Deck 12: Hivaids and Other Communicable Diseases

Question 1

The bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI)that is most frequently reported in the United States is:

A) HIV/AIDS.
B) genital human papillomavirus (HPV).
C) chlamydia.
D) gonorrhea.

Answer 1

chlamydia.

Question 2

Which of these facts explains gender differences in the epidemiology of AIDS?

A) Because women are generally more conscientious than men,they are more likely to receive health care for HIV/AIDS.
B) HIV is found in higher concentrations in ejaculate than in vaginal and cervical secretions.
C) On average,HIV levels in women are about three times higher than the levels in men with similar lymphocyte counts.
D) Women progress to AIDS at a higher overall viral load than men.

Answer 2

HIV is found in higher concentrations in ejaculate than in vaginal and cervical secretions.

Question 3

Petra,who has been working as a public health educator in rural areas for 30 years,has recently noticed that the infectious diseases of childhood have been overtaken by the chronic,noncommunicable diseases typical of adulthood.What is the term for the phenomenon that Petra is witnessing?

A) epistemological transition
B) epidemiological transition
C) endocrinological transition
D) environmental transition

Answer 3

epidemiological transition

Question 4

Which of these does NOT typically spread between people?

A) avian influenza H5N1
B) Zika
C) Ebola
D) SARS

Question 5

_____ is the ability of bacteria and viruses to withstand the effects of drugs.

A) Microbial enhancement
B) Chancre
C) Antimicrobial resistance
D) Chloroquine

Question 6

Which of these statements is NOT empirically supported?

A) As countries develop,noncommunicable diseases replace communicable diseases as the main source of ill health.
B) Developing nations face the double burden of high rates of both noncommunicable diseases and communicable diseases.
C) In low-income nations,infections cause the majority of deaths.
D) Nowhere in the world have communicable diseases become only a negligible cause of mortality and morbidity.

Question 7

The first effective drug against HIV was:

A) cART.
B) reverse transcriptase.
C) AZT.
D) interleukin-2.

Question 8

Sophia has been diagnosed with a bacterium-caused disease.Her doctor told her that she must have come in contact with another infected person within her crowded apartment building,and that her already weakened immune system also increased her susceptibility.What disease has Sophia most likely contracted?

A) HIV/AIDS
B) malaria
C) tuberculosis
D) Zika

Question 9

The three leading causes of death in high-income countries are:

A) HIV/AIDS,lung cancer,and tuberculosis.
B) stroke,prostate cancer,and HIV/AIDS.
C) heart disease,breast cancer,and HIV/AIDS.
D) ischemic heart disease,stroke,and lung cancer.

Question 10

AIDS is:

A) a variety of genital herpes.
B) a sexually transmitted infection.
C) caused by bacteria.
D) a self-limiting,bacterial infection.

Question 11

Ursula was recently diagnosed with a life-threatening disease in which her immune system is suppressed,leaving her vulnerable to opportunistic infections.Ursula was MOST likely diagnosed with:

A) Kaposi's sarcoma.
B) cART.
C) AIDS.
D) dementia complex.

Question 12

Which of these causes of death is represented in the top 10 for low-income countries but NOT in the top 10 for high-income countries?

A) stroke
B) HIV/AIDS
C) lung cancer
D) ischemic heart disease

Question 13

Which one of these communicable diseases is properly paired with its primary mode of transmission?

A) HIV-vector-borne
B) rabies-traumatic contact
C) tuberculosis-food-borne
D) Zika-blood-borne

Question 14

According to the textbook,antibiotic resistant bacteria may NOT be spread by:

A) the hands of unclean health care providers.
B) the use of hand sanitizer.
C) contaminated food.
D) recommended and prescribed use of antibiotics.

Question 15

The global burden of communicable diseases is generally about the same for men and women,with two exceptions.The exceptions are _____,which affects more men than women,and _____,which ranks higher as a cause of death for women than men.

A) HIV/AIDS; diarrheal diseases
B) tuberculosis; HIV/AIDS
C) HIV/AIDS; cholera
D) malaria; HIV/AIDS

Question 16

Which statement about people living in affluent countries is TRUE?

A) They are less likely to be able to protect themselves from parasitic diseases.
B) They are less able to immunize their children against vaccine-preventable diseases.
C) They are more likely to live in conditions under which diseases such as tuberculosis are likely to spread.
D) They are more likely to have access to the knowledge of precautions against diarrheal diseases.

