the same background is _________.

A)discrimination
B)propinquity
C)reciprocity
D)stereotyping

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

A)Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.
B)Men have higher estrogen levels than women do and are also more aggressive than women, especially with male strangers.
C)Unlike animals that solely depend on hormones, empathy is one of the major contributors in bringing about aggression in humans.
D)In nonhumans, aggressive reactions are not automatic.

Question 25

Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend James fails to submit his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was too lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________.

A)obedience to authority
B)actor-observer effect
C)foot-in-the-door technique
D)bystander effect

Question 26

Strong attitudes are more likely to determine behavior than weak attitudes.

Question 27

Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support without sexual feelings for each other. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates ___________.

A)passion
B)empty love
C)intimacy
D)infatuation

Question 28

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

A)It does not involve prejudice.
B)Isolation from in-groups makes it easier to maintain our stereotypes.
C)Stereotypes are evaluated on the basis of central cues.
D)Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive.

Question 29

Attitude formation is a fully mechanical process.

Question 30

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is true of the majority-wins scheme?

A)If a jury is deadlocked, the members may eventually follow the lead of the first juror to switch his or her position.
B)The group tends to adopt the decision that reflects the first shift in opinion expressed by any group member.
C)The group comes to recognize that one approach is objectively correct.
D)It is the most commonly used social decision scheme.

Question 31

Asch's study using line judgments was able to demonstrate __________.

A)the effects of obedience.
B)the influence of social perception.
C)prejudice.
D)the effects of social conformity.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

A)People find it useful when they are confronted with information that counters their own views.
B)Audiences believe arguments that appear to agree with the vested interests of the communicator.
C)Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.
D)Stereotyping, a type of persuasive communication, influences behavior on the basis of arousing rational analysis of the issues.

Question 33

Hal is experiencing a state of cognitive dissonance, which of the following scenarios will not help to reduce it?

A)A change in behavior.
B)A change in attitude.
C)A change in the beliefs.
D)A change in consequences.

Question 34

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the __________.

A)polarization effect
B)actor-observer effect
C)bystander effect
D)recency effect

Question 35

In the experiment on social influence conducted by Solomon Asch, the discomfort faced by the participants in the study was caused by __________.

A)high self-esteem
B)the pressure to conform
C)decreased social shyness
D)the lack of social comparison

Question 36

Norbert, a musician, wanted to produce his own solo album under a budget of $50,000. However, when he changed the project into a group album with his bandmates, Norbert escalated the budget to $200,000. In this scenario, Norbert is displaying a group effect known as __________.

A)stereotyping
B)polarization
C)deindividuation
D)mob behavior

Question 37

On a(n) __________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.

A)cognitive
B)social
C)emotional
D)behavioral

Question 38

Keisha takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. She knows that her interviewers will evaluate her based on the first impression she creates. In this scenario, the impression created by Keisha is an example of the__________.

A)actor-observer effect
B)fear appeal
C)primacy effect
D)fundamental attribution error

Question 39

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by ___________.

A)repressed impulses stored in the unconscious recesses of the mind
B)suspension of negative punishment on aggressive stimuli
C)instinctive reaction to the frustrations of daily life
D)observation of other people acting aggressively

Question 40

Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?

A)It states that people tend to develop romantic relationships with wealthy people.
B)It reiterates the popular notion that opposites attract.
C)It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction.
D)It states that marriages are made in heaven.

Question 41

__________ is a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing anxiety and concern instead of rational analysis of the issues.

A)Selective exposure
B)The actor-observer effect
C)Fear appeal
D)The recency effect

Question 42

______ is a hostile behavior directed against groups toward whom one is prejudiced and _________ is an attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively.

A)Discrimination; prejudice
B)Prejudice; discrimination
C)Selective avoidance; fear appeal
D)Fear appeal; selective avoidance

Question 43

In Stanley Milgram's study, whenever some of the "teachers" would hesitate his research assistants would say one of the following, except for:

A)"Although the shocks may be painful, there is no permanent tissue damage, so please go on."
B)"The experiment requires that you continue."
C)"It is absolutely essential that you continue."
D)"You cannot stop, the experiment must continue."

