Deck 7: How Cells Release Chemical Energy

Question 1

Which of the following breaks down organic molecules and produces ATP,carbon dioxide,and water?  

A) Aerobic respiration
B) Fermentation
C) Cellular respiration
D) Anaerobic respiration
E) Glycolysis

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When molecules are broken apart in respiration,____.  

A) the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions
B) the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source
C) the energy released is channeled into molecules of ATP
D) ATP is converted into ADP
E) ADP is released as a waste product

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Pyruvate is the end product of ____.  

A) glycolysis
B) acetyl-CoA formation
C) fermentation
D) aerobic respiration
E) the citric acid cycle

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The breakdown of ____ yields acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide.  

A) phosphoglycerate
B) pyruvate
C) oxaloacetate
D) PGAL
E) fructose bisphosphate

Question 5

What is the correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below?
I.Glycolysis
II.Electron transport chain
III.Citric acid cycle

A) I $\rightarrow$ II $\rightarrow$ III
B) II $\rightarrow$ I $\rightarrow$ III.
C) III $\rightarrow$ I $\rightarrow$ II
D) II $\rightarrow$ III $\rightarrow$ I
E) I $\rightarrow$ III $\rightarrow$ II.

Question 6

What process requires oxygen to function?  

A) Aerobic respiration
B) Anaerobic respiration
C) Alcoholic fermentation
D) Lactate fermentation
E) Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 7

____ is the first stage of aerobic respiration and fermentation.  

A) Anaerobic
B) Substrate-level phosphorylation
C) Glycolysis
D) Cellular respiration
E) Pyruvate

Question 8

Substrate-level phosphorylation ____.  

A) occurs during glycolysis
B) requires the presence of oxygen
C) is a precursor for the phosphorylation of glucose
D) is the source for the majority of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration
E) occurs in the mitochondria

Question 9

Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of ____.  

A) NADP
B) pyruvate
C) NAD⁺
D) NADH
E) H₂O

Question 10

Which of the following is an anaerobic sugar breakdown pathway that produces ATP,CO₂,and ethanol?  

A) Alcoholic fermentation
B) Lactate fermentation
C) Acetyl-CoA formation
D) Anaerobic respiration
E) Citric acid cycle

Question 11

Which molecule is a six-carbon compound?  

A) PEP
B) PGAL
C) Glucose-6-phosphate
D) Pyruvate
E) Phosphoglycerate (PGA)

Question 12

In the breakdown of glucose,a phosphorylated six-carbon compound is split into two phosphorylated three-carbon sugars,which are named ____.  

A) PGAL
B) pyruvate
C) acetyl-CoA
D) lactate
E) acetaldehyde

Question 13

For glycolysis to begin,____.  

A) glucose must enter the mitochondria
B) there must be an input of energy from ATP
C) oxygen must be available
D) some hydrogen acceptors must be available
E) there must be an input of energy from ADP

Question 14

Aerobic respiration and fermentation ________.  

A) evolved in different living organisms to utilize energy stored in glucose with equal efficiency
B) occur only in animal cells because plants carry out photosynthesis
C) utilize fat as primary energy source
D) occur at the same rate throughout all cells of the body
E) start with glycolysis.

Question 15

What is an anaerobic glucose-breakdown pathway that produces ATP without use of an electron transfer chain?  

A) Cellular respiration
B) Fermentation
C) Glycolysis
D) Aerobic respiration
E) Anaerobic respiration

Question 16

For animals,the final hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration is ____.  

A) NADP⁺
B) sulfur
C) oxygen
D) magnesium
E) phosphorus

Question 17

How many net ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose broken down during glycolysis?  

A) One
B) Two
C) Four
D) 36
E) 38

Question 18

How many ATP are spent before a glucose molecule can be broken down to release energy?  

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Six

Question 19

Substrate-level phosphorylation transfers phosphate groups directly from ____ to ADP.  

A) a substrate
B) coenzymes
C) the electron transfer chain
D) ATP
E) the citric acid cycle

Question 20

Where in a cell does glycolysis occur?  

A) Cytoplasm
B) Golgi body
C) Nucleoid
D) Mitochondrion
E) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

The electron transfer chain is located ____.  

A) on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
B) on the inner membrane of the chloroplasts
C) in the fluid part of the chloroplast
D) throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
E) on the plasma membrane of eukaryotes

Question 22

Fats provide more energy than carbohydrates because they ____.  

