Deck 11: Religion

Question 1

The sense of belonging that develops among pilgrims from diverse backgrounds is called

A)syncretism.
B)communitas.
C)reversal.
D)rite of passage.
E)euhemerism.

Answer 1

communitas.

Question 2

A ________ is usually organized by a prophetic leader that seeks to construct a more satisfying situation by reviving all or parts of a religions that has been threatened by outside forces.

A)messianic cult
B)revitalization movement
C)resistance religion
D)protest religion
E)revival cult

Answer 2

revitalization movement

Question 3

How do priests differ from shamans?

A)priests oversee religious rituals
B)a priest requires a long period of apprenticeship
C)priests never participate in healing rituals
D)priests perform periodic state rituals
E)priests are never hereditary

Answer 3

priests perform periodic state rituals

Question 4

If someone were to collect bits of your hair and nail clippings to use in a magical ritual,this person is practicing

A)contagious magic.
B)imitative magic.
C)polytheism.
D)divination.
E)a rite of passage.

Question 5

The world religions with the largest number of followers

A)Christianity
B)Hinduism
C)Buddhism
D)Islam
E)Judaism

Question 6

As opposed to a shaman or shamanka,a priest or priestess tends to

A)be more formally trained.
B)have their success judged in terms of their ritual knowledge.
C)occupy a hereditary position.
D)live in state-level societies.
E)all of the above.

Question 7

Edward B.Tylor

A)argued for a functionalist explanation of religion whereby religion reinforced group solidarity
B)argued for a functionalist explanation of religion whereby religion reduced anxiety and uncertainty
C)argued for a cultural evolutionary model whereby religions evolved from animism to monotheism
D)argued for a cultural evolutionary model whereby religions evolved from atheism to monotheism
E)argued for a Marxist understanding of religion as the "opiate of the masses"

Question 8

In some cases the sacred space is clearly defined,a piece of land was a summer meeting ground for the ________ of the North River region of British Columbia.

A)Ojibwa
B)Huron
C)Dunne-za/Cree
D)Iroquois
E)Apache

Question 9

While Marx took a conflict approach to religion,Durkheim and Malinowski favored a

A)biological determinist (sociobiological)approach.
B)Freudian approach.
C)functional approach.
D)structural approach.
E)symbolic/interpretive approach.

Question 10

The stereotypical "voodoo doll" would be an example of

A)imitative magic
B)contagious magic
C)shamanism
D)animatism
E)A and D

Question 11

Bronislaw Malinowski explained why myths believed in that they

A)help individuals deal with the conceptual contradictions between life and death,good and evil
B)provide a charter for society in that it expresses core beliefs and teaches morality
C)store and transmit information related to making a living and managing economic crises
D)help individuals deal with fear and uncertainty
E)are the product of historical processes and there are no universals

Question 12

Cross-cultural research indicates that puberty rituals for girls are likely to occur where

A)female labour is important and valued
B)female menstruation is seen as threatening
C)females are oppressed by patriarchal institutions
D)female labour is not valued and is of secondary importance to the community
E)boys undergo puberty rituals

Question 13

Magic

A)is no longer practiced in any society.
B)is more associated with horticultural societies than agricultural societies.
C)is more associated with male gender roles in religion than female gender roles.
D)depends on the proper conduct of rituals to please the gods.
E)is most likely to be practiced in contemporary societies in situations of uncertainty.

Question 14

Saami sacred spaces

A)were marked by monumental stone structures built over many generations
B)were feared and avoided as not to offend the spirits
C)are now museum sites attracting thousands of tourists
D)were sites of human sacrifice
E)were repressed as sites of sacrifice with the arrival of Christianity but not forgotten

Question 15

________ refers to belief systems in which the supernatural is conceived of as an impersonal power.

A)Animism
B)Animatism
C)Monotheism
D)Polytheism
E)Atheism

Question 16

Which statement is true about all rituals?

A)They are sacred and conform to the beliefs expressed in myth and doctrine
B)They occur regularly in a periodic fashion or at set times in the life-cycle
C)They are the enactment of beliefs expressed in myth and doctrine
D)They are a patterned form of behavior generally having to do with the supernatural realm
E)The are performed in sacred spaces under the guidance of a religious specialist

Question 17

An example of ________ is the Ghost Dance movement that emerged as a response of First Nations to the invasion of their land by Europeans and Euro-Americans.

