Deck 12: Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?

A) when measured at the age of 10 and then again at the age of 30
B) when measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30
C) when measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 40
D) when measured at the age of 10 and then again at the age of 40

Answer 1

when measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30

Question 2

A national survey indicated that ________ in adults was associated with the development of disease and chronic illness, especially cardiovascular system problems such as high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke.

A) secure attachment
B) easy temperament
C) insecure attachment
D) assertive personality

Answer 2

insecure attachment

Question 3

Compared to relationships established in person, what is a significant finding about romantic relationships initiated on the Internet?

A) Romantic relationships initiated on the Internet are more likely than relationships established in person to last for more than two years.
B) Contrary to popular belief, intentional misrepresentation of the self over the Internet is very rare.
C) Women were found to be more dishonest than men.
D) Romantic relationships established in person have been found to last longer than those established over the Internet.

Answer 3

Romantic relationships initiated on the Internet are more likely than relationships established in person to last for more than two years.

Question 4

Amy is not overly stressed out about her relationship with her boyfriend Danny. She trusts him and is sure that if there are any problems, they can talk it through and come to an understanding. Which of the following best describes Amy's attachment style?

A) disorganized
B) anxious
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 5

________ adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships.

A) Securely attached
B) Attachment-anxious
C) Attachment-avoidant
D) Securely detached

Question 6

Recent studies confirmed that ________ individuals showed strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner.

A) attachment-anxious
B) securely attached
C) attachment-avoidant
D) attachment-disorganized

Question 7

Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with

A) higher academic achievement in college.
B) stronger sibling relationships in adulthood.
C) secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood.
D) an easy temperament in adulthood.

Question 8

Which of the following is a characteristic of attachment-anxious individuals?

A) They show strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner.
B) They tend to have low levels of health anxiety.
C) They tend to distance themselves from their partner.
D) They are unlikely to be characterized by higher negative affect.

Question 9

In his meeting with a counsellor, Dalton revealed that he was uncomfortable being close to others. He finds it difficult to trust people completely and doesn't allow himself to depend completely on them. He gets nervous if someone tries to get too intimate with him. It seems likely that Dalton has a(n) ________ attachment style.

A) secure
B) anxious
C) conflicted
D) avoidant

Question 10

Which of the following is true of the preferences of adults regarding the attachment styles of their partners?

A) Securely attached adults show a preference for individuals with an anxious attachment style.
B) Individuals with an anxious attachment style mostly seem to prefer a partner with an anxious attachment style.
C) Adults prefer to have an avoidant adult as a partner.
D) Adults prefer having a securely attached partner.

Question 11

The ________ attachment style is more likely to be characterized by trust, commitment, and longevity.

A) disorganized
B) avoidant
C) anxious
D) secure

Question 12

Rose's ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always told him that she loved him and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues. Rose seems to have a(n) ________ attachment style.

A) secure
B) anxious
C) conflicted
D) avoidant

Question 13

On an assessment of attachment styles modeled on Hazan and Shaver's questionnaire, Alicia described herself thus: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me." Alicia seems to have a(n) ________ attachment style.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) anxious
D) gregarious

Question 14

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages is the most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence?

A) identity versus identity confusion
B) industry versus inferiority
C) intimacy versus isolation
D) autonomy versus shame

Question 15

In the context of online dating, a national study of more than 19,000 individuals by Cacioppo and others (2013) found that

A) less than one-third of marriages began online.
B) marriages that began online were slightly more likely to break up than those that started in traditional offline contexts.
C) marriages that began online were characterized by slightly higher marital satisfaction than those that started in traditional offline contexts.
D) women lied online most about their height, income, and age.

Question 16

Individuals with an anxious attachment style

A) are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships but are committed once they are in one.
B) demand closeness in relationships and are less trusting and more emotional.
C) are less likely than others to have one-night stands.
D) tend to distance themselves from their partner.

Question 17

Research indicates that links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles were ________ by stressful and disruptive experiences.

A) not impacted
B) lessened
C) facilitated
D) enhanced

Question 18

Securely attached adults

A) are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships but are committed once they are in one.
B) demand closeness in relationships and are more emotional.
C) are less likely than others to have one-night stands.
D) tend to distance themselves from their partner.

