Deck 4: Families

Question 1

Among ethnic minority parents in Canada,________ may be classified as authoritative.

A)all
B)a majority
C)fewer
D)none

Answer 1

B

Question 2

"Where are you going?" "Out with my friends." "Okay,but if those kids you hang out with get you in trouble,I don't want to know about it." This best represents an _____ parenting style.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indulgent
D)indifferent

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Carlos finds his brother's low spirits depressing,but he proposes a game they both like and soon both are in a better mood.This is an example of a

A)negative feedback loop.
B)positive feedback loop.
C)phase transition.
D)disequilibrium.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Parents who praise their children's accomplishments and notice their signals are high on the dimension of

A)democracy.
B)acceptance/responsiveness.
C)permissiveness.
D)demandingness/control.

Question 5

The _____ family is more common among Aboriginal and ethno-cultural communities in Canada.

A)nuclear
B)extended
C)reconstituted
D)isolated

Question 6

According to Diana Baumrind,an _____ parenting style involves high responsiveness and low demandingness.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indulgent
D)indifferent

Question 7

With adolescence,the function of the family tends to change because

A)issues of authority become more troublesome.
B)social interests focus more outside the family circle.
C)teens may expect more autonomy than parents are ready to allow.
D)All of the above.

Question 8

_____ feedback loops tend to make a dynamic system _____.

A)Positive;stay the same
B)Positive;unpredictable
C)Negative;stay the same
D)Negative;change

Question 9

Obedience and respect for authority are values that _____ parents are especially likely to stress to their children.

A)middle class
B)nontraditional
C)professional
D)working class

Question 10

"I really want to watch that show tonight!" "Sorry,you know the rule: no TV on school nights.But if it's really important,we'll make a point of taping or downloading it so you can watch on the weekend." This exemplifies an _____ parenting style.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indulgent
D)indifferent

Question 11

Parents and families strive to give children the values,beliefs,and aspirations of their culture through the process of

A)assimilation.
B)skills training.
C)socialization.
D)discrimination learning.

Question 12

In considering the effects adolescents have on parental styles,it is important to remember that

A)teens usually get the kind of parenting they need
B)parental expectations determine the child's temperament.
C)a child's characteristics may call forth some types of parenting more than others.
D)adolescents are more affected by siblings than by parents.

Question 13

Diana Baumrind has described a fifth parenting style,labeled traditional parenting that is _____ in warmth and _____ in parental authority.

A)high;low
B)low;high
C)high;high
D)low;low

Question 14

Family members have a direct influence on each other.In addition,each ________between two of the members has an indirect effect on a third member who also has an influence on that relationship.Each of these relationships has a reciprocal effect on each of the other relationships.

A)open relationship
B)one-way relationship
C)dyadic relationship
D)dynamic relationship

Question 15

Olga's mother sets strict rules and punishes any infractions.When Olga tries to argue,her response is,"I'm your mother,and Mother knows best." This is closest to an _____ parental style.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indulgent
D)indifferent

Question 16

Fong is self confident,positive,and independent,and does well in school.Research indicates that he is more likely to come from a family with _____ parents.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indulgent
D)indifferent

Question 17

Maria's cheerful "Good morning!" elicits a smile from her mother,which raises Maria's spirits further and leads her to make a joke.This is an example of

A)assimilation.
B)a positive feedback loop.
C)a discriminative stimulus.
D)a negative feedback loop.

Question 18

A situation in which even minor events can strongly affect developmental paths is known as a(n)

A)pattern crisis.
B)phase transition.
C)crucial conjunction.
D)stage boundary.

Question 19

According to Robert LeVine,in raising children,families implicitly give higher priority to _____ than to encouraging self fulfillment.

A)social advancement
B)economically valuable skills
C)creativity
D)All of the above.

Question 20

In North America,the most common concept of a family is a single set of parents and children,or a(n)_____ family.

A)nuclear
B)reconstituted
C)extended
D)isolated

Question 21

With increased _____,Eric has come to see his parents as people who make as many mistakes as anyone else and to depend on them less for a sense of security.

A)emotional autonomy
B)behavioural autonomy
C)family conflict
D)gender intensification

Question 22

The first day of gymnastics class,the coach noticed Vanessa's slim build,strong arms,and sense of balance,and began giving her the special attention that helped her become a champion.This exemplifies what Sandra Scarr has termed a(n)_____ genotype-environment correlation.

A)passive
B)behavioural
C)active
D)evocative

Question 23

Family conflicts in early adolescence are most likely to occur between

A)mothers and sons.
B)mothers and daughters.
C)fathers and sons.
D)fathers and daughters.

Question 24

According to Laurence Steinberg,the outcomes that are linked to authoritative parenting

A)vary according to ethnic group.
B)are highly desirable in contemporary industrialized societies.
C)are equally adaptive across all cultural contexts.
D)do not give adolescents any particular advantage.

Question 25

Without prompting,Makeeba makes sure she schedules study time,cleans her room,and gets up in time to go to school.In this she is showing

A)psychological control.
B)the effects of authoritarian parenting.
C)behavioural autonomy.
D)psychological autonomy.

Question 26

When Fazia discovered she was gifted at playing chess,she talked her parents into letting her join an after school chess club across town.For Sandra Scarr,this would be an example of a(n)_____ genotype-environment correlation.

A)active
B)passive
C)evocative
D)inherent

Question 27

The working models of the self and others that form in infancy

A)usually change as the result of later experience.
B)affect relationships with the parents but not with others.
C)predict relationships with friends and romantic partners in adolescence.
D)lose their importance after early childhood.

Question 28

For some individuals but not others,early stress may change the way their genes control stress-linked hormones later in life.This would be an example of a

A)phase transition.
B)shared environmental influence.
C)gene-environment interaction
D)behavioural shift.

