Deck 8: Nutrition, Obesity, and Eating Disorders

Question 1

The so-called bad cholesterol is to ______ as good cholesterol is to ______.

A) HDL; LDL
B) HDL; LH
C) LDL; VMH
D) LDL; HDL

Answer 1

LDL; HDL

Question 2

Compare and contrast the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. In your answer be sure to identify specific health hazards, stereotypes, and myths surrounding these eating disorders.

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's nutrition guide states that a healthy meal consists of 30 percent ______ and 20 percent ______, accompanied by a small dairy portion.

A) vegetables and grains; fruits and protein
B) carbohydrates; protein
C) protein; carbohydrate
D) protein; fat

Answer 3

vegetables and grains; fruits and protein

Question 4

Why is it difficult for people to lose weight and keep it off? What are some of the various approaches to weight loss people have tried? What weight loss strategies tend to be the most effective, according to empirical research?

Question 5

The glycemic index ranks ______ based on how quickly your body converts them to ______.

A) carbohydrates; glucose
B) proteins; body fat
C) the fat in food; body fat
D) foods; calories

Question 6

Which of the following is the unhealthiest type of fat?

A) polyunsaturated fat
B) trans fat
C) monounsaturated fat
D) polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and trans fat.

Question 7

Although Mason appears to be overweight, he enjoys eating and always eats as much food as he wants. Using the biopsychosocial model, explain how his eating behavior might result from both biological and nonbiological factors.

Question 8

Which of these pairs are NOT the most prevalent multiple chronic conditions in women and men?

A) hypertension and diabetes
B) heart disease and diabetes
C) cancer and hypertension
D) hypertension and heart disease

Question 9

The best predictor of heart disease is the amount of:

A) serum cholesterol in the body.
B) HDL in the body.
C) LDL and triglycerides in the body.
D) monounsaturated fats in the body.

Question 10

Which statement about the consumption of fast food in the United States is NOT true?

A) Frequent fast-food consumption has been shown to contribute to weight gain.
B) The percentage of calories consumed varies by body weight.
C) Non-Hispanic White adults consume the highest percentage of calories from fast food.
D) As income increases, the consumption of calories from fast food decreases.

Question 11

Unit bias refers to the finding that:

A) people underestimate the number of calories they consume.
B) people overestimate the number of calories they consume.
C) people eat more when they are given larger portions.
D) dieting every day often backfires.

Question 12

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's current nutrition guide is called:

A) MyNutrition.
B) the glycemic guide.
C) the food pyramid.
D) MyPlate.

Question 13

Triglycerides are:

A) lipoproteins that carry cholesterol around the body for use by cells.
B) the chemical form in which most fat exists in food.
C) a type of "good" cholesterol.
D) a type of "bad" cholesterol.

Question 14

Discuss the basic components of a healthy balanced diet, including daily caloric needs and specific nutrients. How does the diet of a typical American adult compare to this ideal? What other information may be important to consider when making these comparisons or gathering this information?

Question 15

Omega-3 fatty acids are a kind of:

A) polyunsaturated fat.
B) trans fat.
C) monounsaturated fat.
D) saturated fat.

Question 16

In the early 1980s ______ of Americans were classified as overweight or obese; today ______ are classified as obese or overweight.

A) 25 percent; 75 percent
B) 47 percent; 65 percent
C) 65 percent; 47 percent
D) 75 percent; 25 percent

Question 17

In the United States more people are treated for ______ than for all other health conditions combined.

A) heart disease
B) cancer
C) obesity
D) stress-related disorders

Question 18

Explain how the body regulates its weight. In your answer, be sure to discuss the concept of set point and the biological basis of hunger and satiety.

Question 19

The major dietary culprit in cancer is:

A) beta-carotene.
B) polyunsaturated fat.
C) monounsaturated fat.
D) saturated fat.

Question 20

Briefly discuss the major biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that have been advanced to explain why anorexia and bulimia may occur more often in some demographic groups than in others.

Question 21

When a person's weight falls below its set point, he or she is likely to feel a(n) ______ in hunger and a(n) ______ in metabolic rate

A) increase; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) increase; increase
D) decrease; decrease

Question 22

The minimum number of calories your body needs to maintain bodily functions at rest is called:

A) the set point.
B) the body mass index.
C) the basal metabolic rate.
D) satiety.

Question 23

From an evolutionary perspective, what is the advantage of a set point for body weight?

A) The tendency to maintain excess calories as fat helped protect people during food shortages.
B) People with stable body weights have healthier offspring.
C) Wide swings in body weight probably led to greater sensitivity to food cues.
D) Stable body weight probably led to greater sensitivity to food cues.

Question 24

Although Chris has been obese all his life, he is determined to lose weight by following a low-calorie diet. He is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because:

A) fat tissue has a low metabolic rate and can be maintained by fewer calories.
B) his set point is too low.
C) his leptin level is too low.
D) his ghrelin level is too high.

