Deck 2: Methods in Cultural Anthropology

Question 1

Richard Lee conducted fieldwork among the ________ and wrote a classic article on the complexities of

A)three First Nations women/life experiences and personal recollections.
B)!Kung San Bushmen (Ju/'hoansi)/gift giving and reciprocity.
C)Hmong refugees/ refugee adjustments and religious beliefs.
D)homeless people/ HIV/AIDS transmission.
E)Mi'kmaq fishers/ a changing fishing economy.

Answer 1

!Kung San Bushmen (Ju/'hoansi)/gift giving and reciprocity.

Question 2

"Armchair anthropology" differs from "verandah anthropology" in that

A)Armchair anthropologists traveled to colonized countries where they conducted research but did not live with the people they were studying.Verandah anthropologists stayed home and studied cultures from afar.
B)Verandah anthropologists traveled to colonized countries where they conducted research but did not live with the people they were studying.Armchair anthropologists studied cultures from afar.
C)Armchair anthropologists were functionalists whereas verandah anthropologists were strict evolutionary anthropologists
D)Verandah anthropologists pioneered participant observations,while armchair anthropologists relied on the written accounts of explorers and missionaries.
E)Verandah anthropologists were strict functionalists while armchair anthropologists were evolutionary anthropologists

Answer 2

Verandah anthropologists traveled to colonized countries where they conducted research but did not live with the people they were studying.Armchair anthropologists studied cultures from afar.

Question 3

Rapport is

A)the trusting relationship that must be gained with a gatekeeper before access is gained to the field
B)the sacred relationship between community members in the Trobriand Islands
C)trust gained through gift giving
D)a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population
E)also known as "going native" or the researcher integrating herself or himself completely in the community under study

Answer 3

a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population

Question 4

Reverse culture shock

A)is a condition that obliges many anthropologists to abandon their former homes and go live in their research community
B)is the stress felt by immigrants as they migrate to a new country
C)is the stress and feelings of discomfort that an anthropologist may experience returning home from the field
D)is the cultural shock experienced by anthropologists from Asia,Africa or Latin America may experience conducting fieldwork in Canada,the United States or Europe
E)occurs when an individual has become completely assimilated into another culture and must return to his country of origin

Question 5

Camilla Gibb studied the Harari,a dispersed community of ________,in the city of Harar and in ________.

A)Mennonites;Kitchner.
B)Chinese Americans;San Francisco.
C)Hakka people;southern China.
D)Muslim Ethiopians;Toronto.
E)Hindus;Halifax.

Question 6

The National Archives of Canada,provincial archives,and mission reports provide valuable evidence on the development of residential schools for

A)immigrant populations.
B)anthropology students.
C)the Northwest Coast of Canada.
D)political refugees.
E)Native Peoples of Canada.

Question 7

The kula is

A)a spiritual force that permeates all of existence
B)a trading network linking many islands of the Pacific
C)a highly valued bracelet used for trade in the Trobriand Islands
D)a trading network whereby women traded bundles of dried banana leaves and beautifully decorated fibrous skirts
E)a high status individual in the Trobriand Islands who achieved status through trade

Question 8

Daphne Winland's work among the Hmong refugees from Laos who had been sponsored by the Mennonite community in Kitchner-Waterloo,helped her to understand

A)the role of religion in refugee adjustment and the Mennonite struggles over their identity as an ethnoreligious enclave.
B)the importance of gift giving and learning proper rules of gift exchange.
C)the difficult lives of refugees and their contribution to anthropology.
D)the communication barriers to refugee health problems .
E)the role of anthropologists in refugee settlements.

Question 9

A young and unmarried researcher is likely to face more difficulties than a young and unmarried man because

A)people in most cultures consider a young unmarried female on her own extremely unusual
B)she is at greater physical risk than her male counterpart
C)women in the community where she is studying may react to her with suspicion and jealousy
D)it will be impossible for her to conduct research in any male dominated field or community such as the male gay community
E)she will be limited to studying a smaller number of topics,for example the geishas of Japan

Question 10

Triangulation

A)involves using multiple methods and sources when conducting research to ensure greater perspective
B)requires the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods
C)involves both inductive and deductive approaches to research to ensure greater research validity
D)requires that teams of researchers conduct ethnographic fieldwork in a common research project
E)involves the use of statistics to ensure that research conforms to scientific standards and acceptable margins of error

Question 11

Margaret Lock

A)combined historical study with ethnographic observations to explain contemporary social life.
B)studied globalization,complexity and change in small localized cultures.
C)explored the cultural construction of death in Japan and North America.
D)integrated isolated cultures into wider economic and political spheres.
E)examined 300 years of changes in a small Alpine village in southwestern France.