A) can be stored inside the cell for long periods of time
B) require more oxidation reactions to break down, thus releasing more electrons
C) are hydrophilic, thus entering cells easily
D) are liquid, thus requiring less energy for reactions
E) are partially oxidized initially, thus requiring less ATP for oxidation

Question 23

Lactate fermentation transfers the electrons and hydrogen ions carried by NADH directly to ____.  

A) acetaldehyde
B) pyruvate
C) carbon dioxide
D) oxygen
E) myoglobin

Question 24

What is the substrate of the first step in the citric acid cycle?  

A) Pyruvate
B) Coenzyme A
C) Fructose bisphosphate
D) Oxaloacetate
E) Citrate

Question 25

In the mitochondria,hydrogen is actively pumped to the ____.  

A) inner membrane
B) outer membrane
C) intermembrane space
D) matrix
E) cytoplasm

Question 26

Complex carbohydrates such as starch need to be first broken down to ____________ before they are quickly taken up by cells.  

A) oligosaccharides
B) amino acids
C) monosaccharides
D) pyruvate
E) acetyl-CoA

Question 27

The energy used to generate most of the ATP formed in aerobic respiration is released when electrons are passed from NADH along a chain to ____.  

A) oxygen
B) acetyl CoA
C) FADH
D) CO₂.
E) NADPH

Question 28

In the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol,what is produced?  

A) Acetaldehyde only
B) Carbon dioxide only
C) NADH only
D) Acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide
E) Acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and NADH

Question 29

The breakdown of ____ into cellular energy can involve glycolysis.  

A) carbohydrates
B) fats
C) proteins
D) carbohydrates and fats
E) fats and proteins

Question 30

During which phase of aerobic respiration is FADH₂ produced?  

A) Glycolysis
B) Ethanol production
C) Acetyl-CoA formation
D) The citric acid cycle
E) Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Question 31

When glucose is used as the energy source,the largest amount of ATP is produced in ____.  

A) glycolysis
B) acetyl-CoA formation
C) the citric acid cycle
D) substrate-level phosphorylation
E) electron transfer phosphorylation

Question 32

Which of the following is not a product of the breakdown of dietary proteins for energy?  

A) Amino acids
B) Ammonia
C) Pyruvate
D) Acetyl-CoA
E) Mitrate

Question 33

Bakers use alcoholic fermentation to produce ____,which causes dough to rise.  

A) alcohol
B) ATP
C) butyric acid
D) carbon dioxide
E) none of these

Question 34

The breakdown of ____ for energy production results in the formation of ammonia as a waste product.  

A) carbohydrates
B) fats
C) proteins
D) carbohydrates and fats
E) fats and proteins

Question 35

Electron transfer phosphorylation yields ____ ATPs.  

A) four
B) Two
C) Three
D) 32
E) Zero

Question 36

During the citric acid cycle,____.  

A) four CO₂ molecules are produced
B) oxaloacetate is consumed
C) electrons and H⁺ are removed from the coenzymes NADH and FADH
D) molecules of carbon dioxide are consumed
E) oxidative phosphorylation occurs

Question 37

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.

-Acetyl-CoA formation

A)Produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
B)Produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
C)Splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
D)Regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
E)Uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP

Question 38

The final step of the citric acid cycle regenerates ____.  

A) pyruvate
B) acetyl-CoA
C) fructose bisphosphate
D) oxaloacetate
E) citrate

Question 39

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.

-Fermentation

A)Produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
B)Produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
C)Splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
D)Regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
E)Uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP

Question 40

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.

-Glycolysis

A)Produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
B)Produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
C)Splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
D)Regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
E)Uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP

Question 41

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "59" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 42

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.Ethanol
b.Pyruvate
c.Lactate
d.Carbon dioxide
e.Acetaldehyde
This compound is produced by fast-twitch muscle fibers.

Question 43

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.Ethanol
b.Pyruvate
c.Lactate
d.Carbon dioxide
e.Acetaldehyde
This compound is a product of both alcoholic and lactate fermentation.

Question 44

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.Ethanol
b.Pyruvate
c.Lactate
d.Carbon dioxide
e.Acetaldehyde
This compound is produced from acetaldehyde when it accepts electrons and a hydrogen ion from NADH.

Question 45

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.

