Deck 7: Releasing Chemical Energy

Question 1

The final steps of both alcoholic and lactate fermentation regenerate ____.

A)glucose
B)ADP
C)NAD⁺
D)NADH
E)electrons

Answer 1

C

Question 2

​Alcoholic fermentation is used to produce ____.

A)beer and wine only​
B)​bread only
C)​yogurt only
D)​beer, wine, and bread
E)​beer, wine, and yogurt

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Before photosynthesis evolved, ____ was a very small component of Earth's early atmosphere.

A)carbon dioxide
B)nitrogen
C)water
D)oxygen
E)argon

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The transfer of a phosphate group (P_i) from an intermediate in the glycolysis pathway to ADP is an example of harvesting energy by ____.

A)electron transfer phosphorylation
B)acetyl-CoA formation
C)reduction
D)oxidation
E)substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 5

During aerobic respiration, ____ is/are formed and detoxified by antioxidant molecules in the cell's cytoplasm.

A)free electrons
B)ethanol
C)reduced coenzymes
D)free radicals
E)carbon dioxide

Question 6

What do NADH and FADH₂ deliver to electron transfer chains?

A)electrons only
B)hydrogen ions only
C)oxygen
D)electrons and hydrogen ions
E)phosphate

Question 7

In order for glycolysis to proceed ____.

A)glucose must enter the mitochondria
B)an input of energy from ATP is required
C)oxygen must be available
D)heat must be supplied
E)carbon dioxide must be available

Question 8

The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is ____.

A)NAD⁺
B)CO₂
C)ADP
D)NADP⁺
E)O₂

Question 9

Which equation summarizes the overall pathway of aerobic respiration?

A)CO₂ + H₂O + ATP → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ + ADP + P_i
B)C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ + H₂O → CO₂ + ATP
C)C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP
D)C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ + NADH → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP + NAD⁺
E)CO₂ + H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Question 10

Which pathway generates the most ATP?

A)fermentation
B)glycolysis
C)photosynthesis
D)citric acid cycle
E)electron transport chain

Question 11

Alcoholic fermentation by yeast produces ____.

A)CO₂ only
B)ethanol only
C)lactate only
D)ethanol and CO₂
E)ethanol and lactate

Question 12

Which cofactor is reduced during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A)NAD⁺
B)FAD⁺
C)FADH₂
D)NADH
E)NADP⁺

Question 13

During alcoholic fermentation, electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred from NADH to acetaldehyde, forming ____.

A)lactate and ethanol
B)NAD⁺ only
C)ethanol only
D)NAD⁺ and ethanol
E)lactate NAD⁺

Question 14

When intense exercise depletes oxygen in muscle cells faster than it can be replenished, these cells will produce ____ by ____.

A)ethyl alcohol; alcoholic fermentation
B)acetaldehyde; glycolysis
C)pyruvate; glycolysis
D)lactate; lactate fermentation
E)citrate; citric acid cycle

Question 15

In order to use the energy stored in sugars, cells must first convert it to energy stored in ____, which is synthesized during aerobic respiration.

A)carbon
B)oxygen
C)ATP
D)NAD⁺
E)carbon dioxide

Question 16

Pyruvate is the end product of ____.

A)glycolysis
B)acetyl-CoA formation
C)fermentation
D)the citric acid cycle
E)the electron transport chain

Question 17

Why is pyruvate reduced to lactate during fermentation?

A)to produce more ATP only
B)to produce CO₂ only
C)to regenerate NAD⁺ from NADH
D)to produce both ATP and CO₂.
E)to produce ATP and regenerate NAD⁺ from NADH

Question 18

NADH transfers electrons to oxygen during ____.

A)glycolysis
B)acetyl-CoA formation
C)the citric acid cycle
D)electron transfer phosphorylation
E)substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 19

During which phase(s) of aerobic respiration is ATP produced directly by substrate-level phosphorylation?

A)glycolysis only
B)citric acid cycle only
C)electron transfer chain only
D)the citric acid cycle and glycolysis
E)glycolysis, the electron transfer chain, and the citric acid cycle

Question 20

The citric acid cycle takes place in the ____.

