Deck 11: Cancer

Question 1

Who is MOST likely to develop cancer during his lifetime?

A) Doug,an African American man
B) Bradley,a European American man
C) Miguel,a Hispanic American man
D) Ahanu,a Native American man

Answer 1

Doug,an African American man

Question 2

George has the most common type of cancer in the United States.George has:

A) leukemia.
B) sarcoma.
C) lung cancer.
D) skin cancer.

Answer 2

skin cancer.

Question 3

Most cancer deaths in the United States are attributed to:

A) heredity.
B) viruses.
C) behavioral factors.
D) environmental pollutants.

Answer 3

behavioral factors.

Question 4

Based on the information provided in the textbook,it can be definitively stated that:

A) studies of human populations have clearly delineated those dietary components that are cancer-causing and cancer-preventing.
B) the cancers that have been most clearly linked to foods are those that affect cells related to the immune system.
C) epidemiological studies have provided the basis for a correlational relationship,not a causal relationship,between dietary group differences and cancer risk.
D) cancers related to high-fat diets are most prevalent in Southeast Asia.

Question 5

Which of these was suggested as a reason why African American women are more likely than White women to die from breast cancer,even though they are less likely to develop the disease in the first place?

A) African American women historically have been less likely to perform regular breast self-examination.
B) African American women are less likely to obtain mammograms.
C) African Americans tend to consume fattier diets.
D) African American women are genetically at increased risk for premature mortality.

Question 6

Approximately one in every _____ deaths in the United States is caused by tobacco use.

A) two
B) five
C) ten
D) hundred

Question 7

Lung cancer is at the top of cancer mortality for:

A) men.
B) women.
C) both men and women.
D) neither men nor women.

Question 8

White American women are _____ likely to develop breast cancer than African American women and _____ likely to die of the disease.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 9

How do benign tumors differ from malignant tumors?

A) Malignant cells grow rapidly and can invade surrounding tissues.
B) Benign tumors have the ability to metastasize.
C) Benign tumors attack any tissue in the body.
D) Pain accompanies the growth of a malignant tumor.

Question 10

Kendra believes that diet is a risk factor in cancer.Because she wants to eat a diet that will protect her,she should consume more:

A) fruits,vegetables,and whole grains.
B) saturated fat.
C) milk and dairy products.
D) dietary supplements.

Question 11

The development of some cancers may be inhibited by:

A) drinking alcohol and smoking.
B) eating diets that are primarily plant-based.
C) grilling food and eating processed meats.
D) drinking water and eating oat-based breakfasts.

Question 12

Prostate cancer accounted for _____% of cancer deaths in 2018.

A) 4
B) 9
C) 19
D) 29

Question 13

Sarcomas are malignancies involving:

A) the epithelial cells.
B) the cells in muscles,bones,and cartilage.
C) the lymphatic system.
D) the blood and blood-forming tissues.

Question 14

For young people especially,_____ may be a more important determinant of health behaviors than _____.

A) peer pressure; emotional reactions
B) emotional reactions; peer pressure
C) consideration of future consequences; consideration of immediate consequences
D) consideration of immediate consequences; consideration of future consequences

Question 15

Metastasis refers to:

A) the growth rate of benign tumors.
B) the spread of malignancy from one part of the body to another.
C) a type of skin cancer.
D) an individual's overall risk profile for developing any form of cancer.

Question 16

Cancers that attack the blood and bone marrow are classified as:

A) carcinomas.
B) sarcomas.
C) leukemias.
D) lymphomas.

Question 17

The most common type of cancer is:

A) carcinoma.
B) sarcoma.
C) leukemia.
D) lymphoma.

Question 18

Ito was diagnosed with a cancer of the lymphatic system in which malignant cells are found at several sites.Ito was MOST likely diagnosed with:

A) carcinoma.
B) sarcoma.
C) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
D) leukemia.

Question 19

To reduce the risk of developing cancer,dietary recommendations include all of these actions EXCEPT:

A) reducing consumption of red meat.
B) eating less processed meat.
C) mostly eating foods of plant origin.
D) increasing intake of oat-based,corn-based,and wheat-based breakfast cereals.

