Deck 2: Managing Demographic and Cultural Diversity

Question 1

A meta-analysis is a study that _____.

A)Focuses on factors that are easily quantifiable to draw conclusions
B)Represents the association between two variables
C)Combines the evidence from numerous studies to draw general conclusions
D)Advocates the use of rules and procedures in organizational tasks

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following concepts was highlighted by Philip Selznick during the beliefs era?

A)Human relations
B)Bureaucracy
C)Total quality management
D)Institutionalization

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following maxims were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth most well-known for in the scientific management community?

A)Finding the best way to perform a task
B)Applying bureaucratic usefulness to the organization
C)Finding critical human relations in organizations
D)Applying total quality management to every task

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Mary Parker Follet made a significant contribution in the area of _____.

A)Institutionalization
B)Bureaucracy
C)Total quality management
D)Human relations

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true of conventional OB research?

A)The perceived objectivity of the conventional approach makes it difficult to implement.
B)Many conventional OB research designs have a quantitative or positivistic orientation.
C)Conventional OB research is more likely to engage in qualitative research designs.
D)Measuring the views of multiple stakeholders can be easily done by quantitative methods.

Question 6

The ____________ highlights the complex interdependences between individuals,features of organizations,and the broader organizational context.

A)Bureaucratic approach
B)Systems theory
C)Obstructionist stance
D)Beliefs theory

Question 7

Which of the following concepts emerged during the beliefs era?

A)Human relations
B)Bureaucracy
C)Total quality management
D)Social construction of reality

Question 8

With conventional OB,management is ethically obligated to _____.

A)Take care of economic as well as social goals
B)All the stakeholders
C)The organization's owners
D)Care for the natural environment

Question 9

Which of the following conclusions was an outcome of further studies on the research done by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company?

A)Workers' productivity will increase whenever managers give them special attention.
B)Organizations can be managed in an impersonal manner.
C)Institutionalized social norms and expectations control people's actions by setting up predefined patterns of behaviour.
D)Authority should go to the person who holds the position of manager.

Question 10

Which of the following statements represents the views of W.Edwards Deming?

A)Variability in quality of output is largely attributable to organizational systems and processes.
B)Institutionalized social norms and expectations control people's actions by setting up predefined patterns of behaviour.
C)Workers' productivity will increase whenever managers give them special attention.
D)Work should be organized based on rules and procedures and reporting relationships should be designed to maximize efficiency.

Question 11

Which of the following is considered one of the major issues in the sustainability era of organizational behaviour (OB)?

A)People are not questioning the systems responsible for the wide gap between the rich and the poor.
B)Ecological sustainability is not important for organizations to remain competitive and viable.
C)People are increasingly acting with regard to less tangible concerns such as aesthetics and spirituality.
D)Research suggests that people are more interested in materialistic and economic rewards.

Question 12

According to Max Weber,the scientific management approach contributed to the rise of the _____.

A)Stakeholder approach
B)Bureaucratic organization
C)One best way approach
D)Total quality management

Question 13

Which of the following trends have emerged during the sustainability era?

A)People are not questioning the systems responsible for the wide gap between the rich and the poor.
B)Ecological sustainability is not important for organizations to remain competitive and viable.
C)Research suggests that people are more interested in materialistic and economic rewards.
D)People around the world are increasingly more interested in the quality of life and a sense of community.

Question 14

Corporate social responsibility focuses on _____.

A)One particular form of well-being
B)The welfare of multiple stakeholders
C)The organization's owners
D)Financial interests of the organization alone

Question 15

Organizational behaviour (OB)research generally starts with _____.

A)The development of hypotheses
B)A question expressed in terms of a theory
C)Testing of hypotheses in the context of an organization
D)Confirming results by additional studies

Question 16

Mary Parker Follet advocated that _____.

A)There is only one best way to accomplish a specific task
B)Authority should not always go to a person who holds a managerial position
C)Work should be reorganized based on rules and procedures
D)Institutionalized social norms and expectations should control people's actions

Question 17

Conventional OB emphasizes the importance of _____.

A)Organization-specific responsibility
B)Corporate social responsibility
C)Institutionalization
D)Social construction of reality

Question 18

Sustainable OB:

A)Seeks to manage customers to serve the financial interests of the organization.
B)Always acts to seek financial well-being.
C)Focuses on the well-being of a particular stakeholder.
D)Strives to enhance multiple forms of well-being for multiple stakeholders.

