Deck 6: Staying Healthy: Primary Prevention and Positive Psychology

Question 1

Wearing a seat belt is an example of _____ prevention,whereas taking chemotherapy to treat a cancerous tumor is an example of _____ prevention.

A) primary; tertiary
B) primary; secondary
C) secondary; tertiary
D) tertiary; secondary

Answer 1

primary; tertiary

Question 2

Within the framework of the transtheoretical model,which individual is likely to be the most successful at improving his or her health-related behaviors?

A) Yousif,who is in the contemplation stage
B) Min-seo,who is in the preparation stage
C) Connor,who is in the action phase
D) Priyanka,who is in the maintenance stage

Answer 2

Priyanka,who is in the maintenance stage

Question 3

Health behaviors are:

A) health-compromising behaviors or habits.
B) health-enhancing behaviors or habits.
C) loss-framed health messages.
D) gain-framed health messages.

Answer 3

health-enhancing behaviors or habits.

Question 4

Because he has high blood pressure,Jake watches his diet and takes antihypertension medication.These behaviors are examples of _____ prevention.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

Question 5

In its list of health-risk behaviors that put young people at risk for premature death and illness,the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)project identified each of these EXCEPT:

A) inadequate physical activity.
B) abusing alcohol or other drugs.
C) engaging in violent behavior.
D) irregular sleep habits.

Question 6

Which statement is NOT true regarding tertiary prevention?

A) It is the most effective way to increase longevity.
B) It is less beneficial than secondary prevention.
C) It is the most common form of health care.
D) Medical schools traditionally have focused on teaching it.

Question 7

Research on the relationship among attitudes and behavior has shown:

A) no connection between the two.
B) a connection among attitudes and behavior.
C) that people do not always do what they say they intend to do.
D) that attitudes are more likely to predict behavior when they are based on direct experience.

Question 8

Which of these family variables has NOT been linked with risky health-related behaviors among adolescents?

A) parental conflict
B) absence of parental supervision
C) parental drug and alcohol use
D) single parenthood

Question 9

Which theory contends that when altering their health-related behaviors,people pass through the stages of precontemplation,contemplation,preparation,action,and maintenance?

A) health belief model
B) Health Action Process Approach
C) theory of planned behavior
D) transtheoretical model

Question 10

Because he lives in the fraternity house,Carl finds it hard to eat a low-fat diet since his housemates think such a diet is unmanly.According to the theory of planned behavior,Carl's interpretation of his fraternity brothers' views and his failure to eat what he knows is a healthier diet are being influenced by:

A) perceived benefits.
B) feelings of invulnerability.
C) behavioral willingness.
D) the subjective norm.

Question 11

One shortcoming of the health belief model is that it:

A) ignores the importance of perceived barriers to being able to practice a health behavior.
B) does not take into account advice from friends and other cues to action.
C) does not take into account the perceived benefits and barriers of treatment.
D) has not been widely tested in research studies.

Question 12

The major finding of the Alameda Health Study was that:

A) men who regularly practiced seven particular health habits had lower mortality rates than those who practiced few or none of these habits.
B) people who become too obsessive in their health behaviors have higher morbidity rates than their more moderate counterparts.
C) people who become too obsessive in their health behaviors have higher mortality rates than their more moderate counterparts.
D) women who ate breakfast and slept for at least seven hours per night were able to mediate the negative effects of smoking.

Question 13

Morbidity refers to a state of being:

A) disabled.
B) ill.
C) in pain.
D) disabled,ill,or in pain.

Question 14

Which theory emphasizes the importance of a perceived susceptibility to a health threat,the perceived severity of the threat,and the perceived benefits of treatment?

A) health belief model
B) theory of planned behavior
C) Health Action Process Approach
D) transtheoretical model

Question 15

Which theory of health behavior emphasizes the importance of perceived behavioral control in attitude formation and behavior change?

A) health belief model
B) theory of planned behavior
C) Health Action Process Approach
D) transtheoretical model

Question 16

According to the health belief model,a man who believes that cancer is a fatal illness and that no good treatment exists for it,and who lives in a community with a relatively low cancer rate,will take what action when he finds a lump in his testicle?

A) He will immediately make an appointment with his doctor.
B) He will probably not seek treatment.
C) He will call a friend for advice.
D) It is impossible to predict what he will do.