Question 44

When Shaina is about to begin her speech in class, she notices that a few of her classmates are whispering among themselves. She becomes nervous that she might be boring to her audience and gets distracted. In this scenario, the presence of the classmates is not likely to facilitate her performance due to _________.

A)social pressure
B)deindividuation
C)evaluation apprehension
D)diffusion of responsibility

Question 45

According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall, ___________ is a source of prejudice.

A)similarity
B)social conflict
C)altruism
D)reciprocity

Question 46

According to the study conducted by Sprecher and Felmlee in 2008, U.S. women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who __________.

A)is not good-looking
B)is from a different background
C)does not hold a steady job
D)is better educated and younger

Question 47

Elena was curious if what someone says corresponds with how they actually behave. Which of the following was not a factor discussed by your text?

A)specificity of attitudes
B)how the attitude was formed
C)strength of attitudes
D)accessibility of attitudes

Question 48

In the context of group behavior, __________ is the concern that others are assessing one's behavior.

A)cognitive appraisal
B)evaluation apprehension
C)fear appeal
D)social perception

Question 49

In the context of aggression, which of the following is a perspective of social-cognitive theorists?

A)They believe that aggression is a natural and instinctive reaction to the frustrations of daily life.
B)They believe that consciousness and choice play key roles in aggressive behavior among humans.
C)They believe that aggressive skills are mainly acquired by repressing most aggressive impulses in the unconscious recesses of the mind.
D)They believe that chemistry is involved in aggression, especially in the form of the male sex hormone testosterone.

Question 50

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

A)Altruism
B)Hedonism
C)Primacy
D)Recency

Question 51

_________ is one of the three components in Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love.

A)Conformity
B)Commitment
C)Reward
D)Responsibility

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?

A)Group leaders encourage members to remain skeptical about options in a groupthink.
B)Members of a group perform all their actions with their own volition.
C)When a group senses an external threat, groupthink turns into a group problem.
D)External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

Question 53

Mark and Tracy are close friends from second grade. They share their feelings with each other, but they lack passion or commitment. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, Mark and Tracy's love is a form of _________.

A)empty love
B)infatuation
C)liking
D)fatuous love

Question 54

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is true of passion?

A)It is insignificant in short-term relationships.
B)It means deciding to enhance and maintain a relationship.
C)It does not involve sexual craving.
D)It involves preoccupation with the loved one.

Question 55

In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's __________.

A)personality
B)social roles and obligations
C)age and health
D)attitude

Question 56

__________ believe that we are not likely to act aggressively unless we believe that aggression is appropriate under the circumstances and likely to be reinforced.

A)Social-cognitive theorists
B)Motivational theorists
C)Psychodynamic theorists
D)Dispositional theorists

Question 57

In the context of sources of prejudice, when people view those who belong to their own groups more favorably than those who do not, they are involved in _________.

A)social learning
B)social facilitation
C)social categorization
D)social conflict

Question 58

As it relates to attitude formation, the _________ perspective proposed that we are motivated to understand the environment so that they can make predictions and exercise some control over it.

A)cognitive appraisal
B)attitude-discrepant
C)effort justification
D)learning

Question 59

Talya, a girl from a wealthy family, is seen constantly mocking students who are impoverished. Her class teacher believes that Talya derives her condescending tone from her parents, who display similar behavior toward the poor. In this scenario, the class teacher is __________.

A)using the foot-in-the-door technique
B)influenced by evaluation apprehension
C)making a situational attribution
D)engaged in social loafing

Question 60

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _________ refers to a couple's closeness, to their mutual concern and sharing of feelings and resources.

A)infatuation
B)passion
C)commitment
D)intimacy

Question 61

Which of the following characteristics is an aspect of groupthink that contributes to flawed decisions?

A)The group's belief in its rightness.
B)Considering information contrary to the group's decision.
C)Feelings of vulnerability.
D)Stereotyping members of the in-group.

Question 62

We tend to live among people who are similar to us in background, and we therefore come into contact with them more often. This reflects __________.