Question 12

Camilla Gibb studied the Harari living in the city of Harar and in Toronto in an attempt to reveal

A)the basic importance of doing fieldwork.
B)the differences among diasporic generations about eventual return to Ethiopia.
C)the number of specialty fields in the discipline.
D)that anthropologists should focus primarily on people's thoughts and ideas.
E)that cultures are genetically determined.

Question 13

Adlam's study of "fish talk" among Mi'kmaq fishers of the Miramichi River,New Brunswick contrasts

A)the three First Nations women's life experiences in a fishing village.
B)the Canadian and Norwegian fishing cooperatives.
C)the traditionalist with the modernist conception of the rapidly changing fishing economy.
D)the techniques used in qualitative research.
E)the "rugged individualists" with the "utilitarians."

Question 14

While conducting fieldwork in southwestern Ontario,Daphne Winland came across a small congregation of Hmong refugess from Laos,who had decided to convert to Christianity.This provided her with a fascinating example of

A)how aspects of community and identity were defined and debated.
B)how differences may develop among diasporic generations.
C)"re-studies" of refugee communities.
D)the role of religion in refugee adjustment.
E)changing leadership patterns.

Question 15

Informed consent

A)is used solely by hospitals or medical professionals to obtain the consent of clients prior to any medical procedure
B)requires that all research participants sign an informed consent form to ensure ethical research
C)requires that the research acquire the written consent of government officials prior to conducting their research
D)obliges the research to signed a consent form specifying that they will act ethically in the field
E)requires the researcher to inform participants of the intent,benefits and possible effects of the study and obtain their consent either in writing or orally.

Question 16

Collaborative research

A)is an approach to learning about cultures that involves the anthropologist working with researchers from other disciplines as partners and teammates rather than competing researchers
B)is an approach to learning about cultures that involves the anthropologist working as a consultant hired by a given population to conduct research on their culture
C)is an approach whereby the researcher trains local community members to conduct research on their own culture
D)is an approach whereby researchers work with local researchers as teammates and collaborate as coauthors in publishing accounts of the research
E)is an approach to learning about culture that involves the anthropologist working with members of the study population as partners and teammates rather than a researcher and subject.

Question 17

A number of significant ________ anthropological research in Canada have been conducted "at home."

A)policy-relevant
B)religious
C)international
D)region-specific
E)developmental

Question 18

Participant observation

A)is no different than "hanging out" in a research community
B)requires the anthropologist to adopt the lifestyle of the people being studied
C)is rendered impossible when the Hawthorne effect is present when the fieldworker is conducting research
D)requires reflexivity,subjectivity while carefully observing and writing about what has been observed in the field
E)has been abandoned by contemporary anthropologists who now privilege interviews and questionnaires

Question 19

Penny and John Van Esterik returned to their fieldsite,a village in Central Thailand,to see how the community had changed in 30 years.This is an example of

A)learning a non-Western language.
B)cultural relativism.
C)participant observation.
D)fieldwork.
E)re-studies.

Question 20

A classic example of verandah anthropology is

A)A.R.Radcliffe-Brown's The Andaman Islanders.
B)Lewis Henry Morgan's The League of Iroquois
C)Horatio Hale's Iroquois Book of Rites
D)Bronislaw Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific
E)Franz Boas' The Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island

Question 21

Rosalind Morris examined ethnographic films of the Northwest Coast of Canada that focus on

A)potlatches,feasts,totem poles,and wood carvings.
B)combining video taping with note taking.
C)combining asking questions with making observations.
D)personal characteristics and participation in a fishing cooperative.
E)kinship and life history data.

Question 22

Recently a number of Canadian anthropologists have explored the complexity of children's lives.These ethnographies of children include

A)a team approach to developing child sensitive intervention strategies.
B)how cliches like "innocent child" mask differences among children according to age,gender,race,class,and location.
C)the importance of talking to children and understanding their worldview.
D)the media depiction of children,the intimacy of children's play,and the cultural politics revealed in post-war parliamentary debates about family allowances and the "right kind of children."
E)a combination of B and D.

Question 23

Canadian anthropologists are facing new ethical demands as they must conform to the ethics policies of

A)cross-disciplinary research agencies,in addition to meeting university and anthropology standards.
B)American Anthropological Association (AAA).
C)Medical Research Council of Canada.
D)cross-disciplinary research agencies only.
E)universities and anthropology standards.