Question 17

Primary prevention refers to measures designed to:

A) prevent illness from developing.
B) manage symptoms of illness that have already begun to occur.
C) minimize the damage of a chronic disease.
D) identify an illness early in its course.

Question 18

Educational interventions aimed at changing health beliefs:

A) have not proven to be very successful.
B) are more effective when aimed at people with high socioeconomic status.
C) are more effective with women than with men.
D) are effective in increasing health-protective behaviors.

Question 19

According to the theory of planned behavior,the best way to predict whether a health behavior will occur is to measure a person's:

A) subjective norm.
B) perceived behavioral control.
C) behavioral intention.
D) past behavior.

Question 20

Henry,who smokes a pack of cigarettes every day and is obese,began experiencing adulthood morbidity in his forties.Anita,who eats a relatively healthy diet and exercises twice a week,began experiencing adulthood morbidity in her seventies.What is the MOST likely cause of the difference in time Henry and Anita have each spent in morbidity?

A) lifestyle
B) genetics
C) gender
D) health care

Question 21

An environmental signal that indicates that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement is a:

A) contingency stimulus.
B) loss-framed message.
C) discriminative stimulus.
D) gain-framed message.

Question 22

Grayson has been diagnosed with prediabetes,and his dietician has suggested that he reduce the number of sugary snacks he consumes each day.To reduce his temptation to buy and consume these snacks,Grayson starts shopping at a local farmer's market and subscribes to a healthy-eating blog.Grayson's behavior demonstrates principles of a:

A) stimulus-control intervention.
B) contingency contract.
C) relapse prevention program.
D) self-monitoring program.

Question 23

Kendra wants to cut down on the number of soft drinks in her diet.Her plan begins with a week of careful recordkeeping in which she counts the number of soft drinks she consumes each day.This is an example of:

A) operant reinforcement.
B) stimulus control.
C) self-monitoring.
D) aversion therapy.

Question 24

Research on those individuals who are insured and uninsured since the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2014 has uncovered some interesting trends.Which statement is TRUE regarding the data collected?

A) People of color have a lower risk of being uninsured as compared to non-Hispanic Whites.
B) Illegal immigrants represent the largest portion of uninsured individuals.
C) Most uninsured individuals come from working families.
D) People in the South and the West are least likely to lack insurance coverage.

Question 25

Loss-framed messages are particularly effective with people who are:

A) avoidance oriented.
B) approach oriented.
C) young.
D) old.

Question 26

Marsha runs two miles every day after work,rain or shine.When her coworker asks her why she runs on rainy days,Marsha says running reduces her level of stress.Marsha maintains her running habit by using:

A) gain-framed messaging.
B) loss-framed messaging.
C) an avoidance approach.
D) a contingency contract.

Question 27

Most people in the United States who do not have health insurance:

A) come from families living below the federal poverty level.
B) come from working families with incomes above the federal poverty level.
C) are elderly,retired adults.
D) can afford to buy insurance but choose not to.

Question 28

Loss-framed messages are particularly effective in promoting _____ behaviors,whereas gain-framed messages are particularly effective in promoting _____ behaviors.

A) detection; prevention
B) prevention; detection
C) health screening; compliance
D) compliance; health screening

Question 29

Which of these exemplifies the process of maturing out?

A) the decline in heavy drinking among college students as they grow older
B) the tendency of younger adolescents to imitate the health behaviors of older,admired peers
C) the new trend of highly stressed workers electing to take early retirement
D) the decline in the rate of accidental injuries as children grow older

Question 30

Discriminative stimuli are:

A) environmental signals that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement.
B) voluntary behaviors that "operate" on the environment.
C) delayed events that acquire reinforcing power by association.
D) the events that immediately follow operant behaviors.

Question 31

Which intervention is NOT a cognitive-behavioral intervention?

A) contingency contracting
B) self-monitoring
C) relapse prevention
D) discriminative stimuli

Question 32

Many cognitive-behavioral interventions use _____ as the first step in promoting behavior change.

A) self-monitoring
B) stimulus-control
C) a contingency contract
D) relapse prevention

Question 33

Dennis has just heard a public service message on the hazards of smoking.He is most likely to quit smoking as the result of this campaign if he:

A) has been smoking for a long time.
B) has tried to quit several times in the past.
C) believes that he can perform those behaviors that are necessary to quitting.
D) has been smoking only a short time.

Question 34

"If you don't get enough sleep,you are more likely to get sick." This statement is an example of a(n)_____ message.