A)ribosome
B)cytoplasm
C)nucleus
D)mitochondrion
E)chloroplast

Question 21

When O₂ accepts electrons in aerobic respiration, it is converted to ____.

A)O₃
B)CO₂
C)OH⁻
D)H₂O
E)CO

Question 22

​How many rounds of the citric acid cycle does it take to harvest the energy from one molecule of glucose?

A)​one
B)​two
C)​three
D)​four
E)​six

Question 23

When fats are broken down as energy sources, the fatty acids are converted to ____ and enter ____.

A)pyruvate; glycolysis
B)acetyl-CoA; substrate-level phosphorylation
C)PGAL; the citric acid cycle
D)acetyl-CoA; the citric acid cycle
E)NADH and FADH₂; the electron transfer chain

Question 24

Carbon dioxide, water, sugar, and oxygen cycle through the world via ____ (energy capture) and ____ (energy release).

A)aerobic respiration; photosynthesis
B)photosynthesis; aerobic respiration
C)substrate-level phosphorylation; electron transfer phosphorylation
D)electron transfer phosphorylation; substrate-level phosphorylation
E)aerobic respiration; anaerobic respiration

Question 25

What prevents the first reactions of glycolysis from running in reverse, thereby building and metabolizing glucose at the same time?

A)Free radicals are produced by glycolysis reactions that run in reverse; therefore, cells use antioxidants to inhibit these reactions.
B)The electron transfer phosphorylation required to generate ATP during glycolysis cannot run in reverse, because the coenzymes they require are only found in the mitochondria.
C)The glycolysis reactions are unable to run in reverse; instead, excess energy is stored as fat, not carbohydrates.
D)During times of excess blood glucose, the hormone insulin is required to stimulate the reverse reaction to produce glycogen.
E)Due to the energy input required for glycolysis to proceed, the reverse reaction would require too much energy to run spontaneously.

Question 26

​During aerobic respiration, glucose becomes ____ and coenzymes become ____.

A)​oxidized; reduced
B)​reduced; oxidized
C)​regenerated; depleted
D)​depleted; regenerated
E)​phosphorylated; depleted

Question 27

What occurs when glucose molecules are broken apart during cellular respiration?

A)The heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.
B)Oxygen is released and used as an energy source.
C)The energy released is used in ATP synthesis.
D)ATP is converted into ADP.
E)ADP is released as a waste product.

Question 28

The flow of electrons through the electron transfer chain generates a(n) ____ gradient that drives ____ by ____.

A)oxidative; oxidation of coenzymes; redox reactions
B)hydrogen ion; ATP synthesis; electron transfer phosphorylation
C)electron; ATP synthesis; electron transfer phosphorylation
D)hydrogen ion; regeneration of coenzymes; substrate-level phosphorylation
E)electron; ATP synthesis; redox reactions

Question 29

Glycolysis converts glucose to ____, with a net yield of ____ ATP and ____ NADH.

A)two pyruvate molecules; 2; 2
B)one pyruvate molecule; 4; 2
C)glycogen; 2; 4
D)ATP; 36; 10
E)acetyl-CoA; 2; 2

Question 30

When protein molecules are used as energy sources, the amino groups of the amino acids are ____ and the carbon backbones enter ____.

A)excreted as free amino groups (-NH₂); glycolysis
B)build new proteins; the electron transfer chain
C)excreted as ammonia (NH₃); the citric acid cycle
D)used to synthesize nucleic acids; glycolysis
E)converted to glycogen; citric acid cycle

Question 31

Electron flow through the electron transport chain drives the flow of hydrogen ions from the ____ to the ____.

A)mitochondrial matrix; mitochondrial intermembrane space
B)cytoplasm; mitochondrial intermembrane space
C)mitochondrial matrix; cytoplasm
D)cytoplasm; mitochondrial matrix
E)mitochondrial intermembrane; mitochondrial matrix

Question 32

What is the correct operational sequence of the processes of aerobic respiration?
I. glycolysis
II. electron transfer
III. citric acid cycle
IV. acetyl-CoA formation

A)I ? II ? III ? IV
B)II ? IV ? I ? III
C)IV ? III ? I ? II
D)II ? III ? IV ? I
E)I ? IV ? III ? II

Question 33

During electron transfer phosphorylation, ____ ions accumulate in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

A)calcium
B)hydrogen
C)oxygen
D)phosphorus
E)sodium

Question 34

Of the six carbons in a molecule of glucose, how many are converted to CO₂ during aerobic respiration?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)six

Question 35

The first aerobic organisms could live in the presence of oxygen without harm due to the presence of ____.