Question 20

A cancer-causing agent such as tobacco or ultraviolent radiation is called a(n):

A) carcinogen.
B) teratogen.
C) antigen.
D) metastasis.

Question 21

Who is LEAST likely to have had a prostate cancer screening in the past five years?

A) Dennis,a European American male
B) Andre,an African American male
C) Luis,a Hispanic American male
D) Nastas,a Native American male

Question 22

Which of these cancer types has the biggest link to physical inactivity?

A) colorectal cancers
B) uterine cancers
C) female breast cancers
D) testicular cancers

Question 23

Immunocompetence refers to the:

A) overall ability of the immune system to defend the body against foreign agents.
B) positive effect of stress on NK cell proliferation.
C) proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in response to a foreign agent.
D) ratio of lymphocytes to red blood cells in the bloodstream at any given moment.

Question 24

Infections can increase a person's risk of developing cancer in all of these ways EXCEPT:

A) by triggering chronic inflammation,which can lead to changes in cells.
B) by inserting their own genes and causing cells to grow out of control.
C) by interacting with behavioral factors to increase or decrease cancer risk
D) by suppressing the immune system and reducing the body's ability to protect itself from cancer.

Question 25

According to the global immunosuppression model:

A) stress always suppresses immune responses.
B) natural killer cells prevent cancer cells from developing into tumors.
C) short-term stressors have no effect on immunity.
D) short-term stressors can actually enhance immunity.

Question 26

The MOST important factor in the treatment of cancer is:

A) family history.
B) a holistic approach that incorporates diet and exercise modifications.
C) early detection.
D) tertiary prevention.

Question 27

Data from the Nurses' Health Study revealed that the risk of breast cancer was lower in women who:

A) avoided drinking coffee.
B) abstained from drinking alcohol.
C) exercised 7 hours or more each week.
D) ate only organic foods.

Question 28

Regarding the immune surveillance theory,research studies have generally found:

A) little or no evidence that stress lowers immunocompetence.
B) that immune cells play only a small role in searching for and destroying abnormal cells.
C) that stress affects specific immune cells.
D) that only the most catastrophic stressors adversely affect immune functioning.

Question 29

All of these statements about the association between alcohol use and cancer are empirically supported EXCEPT:

A) Heavy drinking increases the risk of developing cancers of the oral cavity,breast,colon,and rectum.
B) Drinking the equivalent of two to four alcoholic drinks per day dramatically increases the growth of existing tumors.
C) Alcohol is a known carcinogen.
D) Alcohol-related cirrhosis is infrequently a cause of liver cancer.

Question 30

Regarding heredity and cancer,it is estimated that _____% of all cancers are inherited.

A) about 2
B) 5-10
C) 20-25
D) more than 50

Question 31

Which statement related to the association between depression and cancer is TRUE?

A) Periodic clinical depression is relatively uncommon among people adjusting to cancer.
B) Depression has no association with individual susceptibility to cancer.
C) Among people with cancer,depression has been linked to lower risk of early death.
D) Depression can be both a risk factor for cancer and a result of a cancer diagnosis.

Question 32

More than 90% of all skin cancers are attributable to exposure from which of these sources?

A) ultraviolet radiation from tanning beds
B) ultraviolet radiation from x-rays
C) ultraviolet radiation from consumer electronic devices
D) ultraviolet B rays

Question 33

Which of these is NOT a common site for work-related cancers?

A) lung
B) muscles and bones
C) bladder
D) skin

Question 34

Matthew went to his doctor after having some tests done.His doctor told him he has a deadly form of skin cancer that is associated with radiation exposure.Matthew MOST likely has:

A) sarcoma.
B) lymphoma.
C) melanoma.
D) leukemia.

Question 35

According to the immune surveillance theory,when the immune system is overwhelmed by cancer cells or weakened by stress:

A) the activity of NK cells is suppressed.
B) immunocompetence is increased.
C) T and B lymphocytes begin to proliferate.
D) autoimmune disorders develop.

Question 36

According to the biphasic model:

A) stress always suppresses immune responses.
B) natural killer cells prevent cancer cells from developing into tumors.
C) only the most chronic stressors cause global immunosuppression.
D) chronic stressors can both enhance and suppress immunity.

Question 37

Which statement regarding radiation and cancer risk is empirically supported?