A) gain-framed
B) loss-framed
C) approach-oriented
D) avoidance-oriented

Question 35

According to the precede/proceed model,planning for health education begins by:

A) designing and outlining the framework for a health education campaign.
B) analyzing background factors that predispose certain people to specific health problems.
C) identifying lifestyle and environmental elements that contribute to poor health.
D) identifying specific health problems in a targeted group.

Question 36

Which statement is NOT true of people who do not have health insurance (compared with those who do)?

A) They receive about one-half the medical care.
B) They are likely to die at a younger age.
C) They are more likely to be diagnosed at later stages of illness.
D) They are more often women than men.

Question 37

Sonya suffers from chronic pancreatitis.Her doctor asks her to lower her intake of fatty foods and to record how she feels after eating in order to learn which foods trigger a flare-up.Sonya's doctor is employing an intervention that relies on the principles of:

A) stimulus control.
B) contingency contracting.
C) relapse prevention.
D) self-monitoring.

Question 38

Community-based interventions:

A) work best when they are multifaceted rather than "single-shot" campaigns.
B) are generally less effective than interventions aimed at the individual.
C) are difficult to promote due to a lack of evidence linking rates of mortality and morbidity to social conditions such as poverty.
D) are on the decline due to economic issues.

Question 39

Which statement about fear appeals is TRUE?

A) Greater levels of fear promote greater attitude change.
B) High levels of fear can actually backfire and lead to less adherence.
C) Fear appeals are most effective in changing the attitudes of people who perceive low self-efficacy for the behavior in question.
D) Fear appeals are more effective with men than with women.

Question 40

Tailored messaging refers to health messages that are:

A) designed according to the individual characteristics of participants.
B) approach-oriented rather than avoidance-oriented.
C) avoidance-oriented rather than approach-oriented.
D) designed as "one size fits all" communications.

Question 41

All of these periods are especially sensitive to the biological embedding of environmental events EXCEPT:

A) prenatal development.
B) the neonatal period.
C) adolescence.
D) adulthood.

Question 42

The state called allostatic overload is characterized by:

A) a predominance of catabolic activity at rest.
B) a predominance of anabolic activity at rest.
C) a fluid allostatic system that flexibly shifts from light to low levels of arousal.
D) low resting levels of serum cortisol.

Question 43

The process by which the brain's functioning is shaped by feedback from neuroendocrine systems that are working to maintain homeostasis is:

A) allostatic load.
B) physical thriving.
C) biological embedding.
D) methylation.

Question 44

Despite growing up in poverty and having a childhood characterized by extreme adversity,Rosa has lived an exceptional life filled with success and well-being in every domain.Rosa exemplifies the outcome called:

A) anabolism.
B) catabolism.
C) allostatic load.
D) thriving.

Question 45

The positive psychology movement:

A) is a strength-based,preventive approach to health behavior research and intervention.
B) is not endorsed by the American Psychological Association.
C) maintains that adversity only rarely yields benefits.
D) emphasizes tertiary prevention.

Question 46

Which term refers to the capacity of the brain and body to withstand challenges to homeostasis?

A) anabolism
B) catabolism
C) allostatic overload
D) resilience

Question 47

The _____ protects some workers' jobs as they care for new babies or sick family members.

A) Affordable Care Act
B) Family and Medical Leave Act
C) National Family Health Act
D) Healthy People 2010

Question 48

After having an argument at work,Arjun becomes impatient with his son's behavior at the dinner table.Arjun's behavior is an example of:

A) an interaction effect.
B) social withdrawal.
C) negative emotion spillover.
D) avoidance.

Question 49

Which type of metabolism counters arousal and promotes relaxation and healing processes such as protein synthesis?

A) anabolic
B) catabolic
C) allostatic
D) sympathetic

Question 50

Negative emotion spillover and social withdrawal are examples of:

A) interaction effects.
B) main effects.
C) allostasis.
D) crossover effects.

Question 51

The hippocampus has large concentrations of receptors for:

A) IGF-1.
B) cortisol.
C) growth hormone.
D) sex hormones.

Question 52

After an especially stressful day at work,Yuki isn't interested in talking to her family; she just wants to be by herself.Her behavior is an example of:

A) an interaction effect.
B) social withdrawal.
C) negative emotion spillover.
D) avoidance.

Question 53

Which statement is NOT true of catabolic reactions?