Question 29

Adolescents are more likely to come into conflict with their parents on an issue such as

A)appropriate dress.
B)religious beliefs.
C)whether to go to college.
D)the value of tolerance.

Question 30

Twin studies and adoption studies are important tools for research on

A)ethology.
B)environmental psychology.
C)behavioural genetics.
D)internal working models.

Question 31

Research indicates that conflict between adolescents and parents

A)is a necessary feature of growing up.
B)gets more severe across the adolescent years.
C)generally involves fairly minor issues.
D)is usually worse than parents expect.

Question 32

Monitoring a child's behaviour and structuring daily environments are important aspects of

A)psychological autonomy.
B)behavioural control.
C)psychological control.
D)emotional autonomy.

Question 33

Parents who are sensitive,affectionate,and responsive generally have babies who form _____ attachments.

A)disorganized
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)resistant

Question 34

Everybody in Mustafa's family is cheerful and outgoing,and his parents have always liked having lots of friends and relatives around.Sandra Scarr would suggest that Mustafa's own outgoing nature probably reflects a(n)_____ genotype-environment correlation.

A)active
B)passive
C)evocative
D)latent

Question 35

Samantha and her sister have very different memories of the family vacations they were on together.A behavioural geneticist would therefore tend to see the vacations as

A)irrelevant.
B)shared environmental influences.
C)precipitating events.
D)nonshared environmental influences.

Question 36

According to John Bowlby,experiences in infancy lead to the formation of _____ that affect expectations about relationships with others.

A)internal working models
B)cathexes
C)engrams
D)generalized responses

Question 37

Moving toward autonomy is difficult for young adolescents because

A)their parents still see them as children.
B)they need to change long-established roles and habits.
C)they may be tempted to stay in the comfortable role of a child.
D)All of the above.

Question 38

Teens whose parents take an authoritative approach have more positive outcomes

A)only if they are White and middle class.
B)in North America but not in other countries.
C)only in Western cultures.
D)regardless of racial,ethnic,class,or cultural background.

Question 39

Anxiety,depression,and withdrawn behaviour have all been linked to high levels of

A)emotional autonomy.
B)behavioural control.
C)authoritative parenting.
D)psychological control.

Question 40

Parents who are supportive and responsive have adolescents who are more likely to

A)tell them about difficulties and problem behaviours.
B)need close monitoring.
C)be low in emotional autonomy.
D)get involved in drug,alcohol,and tobacco use.

Question 41

Currently,16.7% of families are lone-parent families (Statistics Canada,2012),with the number of lone-father families __________ than lone-mother families.The latter makes up 8 of 10 lone-parent families.

A)rising faster
B)rising slower
C)rising at the same rate
D)stabilizing

Question 42

Most adolescents who experience their parents' divorce

A)also experience living in a stepfamily.
B)are likely to live in a single-parent home until they grow up.
C)have fewer problems if the custodial parent remarries.
D)get more attention if the custodial parent remarries.

Question 43

What are some of the benefits and costs of growing up with a younger sibling? Of growing up with an older sibling?

Question 44

When Jaime's mother tells him to clean his room,he gets upset and tells her it's his room and he'll keep it the way he likes it.They end up in a shouting match.Analyze the sources of this argument.

Question 45

Among adolescents,the remarriage of the custodial parent is most difficult for

A)younger boys.
B)younger girls.
C)older boys.
D)older girls.

Question 46

Adolescents who have to take care of themselves after school and on holidays because their parents are employed

A)become more confident and self reliant.
B)benefit when they receive close parental monitoring.
C)spend more time doing their homework.
D)take on a greater share of household chores.

Question 47

During adolescence,siblings who are close in age may go out of their way to choose different interests,activities,and friends,in a process called

A)separation anxiety.
B)de-identification.
C)sibling collusion.
D)nonshared environment.

Question 48

During adolescence,relationships between siblings generally become

A)more equal.
B)more distant.
C)less conflictful
D)All of the above.

Question 49

Compared with adolescents raised by heterosexual parents,those raised by gay and lesbian parents

A)have low self esteem.
B)are just as likely to develop a heterosexual orientation as adults.
C)are less likely to become involved in romantic relationships.
D)have more academic difficulties.

Question 50

What are the four patterns of parenting described by Baumrind,and how are they related to important dimensions of child rearing? Is one of these patterns more closely associated with positive adolescent outcomes? How and why?

Question 51

The effects of having both parents employed tend to be _____ for adolescent boys and _____ for adolescent girls.

A)positive;positive
B)positive;negative
C)negative;positive
D)negative;negative

Question 52

By way of comparison,among teens raised in non-divorcing homes,about _______% show no long-term adjustment problems.This suggests that divorce is responsible for some adolescents who develop psychological and behaviour problems and a small fraction of the entire group of teens who have experienced a parental divorce.

A)60
B)75
C)81
D)90

Question 53

Amit's and Leila's marriage is in trouble,but they worry about the effects of any breakup on 8-year-old Indira and 13-year-old Lallchand.What could you tell them about how their children are likely to react to a divorce,and what advice could you give to help them and the kids to adapt to the breakup?

Question 54

Adolescents who are on their own after school and on vacation days,often because their parents are at work,are called _____ teens.

A)latchkey
B)trouble-prone
C)neglected
D)abandoned

Question 55

In grade school,Jorge's sweet singing voice attracted the attention of his church's choir director,who pushed his parents to give him singing lessons.Now,in high school,he is a soloist in the school chorus and a candidate for a big role in the annual school musical.Assuming that one's voice is affected by genetic factors,analyze Jorge's situation in terms of Starr's gene-environment interactions.