Deck 11: Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

Most of the calcium needed during pregnancy is supplied via:

A) increased intake.
B) increased absorption.
C) decreased excretion.
D) increased metabolic efficiency.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

It is important that energy needs in pregnancy are met so that:

A) maternal vitamin stores are spared.
B) optimal fetal growth is ensured.
C) adipose tissue stores are spared.
D) adequate blood volume is provided.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Increased protein is necessary in pregnancy for fetal tissue growth and:

A) growth of maternal organs.
B) sparing carbohydrates for energy needs.
C) reducing colloidal osmotic pressure.
D) decreasing maternal circulating blood volume.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The fetal origins hypothesis supports the idea that nutrition during gestation may affect:

A) the birth weight of the baby.
B) the risk of chronic disease in adulthood.
C) the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
D) cognitive development in the infant.

Question 5

Normal physiologic changes occurring in pregnancy include:

A) decreased basal metabolic rate.
B) decreased cardiac output.
C) increased blood volume.
D) increased blood glucose level.

Question 6

Doses of iron supplements recommended for women who are anemic at the time of conception are generally:

A) 10 to 20 mg/day.
B) 30 to 60 mg/day.
C) 50 to 80 mg/day.
D) 60 to 120 mg/day.

Question 7

Inadequate intake of iodine during pregnancy may cause the infant to have:

A) hypothyroidism.
B) hyperemesis.
C) hypoglycemia.
D) hypertension.

Question 8

A type of diet that would be inappropriate during pregnancy is a:

A) low-fat diet.
B) low-carbohydrate diet.
C) vegetarian diet.
D) high-fiber diet.

Question 9

A factor that influences individual nutrient needs during pregnancy is:

A) socioeconomic status.
B) age of the father.
C) cultural food habits.
D) prepregnancy weight.

Question 10

The structure responsible for providing fetal nourishment is called the:

A) endometrium.
B) placenta.
C) intestines.
D) amniotic fluid.

Question 11

The life continuum concept can best be described as:

A) the effect of the mother's eating habits throughout her life on the infant.
B) the passing of genetic traits from the mother and father to the infant.
C) the continuing transmission of nutritional heritage, practices, and beliefs from parents to children.
D) the continuing interaction of parents and children throughout their lifetime.

Question 12

Compared with nonpregnant women, pregnant women require greater intakes of:

A) iron.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) fluoride.

Question 13

Iron supplements that are well absorbed and may cause less gastrointestinal distress are:

A) ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate.
B) ferrous fumarate and ferrous gluconate.
C) ferric maleate and ferric phosphate.
D) ferrous nitrate and ferrous hydroxide.

Question 14

A situation that best illustrates the concept of synergism is:

A) aging.
B) pregnancy.
C) infancy.
D) adolescence.

Question 15

Pregnant women need adequate intakes of the essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid to support:

A) cardiac and respiratory development.
B) visual and cognitive development.
C) blood volume and fluid balance.
D) adipose stores and bone development.

Question 16

Craving and intake of unusual nonfood substances is known as:

A) pica.
B) bulimia.
C) foraging.
D) compulsive eating.

Question 17

The perinatal concept refers to the:

A) period of physical gestation.
B) period immediately before conception.
C) scope of factors surrounding a birth.
D) scope of the mother's nutritional status.

Question 18

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the respective increase in daily energy intake recommended in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is:

A) 140 and 252 kcal.
B) 240 and 352 kcal.
C) 340 and 452 kcal.
D) 440 and 552 kcal.

Question 19

Factors that affect the outcome of pregnancy include the number of previous pregnancies and live births and:

A) the woman's height.
B) amount of milk intake.
C) work outside the home.
D) the time interval between them.

Question 20

During pregnancy, women usually need to increase their energy intake by about:

A) 5% to 10%.
B) 10% to 15%.
C) 15% to 20%.
D) 20% to 25%.

Question 21

The best way to relieve constipation during pregnancy is to:

A) increase intake of fluids and foods high in dietary fiber.
B) use a stool softener.
C) use a natural fiber supplement and increase fluid intake.
D) drink fruit juice.

Question 22

The component that makes the most variable contribution to weight gain during pregnancy is:

A) fat.
B) water.
C) protein.
D) carbohydrate.

Question 23

After the first trimester, average weekly weight gain during pregnancy for a woman whose weight is normal prior to pregnancy should be about:

A) 0.5 lb.
B) 1.0 lb.
C) 1.5 lb.
D) 2.0 lb.

Question 24

If a woman has a body mass index (BMI) of 18.0 before pregnancy and she gains 26 lb during her pregnancy, her weight gain would be considered to be:

A) below the normal range.
B) at the low end of the normal range.
C) at the high end of the normal range.
D) above the normal range.

Question 25

Adequate folate intake before and during pregnancy helps prevent:

A) neural tube defects.
B) phenylketonuria.
C) gestational diabetes mellitus.
D) human immunodeficiency virus.

