Deck 6: Clinical: Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Sodium is increased the most by the intake of

A) fresh vegetables.
B) frozen vegetables.
C) fresh meats.
D) luncheon meats.

Answer 1

D
Explanation: One ounce of luncheon meat could provide 400 mg of sodium. Fresh meat provides 30 mg of sodium per ounce if no salt, flavored salt, or flavor enhancers are used. Fresh vegetables provide very little sodium, and processing 1 cup of frozen vegetables without salt will provide about 10 mg of sodium.

Question 2

What is the primary means by which hydrogen ions are generated in the body?

A) Normal tissue metabolism
B) Ingestion of highly acidic foods
C) Oxidation-reduction reactions
D) Reabsorption of bicarbonate

Answer 2

A
Explanation: Hydrogen ion and acid formation results from normal metabolism. All foods, not just acidic ones, may result in the production of organic acids. Carbon dioxide is a common volatile acid that results from oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Bicarbonate is considered to be a base, and control of its concentration, along with carbon dioxide concentrations, is a primary focus of acid-base regulation.

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

A) Accumulation of bicarbonate
B) Decreased ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide
C) Accumulation of acids from abnormal metabolism
D) Excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the lungs

Answer 3

C
Explanation: Metabolic acidosis is simply named for the production of acids through metabolic processes. Diabetic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis are two conditions that lead to metabolic acidosis. Metabolic alkalosis results from an accumulation of bicarbonate. Respiratory acidosis results from retention of carbon dioxide, but respiratory alkalosis is associated with excessive carbon dioxide respiration.

Question 4

Which of the following results from ingesting a large amount of sodium in a short time?

A) Hypotension
B) Muscular cramps
C) Increased urinary calcium excretion
D) Increased urinary output of potassium

Question 5

For the average woman, _____ ml/day would meet fluid needs.

A) 1500
B) 1700
C) 2700
D) 3500

Question 6

Refeeding syndrome can result in

A) low serum phosphorus.
B) low serum magnesium.
C) death.
D) all of the above.

Question 7

The kidneys compensate for a loss of body water by excreting

A) additional fluids and electrolytes.
B) additional electrolytes.
C) more concentrated urine.
D) more dilute urine.

Question 8

When vasopressin is excessively secreted in the blood, which of the following effects occurs?

A) Low serum potassium because water is retained
B) Low serum sodium because water is retained
C) High serum potassium because water is excreted
D) High serum sodium because water is excreted

Question 9

Eating which of the following would most increase dietary potassium intake?

A) Fruits and vegetables
B) Saltwater fish
C) Grains
D) Cereals

Question 10

By what mechanism is thirst stimulated in the hypothalamus?

A) Increase in serum osmolality
B) Decrease in serum osmolality
C) Increase in both serum osmolality and in extracellular volume
D) Decrease in serum osmolality and an increase in extracellular volume

Question 11

Which acid-base imbalance can result from diuretics use, vomiting, and loss of chloride?

A) Respiratory alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Metabolic alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis

Question 12

What is the primary disturbance when respiratory alkalosis occurs?

A) Increased bicarbonate
B) Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
C) Decreased bicarbonate
D) Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 13

How would the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A) Increased kidney excretion of bicarbonate
B) Increased ventilation of carbon dioxide
C) Decreased kidney excretion of bicarbonate
D) Decreased ventilation of carbon dioxide

Question 14

How does body water, as a percentage of body weight, change based on stage of the life cycle and lifestyle?

A) Decreases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes
B) Decreases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes
C) Increases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes
D) Increases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes

Question 15

In the extracellular space, what is the primary buffer system?

A) Phosphate
B) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid
C) Hydrogen
D) Protein

Question 16

For a normal healthy adult, fluid balance is achieved when the amount of water taken in is

A) half the amount that is lost.
B) about equal to the amount lost.
C) twice the amount lost.
D) unrelated to the amount of water lost.

Question 17

Which organ(s) maintain acid-base balance by the regulation of hydrogen ions?

A) Lungs
B) Liver
C) Kidneys
D) Adrenal glands

Question 18

Which effect is of greatest concern in water intoxication?

A) Increased volume of the brain cells
B) Hypertension
C) Decreased circulating blood volume
D) Increased urinary output

Question 19

The recommended fluid intake based on caloric intake is

A) 2 ml/kcal for adults and 3 ml/kcal for infants.
B) 0.5 ml/kcal for adults and infants.
C) 2 ml/kcal for adults and 1 ml/kcal for infants.
D) 1 ml/kcal for adults and 1.5 ml/kcal for infants.

Question 20

Where in the body is interstitial fluid located?

A) Within body cells and the lymphatic system
B) Within body cells
C) Between and around body cells
D) In the blood and the lymphatic system