A) Low-frequency radiation from microwaves,electricity,and radios presents a significant health risk.
B) Ultraviolet B rays can damage DNA and are responsible for more than 90% of all skin cancers.
C) Toxic wastes in dump facilities do not pose serious health risks.
D) Cancer rates of people who live in countries without nuclear power plants are significantly lower than in the United States.

Question 38

Environmental toxins in the air,soil,and water are estimated to contribute to what percent of fatal cancers?

A) 2%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 25%

Question 39

_____ is the tendency to think that one will have more positive experiences than others do.

A) Consideration for future consequences
B) Comparative optimism
C) Upward comparison
D) Positive imagery

Question 40

Lydia,a premenopausal woman,is obese.Compared to other women,Lydia is:

A) less likely to develop breast cancer than women who are not obese.
B) no less likely to develop cancer than women who are not obese.
C) 1.5 times more likely to develop breast cancer than women who are not obese.
D) 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer than women who are not obese.

Question 41

Compared to their married counterparts,cancer patients who are unmarried tend to:

A) survive the disease better than married persons.
B) detect the disease at a later stage of development.
C) seek earlier treatment.
D) suffer from depression at a lower rate.

Question 42

Which type of treatment generally offers the greatest chance for curing most types of cancer?

A) surgery
B) radiation therapy
C) chemotherapy
D) immunotherapy

Question 43

One study found that women with breast cancer who had scored higher on a measure of emotional intelligence:

A) reported less anxiety,depression,and overall distress than others.
B) were less effective in eliciting social support from others.
C) were less capable of recognizing supportive responses from others.
D) also scored higher on measures of cancer-prone behavior.

Question 44

Erin was recently diagnosed with pancreatic cancer,but she does not want to have surgery.Instead,she decides to pursue biofeedback.What type of treatment is Erin pursuing?

A) an alternative therapy
B) chemotherapy
C) radiation therapy
D) immunotherapy

Question 45

Ernie was diagnosed with prostate cancer.He feels as if he is less of a man because his cancer is taking away his masculinity.Ernie's feelings are MOST likely indicative of:

A) upward contrast.
B) post-traumatic growth.
C) high levels of cancer-related masculine threat.
D) poor social support systems.

Question 46

What type of intervention can help patients overcome difficulties in managing social relationships with family,friends,and peers as a result of changes in their physical appearance due to their cancer treatment?

A) emotional disclosure
B) self-presentation
C) social comparison
D) benefit finding

Question 47

Some studies have found that the ability to find positive meaning from stressful life events is associated with:

A) improved immune responses.
B) higher reactivity.
C) lower reactivity.
D) slower adjustment to the stressor.

Question 48

Which cancer survivors would report having the most difficulties as reported by the measures with which they are paired?

A) African American males-measure of emotional functioning
B) European American females-measure of physical functioning
C) Asian American males-measure of sexual functioning
D) Latina females-measure of distress

Question 49

The ability to accurately perceive,understand,express,and regulate emotions is called:

A) dispositional style.
B) emotional intelligence.
C) extraversion.
D) introversion.

Question 50

Bill was diagnosed with cancer and is told that he should have staging surgery.What is the purpose of this surgical procedure?

A) to determine the extent of the disease
B) to obtain a tissue sample for testing
C) to remove a localized tumor
D) to restore the function of an organ

Question 51

Which breast cancer survivor is MOST likely to report the most difficulties with emotional functioning?

A) Monique,an African American patient
B) Lauren,a European American patient
C) Sara,a Latina patient
D) Alyssa,a Filipina patient

Question 52

Regarding the merits of encouraging cancer patients to openly express their emotions,most health psychologists believe that:

A) emotional disclosure is rarely helpful to patients.
B) by openly expressing their stresses and fears,cancer patients can enhance their physical and psychological health.
C) emotional disclosure is helpful,but only when it involves other cancer patients.
D) emotional disclosure often increases patients' feelings of personal vulnerability.

Question 53

Hypnosis,biofeedback,progressive muscle relaxation,and other multifaceted interventions used for cancer patients stem from the field of:

A) allopathic medicine.
B) alternative medicine.
C) complementary medicine.
D) psychoneuroimmunology.