Question 19

The systems theory advocates that _____.

A)Managers should use a closed-system approach
B)Authority should never rest with managers
C)Managers should adopt an open-systems perspective
D)Productivity increases when workers get special attention

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of sustainable OB?

A)It seeks to manage customers to serve the financial interests of the organization.
B)It always acts to seek financial well-being.
C)It focuses on the well-being of a particular stakeholder.
D)It is characterized by its service and relationship-building orientation with customers.

Question 21

Which of the following statements defines ethnocentrism?

A)It assumes organizational members in a host country know the best way to manage an organization in their country.
B)It is the belief that your own country offers the best way to manage in a foreign country.
C)It is characterized by two-way,give-and-take communication that fosters mutual understanding and community.
D)It believes in adopting the policies of the host country.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of the obstructionist stance?

A)Organizational members do only as much as is legally required and may even try to use the law to their own advantage.
B)Organizational members show concern for environmental concerns in response to demands or opportunities in the marketplace.
C)Organizational members acknowledge the need to make ecological choices that are reasonable in the eyes of society.
D)Organizational members do as little as possible to address environmental problems.

Question 23

Which of the following statements best describes egalicentrism?

A)It assumes organizational members in a host country know the best way to manage an organization in their country.
B)It is the belief that your own country offers the best way to manage in a foreign country.
C)It is characterized by two-way,give-and-take communication that fosters mutual understanding and community.
D)It believes in adopting the policies of the host country.

Question 24

Which of the following approaches is exhibited by an organization going out of its way to learn about the needs of different stakeholder groups?

A)Proactive approach
B)Obstructionist stance
C)Defensive strategy
D)Ethnocentric approach

Question 25

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a proactive approach?

A)A paint company allocates funds for research on eco-friendly paints to promote environmental well-being.
B)A chemical plant meets the minimum safety requirements dictated by legislations.
C)A metal processing industry deposits all the scrap metal on a nearby empty land.
D)A restaurant using biodegradable food packaging on the insistence of its customers who are willing to pay an extra amount.

Question 26

Daily Fresh is a store selling food products.The results of a customer survey showed that most people preferred organically grown food products.Hence,the store started to look for suppliers specializing in organic food products.In this scenario,Daily Fresh is adopting a _____ toward managing the environment.

A)Market approach
B)Obstructionist stance
C)Defensive strategy
D)Stakeholder approach

Question 27

Which of the following approaches is used by conventional OB when working in other cultures?

A)Materialism
B)Egalicentrism
C)Polycentrism
D)Geographic

Question 28

Triumph Chemicals Inc.is a company producing a variety of chemical compounds.The company shows little concern toward the environmental hazards caused by the byproducts of its manufacturing processes.It releases toxic chemicals into the nearby lake to avoid the costs involved in setting up a treatment facility.Which of the following does the company adopt for managing the environment?

A)Market approach
B)Obstructionist stance
C)Defensive strategy
D)Stakeholder approach

Question 29

Which of the following approaches are used by organizations that adopt sustainable OB when working in other cultures?

A)Corporate social responsibility
B)Egalicentrism
C)Polycentrism
D)Sustainable development

Question 30

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a defensive approach?

A)A retail store collaborates with its suppliers to promote eco-friendly products.
B)A chemical plant meets the minimum safety requirements dictated by legislations.
C)A metal processing industry deposits all the scrap metal on a nearby empty land.
D)A restaurant uses degradable food packaging on the insistence of its customers.

Question 31

The _____ goes beyond the market approach and responds to the environmental concerns of various stakeholder groups,including customers,the local community,business partners,and special-interest groups.

A)Ethnocentric approach
B)Obstructionist stance
C)Defensive strategy
D)Accommodation approach

Question 32

Nebulia is a country rich in the production of tropical fruits.It is dependent on Helmsford,its neighbour,for food grains and spices,while Helmsford imports fruits from Nebulia.Which of the following terms best describes the interdependence between these two countries?

A)Sustainable development
B)Specialization
C)Globalization
D)Ethnocentrism

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of sustainable development?

A)It has little concern about the environment.
B)It addresses the concerns of the future generations.
C)It only implements practices required by law.
D)It is limited to environmental concerns highlighted by a section of the public.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true of the accommodation approach?