-Electron transfer phosphorylation

A)Produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
B)Produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
C)Splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
D)Regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
E)Uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP

Question 46

Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.Glycolysis
b.Aerobic respiration
c.Electron transfer phosphorylation
d.Alcoholic fermentation
e.Lactate fermentation
This process is responsible for the largest ATP production.

Question 47

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "54" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 48

Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.Glycolysis
b.Aerobic respiration
c.Electron transfer phosphorylation
d.Alcoholic fermentation
e.Lactate fermentation
In this process,the net energy yield is equal to two molecules of ATP,and the final product is ethanol.

Question 49

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "57" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 50

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "53" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 51

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "56" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 52

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "58" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 53

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.Ethanol
b.Pyruvate
c.Lactate
d.Carbon dioxide
e.Acetaldehyde
This compound is an intermediate product of alcoholic fermentation but not lactate fermentation.

Question 54

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "55" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 55

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.

-The citric acid cycle

A)Produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
B)Produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
C)Splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
D)Regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
E)Uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP

Question 56

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "60" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 57

Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.Glycolysis
b.Aerobic respiration
c.Electron transfer phosphorylation
d.Alcoholic fermentation
e.Lactate fermentation
This process yields the most energy overall.

Question 58

Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.Glycolysis
b.Aerobic respiration
c.Electron transfer phosphorylation
d.Alcoholic fermentation
e.Lactate fermentation
This process precedes the citric acid cycle.

Question 59

Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.Glycolysis
b.Aerobic respiration
c.Electron transfer phosphorylation
d.Alcoholic fermentation
e.Lactate fermentation
In this one-step process,the final product is the ionized form of lactic acid.

Question 60

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.Ethanol
b.Pyruvate
c.Lactate
d.Carbon dioxide
e.Acetaldehyde
This compound is utilized in alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation.

Question 61

Which of the following is true regarding lactate fermentation in muscle cells?  

A) It provides a quick burst of ATP.
B) It sustains muscle contractions during prolonged exercise.
C) It causes muscle soreness.
D) It is the predominant form of respiration in muscles.
E) Its products accumulate in muscle for extended periods of time.

Question 62

Acetyl-CoA is produced when ____________________ is broken down.

Question 63

The electron transport chain begins when ____________________ or ____________________ are oxidized.

Question 64

What is the ultimate fate of the carbon atoms in a glucose molecule that goes through aerobic respiration?  

A) It is turned into starch.
B) It is converted to pyruvate.
C) It is converted to glycogen.
D) It is released as carbon dioxide.
E) It is recycled in the citric acid cycle.

Question 65

Which process might be affected by the mutation of a transmembrane protein in the mitochondrial membrane?  

A) establishment of hydrogen ion gradient
B) reduction of coenzyme NADH
C) reduction of coenzyme FADH₂
D) glucose transport into the mitochondrion
E) transfer of acetyl CoA into the mitochondrion

Question 66

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "62" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 67

During alcoholic fermentation,____________________ is converted into ethanol.

Question 68

About how many net molecules of ATP are produced at the end of the three stages of aerobic respiration?  

A) 38
B) 36
C) 32
D) 16
E) 4

Question 69

What substance causes yeast bread to rise?  

A) alcohol
B) lactic acid
C) sugar
D) carbon dioxide
E) oxygen

Question 70

Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the citric acid cycle on the figure below.Figure 7.8


-What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "61" in the accompanying figure?

A)CO₂
B)NADH
C)ADP + Pi
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 71

Cells dismantle triglycerides by first breaking the bonds that connect fatty acid tails to _______.

Question 72

Fatty acids must first be converted to which substance before they can enter the citric acid cycle?  

A) PGAL
B) pyruvate
C) acetyl-CoA
D) amino acids
E) glucose

Question 73

Which of the following equations summarizes glycolysis?  

A) C6H12O6 + O2 ® CO2 + H2O
B) CO2 + H2O ® C6H12O6 + O2
C) C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ®  C12H22O11 + H2O
D) C6H12O6 ® 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
E) 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 ® C6H12O6

Question 74

Which stage of aerobic respiration requires an input of two ATP?  

A) glycolysis
B) acetyl CoA formation
C) citric acid cycle
D) electron transfer phosphorylation
E) fermentation

Question 75

Aerobic respiration produces two substances that are used in photosynthesis.Which ones are these?  

A) Glucose and oxygen
B) Water and carbon dioxide
C) Citric acid and carbon dioxide
D) Starch and alcohol
E) Glucose and carbon dioxide