Question 54

A type of chemotherapy in which medications are used to enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer is called:

A) radiotherapy.
B) immunotherapy.
C) alternative medicine.
D) holistic medicine.

Question 55

Laparoscopy is a type of:

A) preventive surgery.
B) curative surgery.
C) restorative surgery.
D) staging surgery.

Question 56

The use of medication to treat cancer is called:

A) laparoscopy.
B) immunotherapy.
C) chemotherapy.
D) tertiary care.

Question 57

Which of these benefits is NOT attributed to exercise as an intervention for cancer patients?

A) improved immune function
B) improved physical functioning
C) improved quality of life
D) improved emotional well-being

Question 58

Which statement is TRUE in regard to the expression of emotions following a diagnosis of cancer?

A) Suppressing all emotions is associated with better outcomes.
B) Suppressing negative emotions is associated with better outcomes.
C) Expression of both positive and negative emotions can be beneficial in adjusting to a diagnosis of cancer.
D) There is no relationship between emotional expression and adjustment to cancer.

Question 59

One study found that breast cancer patients who have strong networks of social support:

A) have slower cancer progression than those with less social support.
B) have about the same survival rates as those with less social support.
C) have poorer survival rates than those with less social support.
D) have about the same survival rates,but report lower levels of stress than those with less social support.

Question 60

_____ is the positive change that patients coping with chronic illness experience.

A) Active surveillance
B) Post-traumatic growth
C) Upward identification
D) Systematic desensitization

Question 61

Discuss the various types of treatment options for cancer.

Question 62

Discuss how the cognitive-behavioral approach called guided imagery attempts to help patients who have been diagnosed with cancer.

Question 63

Tricia is asked to find a comfortable position,close her eyes,and take several deep breaths.She is then asked to visualize a safe place.What type of therapy is Tricia MOST likely undergoing?

A) guided imagery
B) expressive writing
C) systematic desensitization
D) cognitive distraction

Question 64

Amelia was diagnosed with melanoma.Discuss the factors that may have led to an increased risk for Amelia developing this type of cancer.

Question 65

Which of these has NOT been suggested as a reason for the beneficial effects of guided imagery?

A) Imagery promotes a state of relaxed concentration.
B) Imagery removes the patient's sense of personal control.
C) Imagery gives the patient a decreased sense of helplessness over stressful aspects of a disease.
D) Imagery may work through the placebo effect.

Question 66

Differentiate the major types of cancer,and identify individual factors that affect a person's susceptibility to cancer.

Question 67

Alessandra found out that her husband,Mario,was diagnosed with cancer at the same time as her cousin,Adriano.Her cousin is not married and is not that well connected with the family.In contrast,Mario has many friends and a wide network of social support.Discuss how Mario's and Adriano's experiences with cancer may differ.

Question 68

Dylan was recently diagnosed with prostate cancer.How is Dylan likely to be emotionally and physically affected by his diagnosis?

Question 69

What does data regarding the efficacy of expressive writing suggest?

A) Of all therapeutic interventions,expressive writing has the most significant impact on sleep.
B) Of all therapeutic interventions,expressive writing has the most significant impact on psychological symptoms.
C) Of all therapeutic interventions,expressive writing has the most significant impact on physical symptoms.
D) Data has yielded mixed results regarding the efficacy of expressive writing as a therapeutic intervention.

Question 70

Describe in detail the specific impact of various psychosocial factors that have been found to significantly influence rates of cancer survival.

Question 71

Which type of intervention involves the use of one or more external devices (such as a taped message that incorporates verbal suggestions)to assist in relaxation?

A) guided imagery
B) holistic medicine
C) systematic desensitization
D) psychoneuroimmunology

Question 72

With which technique does a patient learn to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing situations?

A) rational-emotive therapy
B) self-instruction training
C) guided imagery
D) systematic desensitization

Question 73

Discuss the role of diet in the development of cancer.Clearly explain and describe in detail the ways in which diet increases and decreases risk,giving specific examples that illustrate this relationship.

Question 74

Compare and contrast the cancer risks from tobacco use,alcohol consumption,and sedentary living.

Question 75

What are the different types of surgery available for patients with cancer? What are the goals of each?