Question 17

The global burden of disease has shifted to diseases such as heart disease,cancer,and diabetes,which collectively are categorized as _____ diseases.

A) communicable
B) noncommunicable
C) infectious
D) transmissible

Question 18

People with AIDS often succumb to pneumonia,certain cancers,and other _____ because the virus preys on their weakened immune systems.

A) opportunistic infections
B) retroviruses
C) lymphatic diseases
D) systemic illnesses

Question 19

To prevent future outbreaks of Ebola virus and HIV,what is a health expert MOST likely to suggest in order to control the spread of these communicable diseases?

A) healthier sanitation practices
B) vector control and containment
C) vaccination
D) behavioral change

Question 20

The STI caused by a protozoan parasite is:

A) trichomoniasis.
B) genital human papillomavirus (HPV).
C) chlamydia.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 21

HIV infection is NOT likely to result from:

A) having vaginal intercourse with someone who is infected.
B) sharing a drug needle with someone who is infected.
C) drinking from the same cup as someone who is infected.
D) having anal intercourse with someone who is infected.

Question 22

Ethnic and racial differences in rates of HIV transmission are thought to reflect:

A) genetic differences in vulnerability to viral infection.
B) physiological differences in immune responsiveness.
C) sociocultural differences in drug use.
D) health disparities in access to health care.

Question 23

The main transmission route for HIV among African Americans is:

A) high-risk sexual contact.
B) male-female sexual contact.
C) IV drug use.
D) blood transfusion.

Question 24

A retrovirus works by:

A) injecting a copy of its own genetic material into the DNA of a host cell.
B) destroying the nuclei of body cells.
C) causing the body's immune system to attack its own cells.
D) releasing toxins into the bloodstream of its host.

Question 25

Yadier's lymph tissues have been infected by a retrovirus.When will the infected lymphocytes become activated?

A) within 24 hours
B) in 2 weeks
C) in 8 weeks
D) it varies from person to person

Question 26

Two thirds of all HIV-infected people live in _____,where the main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS is _____.

A) Africa; heterosexual transmission
B) Africa; sexual transmission among men who have sex with men
C) Asia; sexual transmission among men who have sex with men
D) Asia; intravenous drug use

Question 27

AIDS was first discovered when a group of individuals developed a cluster of symptoms indicative of:

A) leukemia.
B) multiple sclerosis.
C) Kaposi's sarcoma.
D) a highly infectious skin rash.

Question 28

Which region had the greatest increase in HIV infections in 2016?

A) western and central Europe and North America
B) eastern Europe and Central Asia
C) western and central Africa
D) Latin America and the Caribbean

Question 29

Hemophilia is a genetic disease in which:

A) the blood fails to clot quickly enough.
B) DNA mutations occur much more often than usual.
C) the immune system is unable to manufacture CD4 cells.
D) there is an abnormal thinning of lymph tissue.

Question 30

The initial spread of AIDS among IV drug users and gay men is believed to have occurred because:

A) these are small,closed populations in which an individual is more likely to be exposed to the virus repeatedly.
B) these groups tend to engage in many other high-risk behaviors.
C) immunocompetence is already low among these groups.
D) education and medical literacy are significantly lower among these groups than among other populations.

Question 31

The retrovirus that injects its genome into lymphocytes and reproduces when these cells are activated is called:

A) AIDS.
B) HIV.
C) papilloma.
D) Kaposi's sarcoma.

Question 32

Who is MOST at-risk for being infected by HIV?

A) Keti,a woman who had unprotected anal sex
B) Sharon,a woman who had unprotected vaginal sex
C) Akoni,a man who had unprotected anal sex
D) Xuan,a man who had unprotected vaginal sex

Question 33

Which of these groups in North America and Western Europe was initially affected by HIV?

A) prescription drug users
B) heterosexual men
C) IV drug users and gay men
D) heterosexual women

Question 34

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)is a:

A) mutated form of pneumonia that first appeared in Central America.
B) viral disease that appeared around 1980.
C) rare form of cancer that can be traced back to the early 1700s.
D) bacterial infection that passed from chimpanzees to humans.