Question 19

________ individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner.

A) Disorganized
B) Anxious
C) Securely attached
D) Avoidant

Question 20

In the context of adult attachment styles, attachment-anxious individuals are characterized by

A) an overall higher level of satisfaction in close relationships than their securely attached counterparts.
B) a need to distance themselves from their partner.
C) higher negative affect and perceived social rejection than their securely attached counterparts.
D) a well-integrated sense of self-acceptance, self-esteem, and self-efficacy.

Question 21

Erikson describes ________ as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.

A) friendship
B) intimacy
C) attachment
D) temperament

Question 22

Which of the following is true about gender differences in adult friendships?

A) Compared with women, men have more close friends.
B) Adult male friendships are more competitive than those of women.
C) Compared with women, men's friendships involve more self-disclosure and exchange of mutual support.
D) The adult female pattern of friendship often involves keeping one's distance while sharing useful information.

Question 23

________ love is the type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person.

A) Passionate
B) Fatuous
C) Companionate
D) Romantic

Question 24

According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ relates to the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.

A) attachment
B) intimacy
C) commitment
D) passion

Question 25

According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ is physical and sexual attraction to another.

A) attachment
B) commitment
C) intimacy
D) passion

Question 26

After 3 years of being in an intimate relationship with her boyfriend, Susan realizes that although she still feels passion for her boyfriend, she now desires to simply have him close to her. She cares for him a lot and has deep feelings for him. In this scenario, Susan is most likely experiencing

A) passionate love.
B) affectionate love.
C) fatuous love.
D) romantic love.

Question 27

The early stages of love have more ________ love ingredients.

A) romantic
B) companionate
C) passionate
D) consummate

Question 28

Carla and Steve are in a love relationship. Carla has appraised their relationship and fully intends to maintain it even when faced with problems. Carla believes that Steve also loves her and will stand by her through life's ups and downs. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, which of the following dimensions of love is emphasized in this scenario?

A) commitment
B) intimacy
C) attachment
D) passion

Question 29

Which of the following statements about romantic love is true?

A) Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.
B) Females show higher avoidance of romantic love than males.
C) Males show higher anxiety about romantic love than females.
D) Males and females show the same level of avoidance and anxiety about romantic love.

Question 30

According to Ellen Berscheid, the most important ingredient of romantic love is

A) friendship.
B) sexual desire.
C) long-term commitment.
D) spontaneity in behavior.

Question 31

Penelope is describing her marriage of 15 years: "My husband and I were eating breakfast the other day. Neither of us was talking, both of us just reading and thinking our own thoughts. But it was a very comfortable, companionable silence, and I loved it!" What aspect of their relationship does this illustrate?

A) passion
B) infatuation
C) romantic love
D) affectionate love

Question 32

Which of the following is a problem that can plague cross-gender friendships?

A) unclear sexual boundaries
B) lack of intimacy
C) lack of trust
D) learning about shared characteristics

Question 33

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions of

A) role exchanges, exclusivity, and commitment.
B) shared activities, self-disclosure, and commitment.
C) passion, commitment, and intimacy.
D) transference, companionship, and self-disclosure.

Question 34

Which of the following is a component of Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love?

A) passion
B) exchange
C) jealousy
D) good looks

Question 35

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?

A) intimacy versus isolation
B) identity versus identity confusion
C) iutonomy versus shame and doubt
D) integrity versus despair

Question 36

Tiara and Evan, who are classmates, have fallen in love with each other. Tiara feels intense passion for Evan and gets extremely jealous when she sees him talk to other girls in their class. She also has a strong sexual desire for him. In this early part of their relationship, Tiara is most likely experiencing

A) companionate love.
B) affectionate love.
C) consummate love.
D) romantic love.

Question 37

Which of the following is another name for romantic love?

A) passionate love
B) affectionate love
C) companionate love
D) consummate love

Question 38

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages occurs during early adulthood, after individuals are well on their way to establishing stable and successful identities?

A) identity versus identity confusion
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) integrity versus despair
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 39

Female friendships involve more ________ than male friendships.

A) competition
B) outdoor activities
C) self-disclosure
D) sharing of useful information

Question 40

________ love is also called eros.

A) Companionate
B) Affectionate
C) Romantic
D) Consummate

Question 41

Identify a true statement about premarital education programs.

A) They are linked to a lower level of marital satisfaction.
B) They are linked to a higher level of commitment to a spouse.
C) They tend to increase the likelihood of divorce.
D) They tend to hinder the level of communication between couples.

Question 42

In which country is cohabitation virtually universal before marriage?