Question 25

The ______ secretes the hunger-triggering hormone ______ as the time since the last meal increases and blood sugar levels drop.

A) ventromedial hypothalamus; ghrelin
B) lateral hypothalamus; PYY
C) lateral hypothalamus; orexin
D) ventromedial hypothalamus; orexin

Question 26

Research on obesity and weight regulation indicates that:

A) severe dieting can result in a loss of adipocytes.
B) fat tissue requires fewer calories to maintain itself than lean tissue.
C) most obese people simply lack willpower.
D) once an obese person has lost weight, his or her body set point is reset to the new, lower level.

Question 27

A person with a BMI of 43 would be considered:

A) normal weight.
B) underweight.
C) obese.
D) morbidly obese.

Question 28

Adipocytes are:

A) simple sugars in foods.
B) chemical additives that promote cancer.
C) fat cells.
D) hormones monitored by the brain to help maintain the body's set point.

Question 29

Research on fat-cell hyperplasia reveals that:

A) no matter how much people diet, they can never lose fat cells.
B) the size of the adipocytes in a person's body never changes.
C) men have more adipocytes than women do.
D) adipocytes can swell to three times their unfilled size when a person overeats.

Question 30

Ghrelin is a:

A) short-term satiety hormone produced by the intestine.
B) short-term appetite stimulant produced in the stomach.
C) short-term appetite suppressant.
D) long-term weight regulation hormone.

Question 31

As ghrelin levels rise, neurons in the ______ are activated, leading to a(n) ______ in appetite levels.

A) arcuate nucleus (ARC); increase
B) hippocampus; decrease
C) hippocampus; increase
D) arcuate nucleus (ARC); decrease

Question 32

Because our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible, some researchers have adopted the term:

A) homeostasis.
B) settling point.
C) BMR.
D) dynamic set point.

Question 33

The brain's "master center" for weight regulation is the:

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) parietal lobe.
C) arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) melanocyte-stimulating center.

Question 34

PYY is a:

A) short-term satiety hormone produced by the intestine.
B) short-term appetite stimulant produced in the stomach.
C) short-term appetite suppressant.
D) long-term weight regulation hormone.

Question 35

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a:

A) short-term satiety hormone produced by the intestine.
B) short-term appetite stimulant produced in the stomach.
C) short-term appetite suppressant.
D) long-term weight regulation hormone.

Question 36

Electrical stimulation of an animal's ventromedial hypothalamus:

A) stops digestion.
B) increases digestion.
C) creates satiety and decreases or stops eating.
D) increases hunger and eating.

Question 37

Which of these is most strongly linked to atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes?

A) having a "pear-shaped" body
B) female pattern obesity
C) the overall amount of body fat
D) abdominal obesity

Question 38

Obesity in mice has been traced to a defective gene for producing:

A) serotonin.
B) norepinephrine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) leptin.

Question 39

If the body's set point is something like a thermostat, the "thermometer" corresponds to the:

A) amount of stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus.
B) lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) level of leptin.
D) amount of pituitary gland secretion.

Question 40

After 12 hours without eating, Seth is very hungry. It is likely that Seth's blood glucose level is ______ and his blood insulin level is ______.

A) low; low
B) low; high
C) high; high
D) high; low

Question 41

Grunberg and Straub found that stress was especially likely to increase appetites for sweets in:

A) men who were not dieting.
B) women who were not dieting.
C) women who were dieting.
D) men who were dieting.

Question 42

Food deserts are:

A) suburban neighborhoods in which there are no fast food restaurants.
B) geographical areas with little or no access to healthy foods.
C) communities in which there is little ethnic variation.
D) "walkable cities" that have re-engineered physical activity back into daily routines.

Question 43

Which statement has NOT been offered as an explanation for the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status?

A) Lower-income people have more limited access to health care services.
B) Less educated people may lack knowledge about the hazards of obesity.
C) The stress of poverty may trigger increased eating as a defensive coping mechanism.
D) Lower-income people have lower levels of will-power.

Question 44

In 2010, Congress passed the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, which made it easier for schools to limit the number of ______ purchased from vending machines.

A) beverages
B) food desserts
C) competitive foods
D) binge foods

Question 45

The health hazards of bulimia often include each of these EXCEPT:

A) laxative dependence.
B) damaged teeth from purging.
C) anemia.
D) slowed thyroid function.

Question 46

The best way to lose weight and keep it off is to ______ and ______.

A) count calories; limit portion size
B) eat one less meal each day; limit portion size
C) exercise; take an appetite-suppression drug
D) develop sound eating habits; engage in regular physical exercise

Question 47

One massive study identified a variant of the ______, which seemed to double a person's risk of becoming obese.