A) They are characterized by the release of catecholamines.
B) They break down tissues to be converted to energy.
C) They are characterized by the release of cortisol and other "fight-or-flight" hormones.
D) They build the body.

Question 54

Which of these is NOT an anabolic hormone?

A) cortisol
B) insulin-like growth factor
C) growth hormone
D) sex steroids

Question 55

Prolonged elevations of catabolic hormones:

A) strengthen the body's immune response.
B) lead to faster recovery from illness.
C) damage the body and promote chronic illness.
D) are found in people who rely primarily on emotion-focused coping.

Question 56

Animal research studies have shown that chronic stress leads to a dramatic shrinkage and loss of connectivity among neurons in one area of the:

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) amygdala.
C) temporal lobe.
D) parietal lobe.

Question 57

One measure of physical thriving is:

A) a predominance of catabolic activity at rest.
B) a predominance of anabolic activity at rest.
C) a fluid allostatic system that flexibly shifts from light to low levels of arousal.
D) high levels of cortisol,despite ongoing stress.

Question 58

Anabolic reactions involve activities that:

A) break down the body.
B) build the body.
C) help the body quickly mobilize energy.
D) promote arousal.

Question 59

Work-life balance refers to the relationship between work and:

A) all non-work activities.
B) leisure.
C) social life.
D) family life.

Question 60

Anabolism is _____,whereas catabolism is _____.

A) constructive; destructive
B) destructive; constructive
C) involved in the "fight" response; involved in the "flight" response
D) involved in the "flight" response; involved in the "fight" response

Question 61

Differentiate health behaviors and health-risk behaviors,and briefly describe the major findings of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)project.

Question 62

The most consistent finding associated with relaxation is:

A) decreased leukocyte counts.
B) enhanced NK cell activity.
C) an increase in secretory IgA.
D) a decrease in anabolic hormones.

Question 63

Describe several widely used and empirically supported cognitive-behavioral interventions for promoting health behaviors.

Question 64

When do individuals experience the benefits of self-enhancement?

A) When their self-enhancing cognitions are accurate
B) When their self-enhancing cognitions are supported by the media
C) When they hold self-enhancing cognitions
D) When their friends hold self-enhancing cognitions

Question 65

Lower cortisol levels and stronger immune systems are found in people who:

A) score low in measures of self-efficacy.
B) score high in measures of neuroticism.
C) have a strong sense of control in their lives.
D) have a weak sense of mastery in their lives.

Question 66

People who tend toward self-enhancement:

A) see themselves more negatively than others see them.
B) tend to be maladjusted.
C) struggle in environments that are changing or threatening.
D) tend to be healthy.

Question 67

Use a specific example to discuss the pros and cons of fear appeals as effective and meaningful interventions to change health attitudes and behaviors.Under what specific circumstances are fear appeals likely to be most effective in creating change?

Question 68

Use an example to explain the concept of allostasis and its relationship to neuroendocrine health.

Question 69

Research and study findings in positive psychology have been criticized for oversimplifying situations and not taking context into account.An example of this has been the work surrounding psychological trait attributions and abusive-relationship dynamics.Which statement is TRUE regarding the criticisms levied on the studies conducted?

A) Most of the studies conducted have involved couples in abusive relationships and not couples involved in nonabusive relationships.
B) Labeling certain traits as positive or negative influences what researchers expect to find,creating observer bias.
C) Since science is essentially value-free,criticism of the research is unfounded.
D) Psychological trait attributions in abusive relationships are applicable only for certain abusive relationships.

Question 70

Define the three types of preventive interventions mentioned in the text,describe how the emphasis of prevention has changed in recent years,and explain what it means for "morbidity compression" to be a main goal of prevention.

Question 71

Discuss in detail the interrelationships among the concepts of perceived control,self-efficacy,and health.

Question 72

List and describe three external systems that promote or impair health and well-being.For each system,give examples of factors that can promote health and factors that can impair health.

Question 73

Discuss the basic principles involved in creating health education campaigns that are meant to promote good health.In your answer,be sure to include an explanation that clearly supports or refutes claims that such campaigns are effective in significantly changing health attitudes and behaviors over the long term.

Question 74

Discuss the concept of thriving,and identify psychosocial factors that have been found to be linked to enhanced immunity in response to stress.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the health belief model,the theory of planned behavior,and the transtheoretical model as they apply to health behaviors.In your answer,be sure to explain the basic assumptions and concepts of each model and evaluate the success of each in predicting adoption or cessation of intended health behaviors.