A)American Indian Movement
B)Revitalization movement
C)Ras Tafari
D)a syncretic ritual
E)cargo cults movement

Question 18

A religion with many zoomorphic supernaturals is

A)Judaism.
B)Hinduism.
C)Christianity.
D)Islam.
E)None of the above: all world religions have only anthropomorphic supernaturals.

Question 19

In Canada,First Nations religions have a ________,as did religions of ancient Mesopotamia,Greece,and Rome as well as Africa and Asia.

A)set of ideas that involve both magic plus science
B)organized beliefs about god
C)beliefs and behavior concerning supernatural beings and powers
D)cult of the ancestors
E)system of ethics

Question 20

Ras Tafari

A)is an ancient traditional African religion
B)is an orthodox state religion in Jamaica
C)put forward the belief that Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was a living god
D)preaches that followers must not fight oppression
E)sees Jamaica as the African-American Promised Land

Question 21

The cultural materialist interpretation of Aztec human sacrifice and cannibalism emphasizes

A)emic views.
B)its lack of adaptiveness to the ecology.
C)the role of elite power control through providing food to the populace.
D)the major function of the system as a population control mechanism.
E)the poor quality of the data and the high likelihood that such practices never existed on a significant scale.

Question 22

A religion that traces its origin to an important male figure is

A)Rastafarianism.
B)Christianity.
C)Islam.
D)Buddhism.
E)all of the above.

Question 23

The separation phase in a life-cycle ritual is the "liminal" phase.

Question 24

Though world religions have been identified by anthropologists,no world religion exists as a single,homogeneous entity.

Question 25

At the kotel (Western Wall)in Jerusalem,

A)Jewish people from around the world experience "communitas."
B)prayer areas for men and women are separate.
C)non-Jews as well as Jews are welcome.
D)both men and women should cover their heads in the synagogue area.
E)all of the above.

Question 26

The three universal phases of life-cycle rituals,according to Victor Turner,are

A)separation,sacrifice,recovery.
B)separation,ritual death,reincarnation.
C)separation,transition,reintegration.
D)separation,pain,pleasure.
E)None of the above: the phases of such rituals vary greatly depending on cultural context.

Question 27

Mutual foot-washing is a ritual associated with which religion?

A)Islam
B)Hinduism
C)Appalachian Protestantism
D)Judaism
E)None of the above: no such ritual is practiced in any religion.

Question 28

Supernaturals tend to have similar marital and sexual relationships as the humans who worship them.

Question 29

Animism is based on the belief in

A)zoomorphic deities.
B)the soul as a separable entity.
C)a strict division between magic and religion.
D)the importance of animal sacrifice.
E)reincarnation.

Question 30

In Thailand,some women in pursuit of a religious path begin to wear white robes following

A)the transformation of Judaism.
B)a Buddhist ritual in Japan.
C)some Christian sects of the Caribbean.
D)the eight percepts or Buddhist commandments.
E)the Feast of the Sacrifice in Morocco.

Question 31

The doctrines of the Catholic Church have remained unchanged since the First Council of Nicaea in 325 of the common era.

Question 32

Carnival is an example of a

A)life-cycle ritual.
B)ritual of reversal.
C)ritual for improving crop yields.
D)universal ritual.
E)secular ritual.

Question 33

________ was a summer meeting ground for the Dunne-za/Cree of the North River region of British Columbia.

A)Rainy River
B)The Place Where Happiness Dwells
C)Georgian Bay
D)Lake Huron
E)Fraser Valley

Question 34

The region in which cargo cults emerged is

A)Canada and midwest United States.
B)southern Africa.
C)the southern Pacific.
D)the Mediterranean.
E)China.

Question 35

Sacrifice is essential to many rituals as it is the offering of something for transference to the supernaturals.

Question 36

The concept of karma in Hinduism leads to fatalism as it is believed that one cannot be in charge of one's destiny.

Question 37

A pentacle is an important symbol in Neo-Pagan and Wikkan religions.

Question 38

The Feast of the Sacrifice is associated with which religion?

A)Islam
B)Buddhism
C)Hinduism
D)Rastafarianism
E)all of the above

Question 39

Religion is defined as the belief in a supreme deity.

Question 40

A "protest" religion that looks to Ethiopia as "heaven on earth" is

A)Islam.
B)Hinduism.
C)Buddhism.
D)Ghost Dance Movement.
E)Rastafarianism.