A)propinquity
B)recency
C)behavior
D)catharsis

Question 63

Which of the following factors increases the tendency to conform?

A)belonging to a collectivist society
B)decreased social shyness
C)high self-esteem
D)valuing being right over being liked

Question 64

According to Lauren (2018) and Layton and Smith (2017) which of the following factors is not a reason as to why prejudiced people select their targets?

A)Dissimilarity.
B)Social conflict.
C)Social learning.
D)Lack of familiarity.

Question 65

What type of attributional style claims that people who are kind are just "nice" people all around?

A)situational attributions
B)dispositional attributions
C)fundamental attribution
D)actor-observer attribution

Question 66

Which of the following statements is true of attribution theory?

A)Fundamental attribution error arises because we tend to infer traits from the social environment.
B)We are likely to attribute our successes to external, situational factors but our failures to internal factors.
C)When we see other people doing things that we do not like, we tend to see them as victims.
D)We are biased toward making dispositional attributions when we explain other people's behavior.

Question 67

From the behavioral perspective, which of the following statements is true of aggression?

A)Unlike nonhumans, humans do not respond to physical reinforcements.
B)Strong, agile organisms are likely to be reinforced for aggressive behavior.
C)Aggressive skills can be learned through repressed impulses.
D)Aggressive skills are mainly acquired by observation of other people acting aggressively.

Question 68

A research experiment was conducted on people's attitude toward a particular section of the society. After the experiment, the participants were requested to donate a small amount for the research organization. When they agreed and donated, they were followed with more requests for bigger donations. This is an example of ____________.

A)social comparison
B)the fear appeal
C)the foot-in-the-door technique
D)social facilitation

Question 69

People are said to __________ when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms.

A)conform
B)rebel
C)groupthink
D)facilitate

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true of social facilitation?

A)It is the process by which a person's performance is decreased in a group.
B)At high levels of arousal, our performance of simple tasks is facilitated.
C)It is a method for inducing compliance in which a small request is followed by a larger request.
D)It is the process by which a person's performance is increased when other members of a group engage in similar behavior.

Question 71

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as __________.

A)elaborations
B)eustress
C)attitudes
D)values

Question 72

Sternberg's consummate love is made up of ____________.

A)romantic love and commitment
B)intimacy, desire, and commitment
C)passion and acceptance
D)desire and intimacy

Question 73

In cognitive-dissonance theory, _________ is the tendency of people to seek explanations for their own behavior in such a way that unpleasant undertakings seem worth it.

A)situational attribution
B)attitude-discrepant behavior
C)selective exposure
D)effort justification

Question 74

The strong tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors is called the __________.

A)self-serving bias
B)actor-observer effect
C)fundamental attribution error
D)peripheral route error

Question 75

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, identify a true statement about passion.

A)It involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness.
B)It involves closeness and caring-championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.
C)It refers to the enhancement and maintenance of a relationship.
D)It is absent in romantic love.

Question 76

Which of the following brain structures is associated with instinctive aggressive reactions in nonhumans?

A)amygdala
B)hippocampus
C)cerebellum
D)hypothalamus

Question 77

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _________ means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship.

A)infatuation
B)passion
C)commitment
D)liking

Question 78

Jessie and her mother argue about Jessie's choice of friends and dates. Her mother thinks Jessie is stubborn and resistant. Jessie thinks her mother is bossy and controlling. The assumptions are examples of __________.

A)dispositional attributions
B)situational attributions
C)conformity
D)deindividuation

Question 79

In the context of aggression, which of the following is a perspective of cognitive psychologists?

A)Cognitive psychologists believe that aggression is a natural and instinctive reaction to the frustrations of daily life.
B)Cognitive psychologists believe aggressive behavior is not influenced by choice.
C)People decide whether they will lash out or not on the basis of their interpretation of the other person's motives.
D)People who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who oppose aggression under all circumstances, are more likely to behave aggressively.

Question 80

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of _________.

A)an implicit social norm
B)selective exposure
C)social facilitation
D)a stereotype