Question 26

For women of normal prepregnancy weight, an acceptable weight gain during pregnancy would be:

A) less than 25 lb.
B) 25 to 35 lb.
C) 35 to 45 lb.
D) 45 to 50 lb.

Question 27

The need for B-complex vitamins increases during pregnancy because of increased:

A) iron needs.
B) hemoglobin synthesis.
C) vitamin excretion.
D) metabolic activities.

Question 28

A factor that contributes to development of constipation during pregnancy is:

A) increased fluid intake.
B) tension and anxiety.
C) placental hormones and uterine enlargement.
D) eating more high-fiber foods.

Question 29

A maternal factor before pregnancy that increases nutritional risk during pregnancy is:

A) unusual food habits.
B) infertility.
C) use of decaffeinated coffee.
D) vegetarian diet.

Question 30

A personal habit or behavior that should be discouraged during pregnancy is:

A) exercise.
B) sexual intercourse.
C) low-fat diet.
D) smoking.

Question 31

The effect of folic acid deficiency during pregnancy is:

A) paralysis.
B) megaloblastic anemia.
C) pernicious anemia.
D) pellagra.

Question 32

During the first trimester of pregnancy, a woman who drinks several cups of coffee as well as caffeinated soft drinks throughout the day has an increased risk of:

A) spontaneous abortion.
B) low blood pressure.
C) decreased fetal heart rate.
D) increased appetite.

Question 33

A medication or supplement that can contribute to pregnant women having spontaneous abortions or malformed infants is:

A) ascorbic acid.
B) folic acid.
C) retinoic acid.
D) lipoic acid.

Question 34

To control symptoms of morning sickness, pregnant women should:

A) eat foods with strong aromas.
B) drink plenty of fluids with meals.
C) eat small, frequent meals and snacks.
D) decrease intake of foods high in carbohydrates.

Question 35

Ankle edema during pregnancy is:

A) a normal occurrence in most women.
B) a sign of a serious complication in most women.
C) the result of drinking too much fluid.
D) most likely to occur during the first trimester.

Question 36

A condition of severe, prolonged, and persistent vomiting in pregnancy is called:

A) hyperemesis gravidarum.
B) placenta previa.
C) preeclampsia.
D) bulimia nervosa.

Question 37

Most weight gained during pregnancy consists of:

A) water.
B) fat.
C) protein.
D) carbohydrate.

Question 38

During the first trimester of pregnancy, a total weight gain of 7 lb would be considered to be:

A) below the recommended range.
B) within the recommended range.
C) above the recommended range.
D) a sign of a serious problem.

Question 39

For women who are overweight before pregnancy, an acceptable weight gain during pregnancy would be:

A) a maximum of 10 lb.
B) 10 to 15 lb.
C) 15 to 25 lb.
D) 26 to 35 lb.

Question 40

Pregnant adolescents are at high nutritional risk because:

A) they are still learning about self-care.
B) they generally have poor eating habits.
C) their own growth is incomplete.
D) their parents are likely to disapprove of the pregnancy.

Question 41

The effects of pregnancy on maternal blood volume and red cell mass during pregnancy are:

A) maternal blood volume increases and red cell mass decreases.
B) maternal blood volume decreases and red cell mass increases.
C) both maternal blood volume and red cell mass increase.
D) both maternal blood volume and red cell mass decrease.

Question 42

The diet of a lactating mother should include extra:

A) fat and calories.
B) protein and fluids.
C) vitamin D only.
D) carbohydrates only.

Question 43

For infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive mothers, breastfeeding is:

A) always recommended.
B) never recommended.
C) not recommended when safe alternatives are available.
D) only recommended if the mother's nutritional status is adequate.

Question 44

If a pregnant woman's urine indicates the presence of glycosuria, the woman should be monitored for development of:

A) anemia.
B) diabetes.
C) phenylketonuria.
D) hypertension.

Question 45

Pregnant women with megaloblastic anemia usually have diets that are low in:

A) iron.
B) folate.
C) iodine.
D) pyridoxine.

Question 46

Pregnancy-induced hypertension is most likely to occur in the:

A) first trimester.
B) second trimester.
C) third trimester.
D) second and third trimesters.

Question 47

Research suggests that pregnancy-induced hypertension is related to diets that are deficient in protein, kilocalories (kcalories or kcal), and:

A) calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
B) iron, zinc, and folate.
C) vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin B₁₂.
D) iodine and B vitamins.

Question 48

Advantages of breastfeeding for the mother include:

A) more freedom.
B) fewer infections.
C) easier weight loss.
D) no need to exercise.

Question 49

Nutritional treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension should focus on:

A) sodium restriction.
B) fluid restriction.
C) optimal nutrition.
D) increased calories.

Question 50

A mother with phenylketonuria can have a successful pregnancy if she:

A) eliminates dairy products.
B) follows a high-protein diet.
C) follows a low-phenylalanine diet.
D) consumes adequate folic acid.

Question 51

The most common cause of anemia during pregnancy is:

A) folic acid deficiency.
B) lack of intrinsic factor.
C) iron deficiency.
D) lack of vitamin B₁₂.