A) France
B) Sweden
C) United States
D) Kenya

Question 43

Nicole and Matthew, a couple, are passionately in love with each other. They are attracted to each other and also share their thoughts and emotions. They are thinking of a future together and know that they can depend on each other even in the face of problems. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Nicole and Matthew are most likely experiencing

A) affectionate love.
B) consummate love.
C) fatuous love.
D) passionate love.

Question 44

Martin and Suzy, who are classmates, have an affair with each other. They are in a relationship that has an ingredient of passion. However, they do not have feelings of warmth or closeness toward each other and do not intend to appraise the relationship. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Martin and Suzy's love relationship is mostly likely categorized as

A) infatuation.
B) intimacy.
C) fatuous love.
D) companionate love.

Question 45

Tina is in a romantic love relationship with John. She is very intimate with him and does not place emphasis on connections outside of her relationship with him. She also has a very small social network. In the context of cross-cultural variations in romantic relationships, Tina's relationship is most likely characteristic of a(n)

A) communist country.
B) Marxist country.
C) collectivist country.
D) individualistic country.

Question 46

Tina and Danny have been married for 12 years. Both are working and have busy schedules, but at the end of the day, they sit together and tell each other about their day. They have had their share of ups and downs in life, and their love for each other has grown steadily. However, Tina, although very happy in her marriage, reminisces about and wishes to have the passion they had in the early days of their marriage. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Tina and Danny's relationship is mostly likely categorized as

A) romantic love.
B) consummate love.
C) affectionate love.
D) fatuous love.

Question 47

According to Robert J. Sternberg, ________ love is the strongest and fullest form of love.

A) passionate
B) fatuous
C) affectionate
D) consummate

Question 48

According to research, which of the following statements is true of the link between cohabitation and marital instability?

A) The link between cohabitation and marital instability is strong when only cohabitation with the eventual marital partner is examined.
B) Cohabiting does not have a negative effect on marriage if the couple did not have any previous live-in lovers.
C) Cohabiting has a negative effect on marriage if the couple did not have children prior to the marriage.
D) The risk of marital dissolution between cohabitors is much larger when they cohabited in their mid-twenties.

Question 49

In the context of cross-cultural variations in romantic relationships, in contrast to individualistic countries, individuals in collectivist countries are more likely to

A) have a smaller social network.
B) have a strong tendency for self-disclosure.
C) be less group-oriented.
D) have stronger feelings of commitment.

Question 50

Gary and Nina, who are colleagues, are attracted to each other and have an affair with each other. However, they do not have feelings for each other and do not intend to maintain or appraise the relationship. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Gary and Nina's love relationship is mostly likely categorized as

A) fatuous love.
B) romance.
C) infatuation.
D) companionate love.

Question 51

Brenda and Jonathan have been married for 15 years. When Brenda develops a potentially fatal lung disease, Jonathan retires in order to care for Brenda. This shows that Brenda and Jonathan's relationship has a high level of

A) infatuation.
B) commitment.
C) fatuous love.
D) passion.

Question 52

One of the benefits of a good marriage is

A) increased longevity.
B) more financial security.
C) an improved gender identity.
D) improved social relations.

Question 53

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, consummate love is characterized by

A) passion, intimacy, and commitment.
B) romance, shared disclosure, and sexual desire.
C) commitment and exclusiveness.
D) eroticism and companionship.

Question 54

Julie describes how she feels about Mark: "I'm very physically attracted to him, but we aren't what you would call emotionally close. I love being with him, but I don't know that this will be a long-lasting relationship." According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which type of love is Julie experiencing?

A) affectionate love
B) infatuation
C) consummate
D) companionate love

Question 55

Since the early 1900s, the goal of maintaining a stable marriage has

A) become even more important than ever.
B) decreased in its level of relative importance.
C) replaced self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.
D) been replaced by self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.

Question 56

Which of the following is a factor associated with increases in divorce?

A) youthful marriage
B) having a religious affiliation
C) partners from different educational backgrounds
D) high educational level

Question 57

Most divorces occur in the ________ year of marriage.

A) first to third
B) second to fifth
C) fifth to tenth
D) tenth to twelfth

Question 58

Sara is in an intimate love relationship with Ren. She has a strong commitment toward her relationship with Ren. However, the intimacy in her relationship is diffused as she also places strong emphasis on connections with her family members. According to the cross-cultural variations observed in romantic relationships, Sara's relationship is most likely characteristic of a(n)

A) narcissistic country.
B) totalitarian country.
C) collectivist country.
D) individualistic country.