Question 41

Anthropologist Hugh Brody falsely testified on behalf of the Dunne-za/ Cree of British Columbia.

Question 42

Compared to a myth,a religious doctrine is more likely to be unwritten.

Question 43

Several Tibetan communities have been established in exile in India,the United States,and Canada,where the Tibetan people attempt to keep their religion,language and heritage alive.

Question 44

"The land where happiness dwells," in British Columbia was sold in 1945 to the Department of Indian Affairs at the instigation of the Indian agent.

Question 45

All religions that cultural anthropologists have studied have anthropomorphic deities.

Question 46

The two forms of magic named by Tylor are contagious magic and primitive magic.

Question 47

What were the three stages in Edward B.Tylor's cultural evolution of religion?

Question 48

________,narrative stories about supernatural forces or beings.________,direct and formalized statements about religious beliefs.

Question 49

Ghost Dance among the First Nations is an example of Ras Tafari movement.

Question 50

Anthropologist Hugh Brody testified on behalf of the Dunne-za/Cree of British Columbia as an expert witness.

Question 51

In the 1970s,the Ghost Dance was banned by the American Indian Movement,an activist organization seeking to improve First Nations rights.

Question 52

The theory that many deities are based on real humans who have died is referred to as monotheism.

Question 53

The Jews of the Kochi area of South India have lived in India for about 1000 years and their religious faith reveals a degree of syncretism as the practice of their faith has been influenced by Hinduism.

Question 54

According to P.Van Esterik,a growing trend in Thailand is for young women who are dissatisfied with the demands of village life to go to the city and take up the white robe,spending their days in meditation and religious study.

Question 55

How did Sir James Frazer define magic and what were two general principles of magic?

Question 56

J.Van Esterik found that in Thailand it is very popular for young women to become meditation teachers educating their followers,both lay and monastic,in the intricacies of Buddhist thought and the techniques of meditation.

Question 57

What did Karl Marx mean when he said that religion was the "opiate of the masses"?

Question 58

A piece of land served as the sacred space for summer meeting of Ngarrindjeri of Northern River region in British Columbia.

Question 59

Tylor's theory of the origin of religion was based on people's belief in the soul.

Question 60

The Kotel is the most important religious shrine and pilgrimage site of India.

Question 61

A movement that emerged as a response of First Nations to the invasion of their land by Europeans and Euro-Americans was the ________ movement.

Question 62

The hunting and gathering Dunne-za/Cree of North River region in British Columbia spent part of the summer round of activities,including important religious ceremonies,on what they called "________."

Question 63

Discuss P.Van Esterik and J.Van Esterik's finding of Thai women who have created roles for themselves in the pursuit of a religious path in Theravada Buddhism.

Question 64

Why can the historical spread of Buddhism be described both in terms of religious syncretism and religious pluralism and religious coexistence?

Question 65

The Hindu term for fate or predestination is ________.

Question 66

Name the qualifications and characteristics of the priest/priestess role.

Question 67

What were the three phases of life-cycle rituals that Victor Turner identified in his fieldwork among the Ndembu?

Question 68

Describe key features of three world religions in terms of beliefs,rituals,and one example of adaptation to a new local context.

Question 69

P.Van Esterik found that in Thailand,a growing trend for young ________ who are dissatisfied with the demands of village life to go to the city and take up the ________,spending their days in meditation and religious study.

Question 70

Describe a ritual of reversal and give an example.

Question 71

What inspired the Ghost Dance Movement and what were its characteristics?

Question 72

What is religious syncretism? Provide an example.

Question 73

The oldest of the "world religions" is ________.

Question 74

Discuss the land claim conflict between that arose between the Dunne-za/Cree of British Columbia and the government.What was Hugh Brody's role in this?

Question 75

Discuss briefly the cultural loss and significance associated with "the land where happiness dwells," for the Dunne-za/Cree of North River region of British Columbia.

Question 76

Provide a Canadian example of a contested sacred site and identify the parties involved in the conflict.

Question 77

Provide three examples of rituals of inversion and describe how the ritual is played out in these societies.

Question 78

Some supernaturals are________,deities that appear in the shape,or partial shape,of animals.Others are ________ and appear in the form of humans.

Question 79

How would Bronislaw Malinowski's analysis of myth differed from a cultural materialist analysis?

Question 80

________ refers to a belief system in which the supernatural is conceived of as an inanimate,impersonal force.