A)Organizational members do only as much as is legally required and may even try to use the law to their own advantage.
B)Organizational members show concern for environmental concerns in response to demands or opportunities in the marketplace.
C)Organizational members acknowledge the need to make ecological choices that are reasonable in the eyes of society.
D)Organizational members taking this approach do as little as possible to address environmental problems.

Question 35

Jupiter Energy Solutions Inc.aims to reduce the usage of conventional sources of energy by developing technologies for effective harnessing of wind and solar energy.The company's aim is to contribute to the conservation of resources for the future generation.Which strategy for environmental management has the company adopted?

A)Sustainable development
B)Obstructionist stance
C)Defensive strategy
D)Ethnocentric approach

Question 36

An organization adopting an obstructionist stance would:

A)Show environmental concern based on market demands.
B)Do only what is legally required of them.
C)Focus on narrowly defined economic priorities.
D)Address the concerns of various stakeholder groups.

Question 37

Which of the following statements represents the actions of a firm adopting the market approach?

A)Organizational members do only as much as is legally required and may even try to use the law to their own advantage.
B)Organizational members show concern for environmental concerns in response to demands of customers.
C)Organizational members acknowledge the need to make ecological choices that are reasonable in the eyes of society.
D)Organizational members taking this approach do as little as possible to address environmental problems.

Question 38

Which of the following scenarios is an example of an accommodation approach?

A)A retail store collaborates with its suppliers to promote eco-friendly products.
B)A chemical plant meets the minimum safety requirements dictated by legislations.
C)A metal processing industry deposits all the scrap metal on a nearby empty land.
D)A restaurant using biodegradable food packaging on the insistence of its customers.

Question 39

With a(n)_____,organizational members do only as much as is legally required and may even try to use the law to their own advantage.

A)Market approach
B)Obstructionist stance
C)Defensive strategy
D)Stakeholder approach

Question 40

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a market approach by organizations?

A)A retail store collaborates with its suppliers to promote eco-friendly products.
B)A chemical plant meets the minimum safety requirements dictated by legislations.
C)A metal processing industry deposits all the scrap metal on a nearby empty land.
D)A restaurant using biodegradable food packaging on the insistence of its customers.

Question 41

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the concept of time orientation in cultures?

A)Sam prefers to work with a set of defined rules and regulations.
B)Patricia is hesitant to question her manager's decisions.
C)Albert likes a phone and immediately buys it on credit.
D)Syeda expects her manager to make all important decisions.

Question 42

White Pharmaceuticals Inc.is a multinational firm with a number of branches across the world.When working in countries with different cultures,it focuses on mutual coordination and an understanding of the differences in cultures.Which of the following approaches has the company adopted?

A)Ethnocentrism
B)Imperialism
C)Egalicentrism
D)Polycentrism

Question 43

Orchid Paints Inc.is a multinational company.It recently opened a branch in Maldovia.The company has decided to adopt the business strategies followed in Maldovia to maximize its profits.Which of the following approaches has the company adopted for working with diverse cultures?

A)Ethnocentrism
B)Imperialism
C)Egalicentrism
D)Polycentrism

Question 44

Ruby Industries Inc.is a company high on individualism.Hence,it would:

A)Emphasize that its policies are the best for operating in different cultures.
B)Show least concern for the environmental implications of its activities.
C)Use a piece-rate system to increase workers' productivity.
D)Reward workers based on their tenure in the company.

Question 45

Which of the following is characteristic of cultures emphasizing materialism?

A)Placing a high value on assertiveness
B)Placing a high value on cooperation
C)Interest in aesthetic and spiritual concerns
D)Emphasis on personal relationships

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of organizations in an individualistic culture?

A)It emphasizes the importance of the well-being of the society.
B)Employees are motivated by opportunities for personal gains.
C)Loyalty to the group is higher.
D)Pay increase is based on the tenure of a person in an organization.

Question 47

Which of the following is a characteristic of culture that emphasizes quality of life?

A)Placing a high value on assertiveness
B)Placing a high value on individual self-interests
C)Interest in aesthetic and spiritual concerns
D)Emphasis on high paying jobs

Question 48

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the concept of low uncertainty avoidance in cultures?

A)Sam prefers to work with a set of defined rules and regulations.
B)Patricia is hesitant to question her manager's decisions.
C)Cindy likes to bring innovative ideas to her work as a design engineer.
D)Syeda expects her manager to make all important decisions.