Question 35

HIV infects mostly:

A) lymph tissues,where lymphocytes develop and are stored.
B) blood cells.
C) glial cells.
D) RNA.

Question 36

The main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS in eastern and southern Africa is:

A) intravenous drug use.
B) heterosexual transmission.
C) sexual transmission among men who have sex with men.
D) transfusion of tainted blood.

Question 37

Which of these is NOT true regarding the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States?

A) AIDS has taken the greatest toll on young European American men.
B) AIDS is increasing at a faster rate among women than among men.
C) African American and Hispanic women account for 77% of AIDS cases in women in the United States.
D) In 2016,17% of HIV diagnoses were among people aged 50 and over.

Question 38

Who is MOST at-risk for receiving a diagnosis of HIV infection?

A) Marisol,a Hispanic/Latina woman
B) Tina,a European American woman
C) Janet,an African American woman
D) Aiko,an Asian American woman

Question 39

What is NOT one of the main modes of HIV transmission?

A) unprotected sex
B) foodborne pathogens
C) blood exchange
D) mother-to-child transmission

Question 40

AIDS is considered a pandemic because:

A) there is,at present,no cure.
B) it affects a large group of people.
C) it appears equally often in women and men.
D) it is a worldwide epidemic.

Question 41

Sudeep is taking part in an intervention in which he receives text messages reminding him to take his medication.Sudeep is MOST likely taking part in what kind of intervention?

A) evidence-based messaging
B) stepped care
C) ecological momentary assessment
D) dynamic tailoring

Question 42

Maria recently learned that she has HIV.She has found information on the causes,symptoms,and ways to treat HIV online.Maria has even implemented some simple strategies into her daily routine.Maria MOST likely has high levels of:

A) ongoing illness stressors.
B) perceived social support.
C) negative affect.
D) eHealth literacy.

Question 43

The average time from HIV infection to AIDS is about:

A) 2 years.
B) 5 years.
C) 10 years.
D) 15 years.

Question 44

A number of successful psychosocial interventions designed to modify high-risk sexual behaviors derive from _____ theory,which emphasizes reciprocally determined relationships among environmental events,internal processes,and behavior.

A) prospect
B) self-efficacy
C) social-cognitive
D) reasoned-action

Question 45

The intervention in which individualized health messages are delivered over multiple time periods to provide unique feedback to patients is:

A) evidence-based messaging.
B) stepped care.
C) ecological momentary assessment.
D) dynamic tailoring.

Question 46

Which of these is NOT an aspect of social-cognitive theory that has been linked to successful AIDS intervention programs?

A) the stage of readiness to change one's behaviors
B) perceived social norms regarding HIV-risk-reducing behaviors
C) self-efficacy beliefs about avoiding unsafe behaviors
D) social skills in negotiating risky behaviors

Question 47

Which of these has NOT been linked to a more rapid onset of AIDS among HIV-infected individuals?

A) a pessimistic outlook
B) acceptance of STI diagnosis
C) social isolation
D) genetic vulnerability

Question 48

Psychologists have a role in the AIDS epidemic because:

A) in the absence of an effective HIV vaccine,intervention is the only means of battling AIDS.
B) the major modes of infection are behaviors.
C) psychosocial interventions can be effective in helping AIDS patients adhere to their treatment.
D) most people with HIV/AIDS have emotional problems.

Question 49

Miri asks Eteri how she can avoid getting an STI.Eteri should recommend that Miri:

A) share needles only with others who share her blood type.
B) use condoms during vaginal sex only.
C) use condoms with new sexual partners only.
D) be selective when choosing sexual partners.

Question 50

The fact that younger,less knowledgeable individuals tend to benefit more from educational interventions about how AIDS is transmitted,while older individuals benefit more from interventions that stir them into preventive action,most directly supports:

A) the health belief model.
B) the theory of planned behavior.
C) stage models of behavior change.
D) cognitive-behavioral theory.

Question 51

The optimum treatment for HIV involves several:

A) immunotherapeutics.
B) protease inhibitors.
C) antiretroviral drugs.
D) gene therapeutics.

Question 52

The optimum treatment for HIV is:

A) cART.
B) lART.
C) dART.
D) mART.

Question 53

What is NOT a suggestion in the textbook to reduce the frequency of unprotected sex?