A)chloroplasts
B)pigments
C)hexokinase
D)mitochondria
E)antioxidants

Question 36

During glycolysis, glucose is first phosphorylated twice, and then split into two three-carbon compounds called ____.

A)phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
B)pyruvate
C)acetyl CoA
D)lactate
E)acetaldehyde

Question 37

Which compound is associated with aerobic respiration pathways, but not anaerobic pathways?

A)pyruvate
B)lactic acid
C)ethanol
D)oxaloacetate
E)phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)

Question 38

Glucose is converted into glycogen primarily in ____.

A)brain cells only
B)liver cells only
C)muscle cells only
D)brain and muscle cells
E)liver and muscle cells

Question 39

The ultimate source of energy for living organisms is ____.

A)the citric acid cycle
B)fossil fuels
C)the sun
D)oxygen
E)aerobic respiration

Question 40

-In the accompanying figure, which letter(s) corresponds to the location where the citric acid cycle takes place?

A)A only
B)B only
C)C only
D)A and B
E)B and C

Question 41

Match the process/substance in the citric acid cycle with the correct description.

-carbon leaves the cell in CO₂

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G

Question 42

Substrate level phosphorylation ____.

A)involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate
B)requires the presence of oxygen
C)requires the presence of NADH
D)produces most of the ATPs yield during aerobic respiration
E)involves the generation of a hydrogen ion gradient to produce ATP

Question 43

Match the cellular respiration process with the correct description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.fermentation
b.aerobic respiration
starts in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondrion

Question 44

Aerobic organisms use ____ as the final electron acceptor in electron transport phosphorylation.

A)hydrogen
B)carbon
C)O₂
D)H₂O
E)NAD⁺

Question 45

The last intermediate produced in the citric acid cycle is ____, which is also a substrate for the first reaction in this pathway, making the citric acid cycle a(n) ____ metabolic pathway.

A)pyruvate; linear
B)acetyl CoA; catalyzed
C)fructose bisphosphate; aerobic
D)oxaloacetate; cyclic
E)citrate; anaerobic

Question 46

Match the process/substance in the citric acid cycle with the correct description.

-acetyl-CoA

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G

Question 47

Match the process/substance in the citric acid cycle with the correct description.

-the product of the final reaction, which is also a substrate in the first reaction

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G

Question 48

Match the process/substance in the citric acid cycle with the correct description.

-pyruvate, produced by glycolysis

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G

Question 49

Match the following processes or items with their correct cellular location. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.cytoplasm
b.mitochondrial matrix
c.mitochondrial intermembrane space
d.mitochondrial inner membrane
glucose enters this space through a glucose transporter

Question 50

Match the following processes or items with their correct cellular location. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.cytoplasm
b.mitochondrial matrix
c.mitochondrial intermembrane space
d.mitochondrial inner membrane
fermentation

Question 51

When blood glucose levels decrease (for example, between meals), which energy reserves are tapped first?

A)glycogen
B)fats
C)proteins
D)ethanol
E)amino acids

Question 52

Match the cellular respiration process with the correct description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.fermentation
b.aerobic respiration
starts and ends in the cytoplasm

Question 53

Match the process/substance in the citric acid cycle with the correct description.

-ADP; substrate-level phosphorylation

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G

Question 54

Match the process/substance in the citric acid cycle with the correct description.

-?electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred from an intermediate to coenzymes, which then become reduced

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G

Question 55

Match the process/substance in the citric acid cycle with the correct description.

-citrate is formed by the addition of two carbon atoms to oxaloacetate

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
F)F
G)G

Question 56

​When hydrogen ions accumulate in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, what prevents them from moving back into the mitochondrial matrix without flowing through ATP synthase?