Question 49

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the concept of high power distance in cultures?

A)Sam prefers to work cooperatively with his boss in setting his own targets.
B)Patricia is hesitant to question her manager's decisions.
C)Albert likes a phone and immediately buys it on credit.
D)Syeda participates in making decisions along with her work team.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is an important feature of egalicentrism?

A)It is the belief that the best way to maximize a firms' profits is to adapt to the practices found in foreign countries.
B)It emphasizes the importance of understanding the differences among cultures and learning from each other.
C)It emphasizes the fact that an organization's home country is more advanced and developed than a foreign country.
D)It is the belief that your own country offers the best way to manage in a foreign country.

Question 51

Ryan grows up in a society that gives importance to the quality of life.Hence,Ryan would:

A)Place a high value on assertiveness.
B)Place a high value on individual self-interests.
C)Give more importance to personal relationships.
D)Focus on extrinsic rewards.

Question 52

Angela is brought up in a society that adopts a collectivist culture.Which of the following characteristics is she most likely to have?

A)Emphasis on opportunities for personal gain
B)Emphasis on friends and extended family
C)Emphasis on the present and immediate gratification
D)Emphasis on inequality and respect for authority

Question 53

Which of the following statements is a characteristic of polycentrism?

A)It is the belief that the best way to maximize a firms' profits is to adapt to the practices found in foreign countries.
B)It is the belief that your own country offers the best way to manage in a foreign country.
C)It is characterized by two-way,give-and-take communication that fosters mutual understanding and community.
D)It is a means of developing new practices than a process of picking and choosing the "best of" existing practices from around the world.

Question 54

Best Foods Inc.is a multinational company.It believes that the practices followed in its home country are the most appropriate ones to follow in foreign countries.Which of the following describes the company's approaches in dealing with multiple cultures?

A)Ethnocentrism
B)Imperialism
C)Egalicentrism
D)Polycentrism

Question 55

People in a low power distance culture tend to:

A)Expect managers to make decisions.
B)Prefer predictable rules and regulations without ambiguities.
C)Show hesitation in voicing disagreements.
D)Challenge authority and participate in decision making.

Question 56

_____ is the dimension of national culture that lays emphasis on conformity and stability.

A)Uncertainty avoidance
B)Power distance
C)Challenging authority
D)Quality of life

Question 57

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the concept of low power distance in cultures?

A)Sam prefers to work with a set of defined rules and regulations.
B)Patricia is hesitant to question her manager's decisions.
C)Albert likes a phone and immediately buys it on credit.
D)Syeda participates in making decisions along with her work team.

Question 58

Simon is highly motivated to work toward achieving a higher position and a wealthy lifestyle.According to Hofstede,which dimension of national culture is seen in this example?

A)Uncertainty avoidance
B)Materialism
C)Ethnocentrism
D)Power distance

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of cultures with high uncertainty avoidance?

A)They prefer predictable rules and regulations to ambiguity and risk.
B)Managers expect members to be relatively adaptable and willing to try new things.
C)It is considered entirely appropriate that power is distributed unevenly throughout society.
D)Members tend to prefer immediate rewards to delayed gratification.

Question 60

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the concept of high uncertainty avoidance in cultures?

A)Sam prefers to work with a set of defined rules and regulations.
B)Patricia is hesitant to question her manager's decisions.
C)Albert likes a phone and immediately buys it on credit.
D)Syeda expects her manager to make all important decisions.

Question 61

A theory of organizational behaviour that emphasizes subconscious and informal beliefs that inform organization life is known as

A)Institutionalization.
B)Societal well-being.
C)Bureaucratic organization.
D)Conventional well-being.

Question 62

How does conventional organizational behaviour toward working with other cultures differ from that of sustainable organizational behaviour?

A)While a conventional approach might assume that your own country offers the best way to manage in a foreign nation or that the host country knows best how to manage its organization,a sustainable approach recognizes cross-cultural opportunities to learn from each other.
B)While a conventional approach recognizes cross-cultural relationships and opportunities to learn from each other,a sustainable approach believes that the foreign organization knows how to best manage its employees.
C)While a conventional approach emphasizes opportunities to learn from each other-thereby growing economically-a sustainable approach believes the host nation should learn from outside sources.
D)While a conventional approach assumes the host country knows best how to manage its organization to pursue economic success,a sustainable approach recognizes the need for outside inputs to increase multicultural diversity.