A) stay sober
B) avoid vaginal diaphragms or cervical caps
C) be selective in choosing partners
D) use latex condoms during sex

Question 54

Until recently,medical interventions for HIV/AIDS focused on:

A) eliminating the HIV virus.
B) controlling the spread of the virus.
C) treating the opportunistic diseases that resulted from immune failure.
D) reducing high-risk sexual behaviors.

Question 55

During stage 4,the final stage of HIV/AIDS,the number of _____ drops dangerously low.

A) red blood cells
B) NK cells
C) B lymphocytes
D) CD4 (T)cells

Question 56

To date,research has shown that gay men who engage in high-risk behaviors are more likely to:

A) score higher on measures of perceived safer-sex norms.
B) have lower levels of safe-sex self-efficacy.
C) have greater social skills.
D) have a relatively high IQ.

Question 57

Generally speaking,mass media education campaigns emphasizing how AIDS is transmitted have:

A) not been very successful.
B) been successful only among well-educated individuals.
C) been successful only among affluent individuals.
D) been quite successful.

Question 58

In the 1980s,health psychologists tried to prevent new cases of HIV by:

A) eliminating HIV with cART.
B) requesting funding for free condoms.
C) controlling the opportunistic diseases associated with HIV.
D) designing education campaigns.

Question 59

The number of individuals receiving cART increased in 2016 to _____ million,up from _____ million in 2010.

A) 6.5; 1.5
B) 12; 3
C) 19.5; 7.5
D) 25; 10

Question 60

During stage 2 of an HIV infection:

A) the first major symptoms of AIDS appear.
B) HIV is constantly being replicated.
C) the number of T cells drops dramatically.
D) the number of T cells increases dramatically.

Question 61

Describe current global trends in the AIDS pandemic,with particular attention to treatment,incidence,and prevalence rates,as well as public health education and policy initiatives.

Question 62

Why is the use of antibiotics a global health concern?

Question 63

A meta-analysis conducted by Scott-Sheldon and colleagues (2008)did NOT find CBSM interventions successful in reducing:

A) anger.
B) anxiety.
C) depression.
D) fatigue.

Question 64

In one study,HPV- and HIV-positive women participated in a 10-week cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention.Which of these findings was NOT linked with the treatment?

A) decreased positive affect
B) positive states of mind
C) benefit finding
D) spiritual well-being

Question 65

How do chlamydia and trichomoniasis differ?

Question 66

Discuss in detail the role of health psychologists in the AIDS pandemic.

Question 67

Lucas has recently begun working as a community health advocate and public health educator,specializing in sexually transmitted infections and communicable disease epidemiology.His first assignment is to give a community presentation that explains in detail how HIV infection can occur.The sponsor has specifically requested that,in addition to the basic explanation of infection,Lucas outline the four stages of HIV/AIDS illness and give detailed description of each stage.Discuss in detail what information he should include in his presentation,including relevant scenarios and examples.

Question 68

Your friend recently told you that she is now sexually active.She is scared of becoming infected with a sexually transmitted disease.What are some recommendations you can share with her to reduce her risk?

Question 69

The San Francisco Model is an HIV-prevention intervention that:

A) is community-wide and involves schools,churches,and other organizations.
B) targets low SES-individuals.
C) teaches specific skills to reduce negative emotionality.
D) focuses on fear-framed health messages.

Question 70

Naweji lives in Zambia and was recently diagnosed with HIV.How is the stigma that is associated with his diagnosis likely to affect his physical and mental health?

Question 71

Using the biopsychosocial (BPS)model as a theoretical base,create a health profile for a person at high risk of being infected with HIV who will advance to developing full-blown AIDS.Be sure to include several factors from each of the three domains of the BPS model.

Question 72

Who are MOST likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors?

A) Alex and Kevin,who have been dating for 2 years
B) Serena and Chad,who just met in class
C) Aritzia and Bart,who started dating a month ago
D) Mattan and Lindsay,who are recent acquaintances

Question 73

Compare and contrast communicable and noncommunicable diseases.Provide an example of each.

Question 74

Shania is an African American teenager who is sexually active.What MOST likely predicts whether or not Shania uses a condom when having sex?

A) partner communication
B) self-efficacy
C) negative affect
D) eHealth literacy

Question 75

Demonstrate your knowledge of health psychology and public health by discussing the psychosocial impact of AIDS both on patients and on their families.