A) FTO gene
B) BMR
C) metabolic syndrome
D) settling point

Question 48

The central idea behind stepped care for treating obesity is that:

A) people need to be matched to individualized treatment programs.
B) overeating is often the result of simple conditioning.
C) as weight loss occurs, exercise levels need to be gradually increased in order to offset decreasing metabolic rate.
D) obesity is a multifaceted health problem.

Question 49

Research studies have demonstrated that African-American women generally have:

A) more positive attitudes toward their bodies, food, and weight than European-American women do.
B) more negative attitudes about their bodies, food, and weight than European-American women do.
C) a higher incidence of obesity and eating disorders than European-American women do.
D) decreasing incidence rates of both obesity and eating disorders.

Question 50

Behavior modification programs for obesity typically include all of these components EXCEPT:

A) stimulus control.
B) contingency contracts.
C) careful self-monitoring.
D) the use of anorexigenic medication.

Question 51

Particularly among ______ in developed countries, there is a(n) ______ relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status.

A) men; inverse
B) women; inverse
C) men; direct
D) women; direct

Question 52

Although shows like My 600 Pound Life and The Biggest Loser represent and espouse different approaches to weight loss and treatment related to obesity, they are theoretically and conceptually linked in their use of what conceptual framework?

A) the cognitive behavioral model
B) the stepped care process
C) the biobehavioral health model
D) the psychosocial behavioral process

Question 53

Twenty-two-year-old Shanta is slightly overweight and loves to eat, particularly junk food and high-calorie desserts. Fearful of gaining weight, Shanta often takes a laxative following an episode of binge eating. Shanta seems to be suffering from:

A) binge-eating disorder.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) unit bias.

Question 54

The set of obesity-related risk factors that increase the risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and diabetes is called:

A) the metabolic syndrome.
B) hyperinsulinemia.
C) hypoinsulinemia.
D) morbid obesity.

Question 55

The relationship between body mass index and relative risk of death is best described as being:

A) linear.
B) inverse.
C) U-shaped.
D) an inverted U.

Question 56

Which statement regarding obesity in the United States is true?

A) Obesity is less prevalent among African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and other minority groups.
B) Obesity and income are inversely related.
C) Obesity is positively correlated with education level.
D) Two-thirds of people living below the poverty threshold are obese.

Question 57

It is estimated that genes contribute approximately ______ percent to obesity.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 70

Question 58

Weight cycling is:

A) an unhealthy pattern of repeated weight gain and loss.
B) a healthy pattern of repeated weight gain and loss.
C) a person's average weight over his or her lifetime.
D) the range of calories, from high to low, that will maintain the body's settling point.

Question 59

Which individual would be classified as having the lowest morbidity risk in terms of BMI and waist to hip ratio?

A) a black male with 22 BMI and 1.0 waist to hip ratio
B) a white female with 23 BMI and .75 waist to hip ratio
C) an Asian female with 18 BMI and .8 waist to hip ratio
D) a Native American male with 26 BMI and .85 waist to hip ratio

Question 60

The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa include all of these EXCEPT:

A) refusal to maintain body weight above a BMI of 18.
B) intense fear of weight gain.
C) disturbance of body image.
D) lack of control over eating.

Question 61

The first priority in treating anorexia nervosa is:

A) changing the patient's eating patterns.
B) helping the patient develop a more realistic body image.
C) restoring the patient's body weight.
D) boosting the patient's self-esteem.

Question 62

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the families of women with bulimia?

A) a higher-than-average incidence of alcoholism
B) a higher-than-average incidence of depression
C) disengaged, or even hostile parent-daughter relationships
D) overprotective, competitive parents

Question 63

Research studies suggest that for American women, eating disorders:

A) are responses to social roles and cultural ideals of beauty.
B) are a symptom of a strong sense of identity.
C) represent poor assimilation into the majority culture.
D) develop at younger ages.

Question 64

Those most vulnerable to eating disorders are those who ______ value thinness and have the ______ body image satisfaction.

A) least; lowest
B) most; greatest
C) least; greatest
D) most; lowest

Question 65

The fact that opiate antagonists may be effective in reducing the frequency of binge-purge episodes suggests that bulimia may be caused in part by disturbances in the brain's supply of:

A) glucose.
B) insulin.
C) endorphins.
D) serotonin.

Question 66

Anorexia patients are most likely to have parents who:

A) have physically or sexually abused their children.
B) are high achieving and protective.
C) have been recently separated or divorced.
D) are unconcerned about physical appearance and body weight.

Question 67

A person who engages in bouts of excessive overeating, followed by feelings of distress-but who does not binge, purge, fast, or exercise excessively-is said to have:

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) binge-eating disorder.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) pica.

Question 68

Which of these has NOT been identified as an important factor in the development of eating disorders?

A) body image at puberty
B) biochemical abnormalities of the HPA system
C) relationship with parents
D) a nonconforming personality