Question 63

While both conventional and sustainable organizational behaviour practices employ standard scientific method norms,their focus is different.What is this primary difference in focus?

A)While conventional research welcomes research that might require qualitative,unconventional methods,sustainable research focuses on data that requires objective observation.
B)While conventional research broadly defines data as empirical,sustainable research welcomes a quantifiable and prolonged approach to research methods.
C)While conventional research focuses on data that can be objectively and quantifiably observed,sustainable research welcomes research that might require qualitative,creative methods.
D)While conventional research focuses on qualitative and creative methods,sustainable research welcomes differing perspectives on how to manage complex problems.

Question 64

What is the primary difference in emphasis between a culture that is highly individualistic and one that is highly collectivistic?

A)A culture that emphasizes individualism promotes individual self-interest,while a culture that stresses collectivism believes that the interests of the group are paramount.
B)A culture that highlights individualism encourages material gain,while a culture that stresses collectivism promotes cooperation and relationships.
C)A culture that stresses individualism believes the interests of all individuals are of key importance,while a culture that emphasizes collectivism promotes meaningful work.
D)A culture that emphasizes individualism encourages family unity above all,while a culture that promotes collectivism stresses workplace camaraderie.

Question 65

What is the focus of scientific management?

A)Engendering and maintaining societal well-being
B)Organizing and analyzing corporate stakeholders
C)Forming and enhancing organizational self-interest
D)Analyzing and improving work process efficiency

Question 66

Why have organizations become increasingly sensitive to the natural environment?

A)The natural environment provides organizational necessities such as raw materials,minerals,water,and air.
B)The natural environment allows corporations to dispose of their waste in expedient manners.
C)The natural environment provides many recreational opportunities for board members and key managers.
D)The natural environment permits organizations to write off numerous tax obligations.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true of a culture with low uncertainty avoidance?

A)People prefer predictable rules and regulations to ambiguity and risk.
B)Managers expect members to be relatively adaptable and willing to try new things.
C)People prefer to make only small improvements to the "tried-and-true" traditions.
D)Managers should expect members to respond well to stable and predictable structures and systems.

Question 68

Sustainable organizational behaviour toward stakeholders is more likely to

A)Emphasize the upcoming third-quarter profits.
B)Highlight the value of serving others.
C)Stress the importance of collective hard work.
D)Emphasize the role of corporate governance.

Question 69

_____ is the obligation of organizations to act in ways that protect and improve the welfare of multiple stakeholders.

Question 70

The _____ is composed of all living and nonliving things that have not been created by human technology or human activity.

Question 71

In organizational behavior research,what is the relationship between a dependent and an independent variable?

A)An independent variable has minor influence on a dependent variable.
B)A dependent variable influences an independent variable.
C)An independent variable must be segregated in order to have any impact on a dependent variable.
D)A dependent variable is influenced by an independent variable.

Question 72

What are the key characteristics of a national culture?

A)Individual choices,ideas,interests,and aptitudes
B)Unique skills,thoughts,characteristics,and inclinations
C)Common skills,aptitudes,characteristics,and personality traits
D)Shared knowledge,beliefs,values,and general patterns of behaviour

Question 73

What are the differences between legal and market approaches toward the management of the natural environment?

A)The legal approach seeks loopholes in requirements,while the market approach is solely focused on economic priorities.
B)The legal approach only focuses on economic priorities,while the market approach seeks to respond to stakeholder concerns.
C)The legal approach only entails what the law minimally requires,whereas the market approach looks to maximize ever-changing market opportunities.
D)The legal approach looks only to meet minimal legislative requirements,whereas the market approach proactively enhances the environment.

Question 74

A(n)_____ is often defined as an organization that receives more than 25 percent of its total sales revenue from outside its home country.

Question 75

A(n)_____ is any group within or outside the organization that is directly affected by the organization and has an interest in its performance.

Question 76

_____ has occurred when organizational practices or rules are accepted and perpetuated without regard to rationality.

Question 77

_____ refers to the increased interdependence and integration among people and organizations around the world.

Question 78

_____ is the type of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 79

_____ focuses on analyzing and improving the efficiency of work processes.

Question 80

_____ is an assumption that members in a host country know the best way to manage an organization in their country.