A)​The hydrophilic environment of the mitochondrial matrix repels hydrogen ions.
B)​The hydrophobic environment of the mitochondrial matrix repels hydrogen ions.
C)​Hydrogen ions combine with oxygen gas to form water, which cannot cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane.
D)​Hydrogen ions cannot cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane.
E)​Entering the matrix would require the ions to move against their concentration gradient.

Question 57

Match the cellular respiration process with the correct description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.fermentation
b.aerobic respiration
does not require oxygen

Question 58

Glycolysis depends on a continuous supply of ____.

A)oxygen
B)pyruvate
C)NAD⁺
D)NADH
E)H₂O

Question 59

How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)36
E)38

Question 60

The breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle yields twelve ____ coenzymes, which will deliver electrons to the electron transfer chain to drive ATP synthesis by ____.

A)reduced; hexokinase
B)reduced; ATP synthase
C)oxidized; hexokinase
D)oxidized; ATP synthase
E)phosphorylated; electron transfer phosphorylation

Question 61

How are mitochondria passed on from parents to offspring? Describe the process of mitochondrial donation, which is used to prevent children from inheriting mitochondrial disorders.​

Question 62

Match the following processes or items with their correct cellular location. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.cytoplasm
b.mitochondrial matrix
c.mitochondrial intermembrane space
d.mitochondrial inner membrane
glycolysis

Question 63

Match the cellular respiration process to the correct description. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.alcoholic fermentation only
b.lactate fermentation only
c.both alcoholic and lactate fermentation
d.neither alcoholic nor lactate fermentation
used by some hibernating turtles that become trapped under ice

Question 64

How did oxygen gas accumulate in Earth's atmosphere following the evolution of photosynthesis?

Question 65

How are photosynthesis and aerobic respiration related?

Question 66

Match the cellular respiration process to the correct description. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.alcoholic fermentation only
b.lactate fermentation only
c.both alcoholic and lactate fermentation
d.neither alcoholic nor lactate fermentation
yogurt production

Question 67

Match the cellular respiration process to the correct description. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.alcoholic fermentation only
b.lactate fermentation only
c.both alcoholic and lactate fermentation
d.neither alcoholic nor lactate fermentation
​does not produce CO₂

Question 68

Match the following processes or items with their correct cellular location. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.cytoplasm
b.mitochondrial matrix
c.mitochondrial intermembrane space
d.mitochondrial inner membrane
citric acid cycle

Question 69

Outline the steps in the formation of acetyl-CoA.

Question 70

Match the following processes or items with their correct cellular location. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.cytoplasm
b.mitochondrial matrix
c.mitochondrial intermembrane space
d.mitochondrial inner membrane
ATP synthases

Question 71

Match the following processes or items with their correct cellular location. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.cytoplasm
b.mitochondrial matrix
c.mitochondrial intermembrane space
d.mitochondrial inner membrane
the destination of hydrogen ions that are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix, driven by electron flow

Question 72

Match the cellular respiration process to the correct description. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.alcoholic fermentation only
b.lactate fermentation only
c.both alcoholic and lactate fermentation
d.neither alcoholic nor lactate fermentation
uses pyruvate as a substrate

Question 73

Match the cellular respiration process to the correct description. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.alcoholic fermentation only
b.lactate fermentation only
c.both alcoholic and lactate fermentation
d.neither alcoholic nor lactate fermentation
aerobic respiration

Question 74

Match the cellular respiration process to the correct description. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.alcoholic fermentation only
b.lactate fermentation only
c.both alcoholic and lactate fermentation
d.neither alcoholic nor lactate fermentation
​produces less ATP than aerobic respiration

Question 75

Which product(s) are generated during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle that is/are needed for electron transfer phosphorylation?

Question 76

Outline the steps of glycolysis.

Question 77

Match the cellular respiration process to the correct description. Some answers may be used more than once.
a.alcoholic fermentation only
b.lactate fermentation only
c.both alcoholic and lactate fermentation
d.neither alcoholic nor lactate fermentation
anaerobic respiration

Question 78

Why is the hydrogen ion gradient of the electron transfer chain important for energy production?

Question 79

Why are fats a richer source of energy than carbohydrates?

Question 80

What causes an accumulation of free radicals that can cause cellular damage, and ultimately, harm the individual?