Question 24

Anthropologists researching First Nations communities in Canada have to follow stringent guidelines such as

A)seeking approval by band councils.
B)conducting research in partnership with the council and the community.
C)sharing the results of the research with the community although individuals retain the right to privacy.
D)seeking approval by band councils,conducting research in partnership with the council and the community,and sharing the results of the research with the community although individuals retain the right to privacy.
E)seeking approval by band councils and conducting research in partnership with the council and the community.

Question 25

Sir James Frazer author of The Golden Bough is considered an "armchair" anthropologist.

Question 26

The "father" of participant-observations is Franz Boas.

Question 27

Anthropologists rely solely on literature review to find a potential site and research project.

Question 28

Anthropologists researching ________ communities in Canada must follow stringent guidelines and be approved by band councils,as well as obtaining the standard ethical approvals.

A)Indo-Canadian
B)First Nations
C)refugee
D)non literate
E)Acadian

Question 29

An anthropology only requires a visa to gain official permission to conduct research in a foreign country.

Question 30

________ was adopted as a daughter in an ________ community in the Canadian Arctic.

A)Camilla Gibb;Harari
B)Penny Van Esterik;Baffin
C)Jean Briggs;Inuit
D)Daphne Winland;Hmong
E)Margaret Lock;Mennonite

Question 31

________ collected thousands of pages of texts from First Nations of the Northwest Coast of Canada,including myths,songs,speeches,and accounts of how to perform rituals.

A)Rosalind Morris
B)Franz Boas
C)Adlam
D)Alexander Ervin
E)Jean Briggs

Question 32

A time allocation study is a quantitative method that collects data on how people spend their time each day on particular activities.

Question 33

Jean Brigg's role as a daughter in an Inuit community raised

A)the tendency for respondents to change their behavior to correspond with her interests.
B)biases in the data when the researcher doesn't know the language well.
C)the problems of losing her outsider status,depletion of her supplies,and loss of privacy.
D)the tendency for respondents to not want to answer her questions.
E)the tendency for Inuit men to answer questions on behalf of women.

Question 34

A deductive approach is a form of research that proceeds without a hypothesis and involves gathering data through unstructured,informal observations.

Question 35

Earliest films of the Northest Coast of Canada include

A)Autobiography of a Winnebago Indian.
B)Medusa's Hair: An Essay on Personal Symbols and Religious Experience.
C)Fish Talk Among Mi'kmaq Fishers of the Miramichi River.
D)Kwakwaka'wakw,Nootka,Tsimshian,and Haida.
E)The James Bay Cree Project

Question 36

Class as a Western phenomenon does not have an impact on ethnographic field research and how the researcher will be seen by community members.

Question 37

Recent films made by and for First Nations communities focus more on

A)potlatches,feasts,totem poles,and wood carvings.
B)cultural survival.
C)land-claim disputes and other struggles with provincial and federal governments.
D)First Nations fishing communities.
E)First Nations women's life experiences and traditional stories.

Question 38

The Canadian and Norwegian researchers conducted formal interviews with a questionnaire among 51 members of a fishing community.Based on their responses,the researchers categorized the members into two basic groups:

A)traditionalist and modernist.
B)rugged individualists and utilitarians.
C)modernists and utilitarians.
D)traditionalists and rugged individualists.
E)utilitarians and Mi'kmaq fishers.

Question 39

A gatekeeper is a key leader or decision maker who will control access to human or material resources in a community.

Question 40

The James Bay Cree Project,trained graduate students in anthropology to do research for

A)the development of residential schools for Native Peoples in Canada.
B)local agencies representing indigenous groups,providing information useful in settling land claim issues.
C)First Nations groups documenting their myths,songs,speeches and accounts of how to perform rituals.
D)Canadian fishing industry.
E)the First Nations communities in Canada.

Question 41

Anthropologists do not question the value of interpretive analyses because anthropologists agree that such research is both reliable and verifiable.

Question 42

Area-specific foundations,such as the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute provide a source of funding for Canadian researchers .

Question 43

Jean Briggs examined ethnographic films of the Northwest Coast of Canada.

Question 44

"Scratch notes" are rough jottings made on a small pad or note cards over the course of the day when conducting participant-observation.

Question 45

Canadian anthropologists face new ethical demands as they must now conform to the ethics policies of cross-disciplinary research agencies,in addition to meeting university and anthropology standards.