Question 59

Naina and Samir, who are a couple, are passionate about each other. They are physically and sexually attracted to one another. They know that they can count on each other during the ups and downs of life, and they intend to maintain their relationship in the face of problems. However, they lack feelings of warmth or closeness toward each other and avoid sharing their thoughts. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Naina and Samir are most likely experiencing

A) romantic love.
B) fatuous love.
C) affectionate love.
D) consummate love.

Question 60

Living together in a sexual relationship without being married is known as

A) consensual validation.
B) attachment.
C) coparenting.
D) cohabitation.

Question 61

Which of the following is an outcome of the growing trend of having fewer children?

A) Institutional care is replaced by parental care.
B) Women have less time for other endeavors.
C) Men are apt to invest a greater amount of time in fathering.
D) Parents are bound to have more realistic expectations for their children.

Question 62

Does cohabitation influence marital satisfaction? Discuss the possible reasons for this.

Question 63

According to the triarchic theory of love, which type of love includes passion and commitment, but does not include (or is low on) intimacy?

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true about gay and lesbian couples?

A) Lesbian couples usually have sexually "open" relationships.
B) Lesbian couples especially place a low priority on equality in their relationships.
C) In a high percentage of such couples, one partner is masculine and the other feminine.
D) Gays and lesbians prefer long-term, committed relationships.

Question 65

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being single in early adulthood.

Question 66

Which of the following is a common complaint of both divorced women and divorced men?

A) loss of religious affiliations
B) heightened self-esteem
C) anxiety about the unknowns in their lives
D) entering into a new intimate relationship too quickly

Question 67

Lesbian couples place an especially high priority on

A) social and economic independence.
B) maintaining a dynamic relationship where one partner is masculine and the other is feminine.
C) equality in their relationships.
D) maintaining an open relationship.

Question 68

Describe the three adult attachment styles and include behavioral examples of each.

Question 69

Which theorist proposed a triarchic theory of love?

Question 70

Which of the following is an advantage of having children late?

A) Women have fewer medical problems during pregnancy.
B) Parents have more physical energy.
C) Parents have more income for child-rearing expenses.
D) Parents are less likely to build up expectations for their children.

Question 71

Identify a true statement regarding remarriage in the United States.

A) Men tend to remarry after a divorce sooner than women do.
B) Remarried adults often find it easy to stay remarried.
C) Men with lower incomes are more likely to remarry than their counterparts with higher incomes.
D) Remarriage occurs later for partners who initiated the divorce.

Question 72

Identify a true statement about parenting.

A) Most parents learn parenting practices from their own parents.
B) Parenting requires minimal interpersonal skills and does not impose emotional demands.
C) When methods of parents are passed on from one generation to the next, the undesirable practices are not perpetuated.
D) Parenting is instinctual and requires no training.

Question 73

Which of the following is most likely a reason remarried adults find it difficult to stay remarried?

A) Remarried couples experience more stress in rearing children than parents in never-divorced families.
B) Most people remarry primarily for love.
C) Positive attitudes about divorce are uncommon among remarried persons.
D) Remarried couples usually have negative attitudes about low marital quality.

Question 74

Compare women's and men's friendship patterns.

Question 75

Which of the following is an advantage of having children early?

A) Parents are more likely to build up expectations for their children.
B) Planning for children's growth or education is more methodical and realistic.
C) The parents are likely to have more physical energy.
D) The parents have more time to consider their goals in life.

Question 76

Kelly has just given birth to her first baby at the age of 37; her best friend, Olivia, age 26, also gave birth to her first child. Which of the following is most likely to be true for these new mothers?

A) Kelly will have more energy to care for her child than Olivia.
B) Olivia will have fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth.
C) Olivia will more likely build up expectations for her child.
D) Olivia will have more income for child-rearing expenses than Kelly.

Question 77

Identify the theorists who studied attachment styles in young adults and developed an assessment tool to measure attachment style.

Question 78

Which of the following is one of John Gottman's seven main practices that help marriages succeed?

A) Create a gridlock.
B) Solve perpetual conflicts.
C) Avoid letting your partner influence you.
D) Establish love maps.

Question 79

Briefly describe the three major types of love.

Question 80

Briefly describe Erikson's stage of intimacy versus isolation.