Question 46

Anthropologists researching First Nations communities in Canada are not required to obtain approval from band councils.

Question 47

The study of a fisherman's cooperative in Newfoundland,Canada,revealed the problem that people may not always behave according to how they say they would behave.

Question 48

It is difficult to find any information regarding the development of residential schools for Native Peoples in Canada.

Question 49

Jean Briggs's role as an adopted daughter in an Inuit community resulted in depletion of her supplies and the loss of privacy.

Question 50

Early ethnographic films on First Nations people often focused on potlatches,feasts,feasts,totem poles,and wood carvings.

Question 51

Most cultural anthropologists conduct ________ which entails going to wherever people and cultures are to learn through direct observations.

Question 52

Some departments in Canada require students to submit a form indicating that they are aware of possible risks in the field and have taken precautions to ensure that their fieldwork will be as safe as possible .

Question 53

Anthropologists researching First Nations communities in Canada must be approved by band councils as well as obtain the usual ethical approvals.

Question 54

Richard Lee was troubled by people's response to his generosity during a Christmas feast.

Question 55

In Canada,team research may also involve several anthropologists and students working together with members of First Nations communities to document land claim issues.

Question 56

The United Way of Canada,requested an anthropologist to find out what the highest priorities were for their funding operations in Saskatoon,Saskatchewan.

Question 57

The American Anthropological Association adopted a standard code of ethics in 1971 that affirmed the anthropologist's primary responsibility to ensure the protection of the people under study.

Question 58

Anthropologists researching First Nations community in Canada are not required to share their results with the community because of their right to retain privacy.

Question 59

The Vietnam War affected Canadian anthropology,as many anthropologists participated in teach-ins and anti-war protests.

Question 60

In Canada,policy-relevant anthropological research are extremely uncommon.

Question 61

Research among First Nations communities is conducted in partnership with the ________ and ________.

Question 62

What are three things that anthropologists can do to more effectively prevent and deal with fieldwork risks?

Question 63

What are four factors that can influence fieldwork and the way a researcher is interpreted by a local people?

Question 64

What insights regarding gift giving and reciprocity did Richard Lee gain from his fieldwork among the !Kung San Bushmen?

Question 65

The goal of fieldwork is to collect ________,or information about the research topic.This potentially includes ________,or numerical information such as the amount of land in relation to the population or numbers of people with a particular health problem or ________,or nonnumeric information such as recordings of myths,conversations,and filming of events.

Question 66

________ collected thousands of pages of text from First Nations groups of the Northwest Coast of Canada,including myths,songs,speeches,and accounts of how to perform rituals.

Question 67

As established by Bronislaw Malinowski,what are the three key elements of participant observation?

Question 68

Hale's book ________ helped dismantle the prevailing Euro-American perception of the ________ as "dangerous savages."

Question 69

________ studied children's musical practices in Toronto and showed how their play allowed them to resist adult definitions of childhood.

Question 70

While conducting fieldwork in southwestern Ontario,Daphne Winland came across a small congregation of ________ refugees who had been sponsored by the ________ community in Kitchener-Waterloo,Ontario.

Question 71

What are some steps that might be required when preparing for fieldwork?

Question 72

In recent times,films have been made by and for First Nations communities,and they focus more on ________ with provincial and federal governments.

Question 73

What conclusions did Daphne Winland derive from her study among the Hmong refugees and the Mennonite community?

Question 74

Canadian anthropologists face new ethical demands as they must now conform to the ethical policies of ________,in addition to meeting university and anthropology standards.

Question 75

________ refers to data collected according to the researcher's questions and categories,with the goal of being able to test a hypothesis,while ________ refers to data collected that refers to data collected that reflect what insiders say and understand about their culture,and insiders' categories of thinking.

Question 76

A research ________ is the place where the research takes place.________ research involves an anthropologist doing fieldwork in a number of locations in order to better understand the behaviours and ideas of dispersed members of a culture.

Question 77

An ________ is a technique for gathering verbal data through questions or guided conversations,while as a formal research instrument containing a pre-set series of questions that can be asked in face-to-face settings,by mail or by e-mail.

Question 78

Rosalind Morris has explored in great detail ethnographic films of the ________ of Canada.

Question 79

Discuss the importance of ethnographic films on First Nations peoples studied by Roslind Morris.

Question 80

Field notes include daily ________,personal ________,descriptions of ________,and ________ about those notes.