Deck 4: The Physical Properties of Water

Question 1

A water molecule is composed of three different kinds of atoms.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

When water is evaporated from a surface exposed to air, the surface is warmed; when condensation of evaporated water occurs, the air is cooled.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

When water evaporates at Earth surface temperatures, the water surface loses more heat than when it evaporates at 100°C.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Repeated sound speed measurements over great distances are being used to measure possible changes in ocean water temperature.

Question 5

Water transmits sound very well compared to other fluids and gases.

Question 6

A sound wave traveling at right angles to the ocean's surface will be refracted.

Question 7

Calories are a unit of heat measurement.

Question 8

Sound travels faster in water than in air.

Question 9

Seawater is highly compressible.

Question 10

The ________ of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in the substance.

Question 11

When water is under great pressure, the density of the water decreases due to a decrease in volume.

Question 12

________ is a measure of the total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance.

Question 13

Water is the only substance that occurs on Earth naturally as a liquid, a solid, and a gas.

Question 14

When using sound to determine changes in average ocean temperature, the greater the distance the sound travels, the greater the accuracy of the measurements.

Question 15

Identify all of the temperatures at which water boils at 1 atmosphere of pressure.

A) 100°C
B) 100K
C) 100°F
D) 212°C
E) 212K
F) 212°F
G) 373.15°C
H) 373.15K
J) 373.15°F

Question 16

When seawater absorbs solar radiation, the absorbed energy results in an increase in the specific heat of the water molecules.

Question 17

The viscosity of a liquid increases with increasing temperature.

Question 18

The specific heat of water is less than that of copper.

Question 19

A water molecule can bond with other water molecules by ________ bonds.

Question 20

The longer wavelengths of solar radiation above the band of visible light commonly penetrate the sea to depths greater than 10 meters.

Question 21

Sea surface color observed by satellite instruments is affected by ________.

A) seawater scattering the light
B) seawater absorbing solar radiation
C) the fluorescence of dissolved compounds
D) All of these are correct.
E) seawater scattering the light and seawater absorbing solar radiation

Question 22

How many calories must be removed from 5 g of pure water at 10°C to convert the water to ice?

A) 20
B) 80
C) 450
D) 800
E) 1200

Question 23

If a sound pulse is sent vertically downward into the sea and its reflected echo from the seafloor returns 6 seconds later, the depth of the water is ________ meters. (The average speed of sound in seawater is 1500 m/sec.)

A) 3000
B) 4500
C) 6000
D) 9000
E) 12,000

Question 24

A Secchi disk is used to measure the attenuation of ________.

A) light
B) sound
C) density
D) viscosity
E) pressure

Question 25

Water heated from below distributes the added heat by ________, whereas the still surface of water heated from above distributes the added heat by ________.

A) diffusion; diffusion and conduction
B) diffusion; convection
C) convection; diffusion and conduction
D) conduction; convection
E) conduction; diffusion

Question 26

Heat is measured in ________.

A) degrees Celsius
B) degrees Fahrenheit
C) g/cm³
D) calories
E) degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit

Question 27

The maximum penetration of visible light in clear seawater is about ________ meters.

A) 100
B) 200
C) 300
D) 500
E) 1000

Question 28

Changes in water density in the oceans create ________.

A) sound shadows
B) light refraction
C) the sofar channel
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 29

Density of seawater increases as ________.

A) temperature, salinity, and pressure decrease
B) temperature, salinity, and pressure increase
C) temperature increases and salinity and pressure decrease
D) salinity and pressure increase and temperature decreases
E) pressure increases and temperature and salinity decrease

Question 30

Covalent bonds link a water molecule's ________.

A) positively charged oxygen atom and negatively charged hydrogen atoms
B) positively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atom
C) positively charged oxygen atom and positively charged hydrogen atoms
D) negatively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atom
E) They do not bond atoms.

Question 31

The long red wavelengths of visible light are ________.

A) reflected back from the surface
B) transmitted to great depth
C) responsible for the ocean's color
D) absorbed in the first meter
E) blocked by the atmosphere

Question 32

The pressure increase experienced by equipment lowered to a depth of 1000 m is approximately ________.

A) 10 atmospheres
B) 100 atmospheres
C) 1000 atmospheres
D) 10,000 atmospheres
E) None of these is correct.

Question 33

The ________ wavelengths of light penetrate deepest into the ocean.

A) ultraviolet
B) infrared
C) red
D) blue
E) black

Question 34

Extreme variation in the ocean's temperature is prevented by seawater's ________.

A) density
B) transparency
C) viscosity
D) specific heat
E) compressibility

Question 35

Viscosity of ocean water increases primarily ________.

A) as the temperature increases
B) as the temperature decreases
C) as the salt content increases
D) as the salt content decreases
E) due to changes in pressure.

Question 36

Light and sound are ________ by seawater.

A) refracted
B) scattered
C) absorbed
D) attenuated
E) All of these are correct.

Question 37

The arrangement of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule causes the water molecule to ________.

A) orient in only one direction
B) have a lattice arrangement in the gaseous state
C) be polar
D) slide past other water molecules
E) lose heat rapidly

Question 38

Fresh water has its maximum density at ________.

A) 0°C
B) 4°C
C) 32°C
D) 100°C
E) below freezing

Question 39

About how many calories are required to convert 2 g of ice at 0°C to water vapor at 50°C ?

A) 160
B) 670
C) 1340
D) 1180
E) 2768

Question 40

Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density?

A) Sea ice formation
B) Sea ice melting
C) Surface water evaporation
D) Sea ice formation and surface water evaporation
E) Sea ice melting and surface water evaporation

Question 41

The polarity of water molecules is responsible for all of the following, except ________.

A) cohesion
B) dissolving ability of water
C) surface tension
D) hydrogen bonding
E) covalent bonding

Question 42

The surface tension of pure water will increase ________.

A) when salt is added
B) if the temperature decreases
C) if pressure is increased
D) when salt is added and if the temperature decreases
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 43

Above a salt content of 24.7 g/kg, as the temperature decreases, the ________.

A) water density increases to the freezing point
B) water density decreases to the freezing point
C) freezing temperature decreases as salt content increases
D) water density increases to the freezing point and the freezing temperature decreases as the salt content increases
E) water density decreases to the freezing point and the freezing temperature decreases as the salt content increases

Question 44

If ocean water were incompressible, the sea level would be ________ its present level.

A) lower than
B) higher than
C) equal to

Question 45

The latent heat of vaporization is much greater than the latent heat of fusion.

Question 46

The sofar channel is centered where sound ________.

A) increases with depth
B) decreases with depth
C) is at its minimum
D) is at its maximum
E) None of these is correct.

Question 47

The transformation of ice directly to water vapor is known as sublimation.

Question 48

Which method best transmits heat through water?

A) Conduction
B) Radiation
C) Convection
D) All of these conduct heat equally well in water.
E) None of these conducts heat in water.

Question 49

Which of the following does NOT happen to water when salt is added?

A) Density decreases
B) Boiling point increases
C) Freezing point decreases
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 50

Above a salt content of 24.7 g/kg, as as the temperature decreases, ________.

A) the attenuation factor of light increases
B) the attenuation factor of light decreases
C) the depth of light penetration decreases
D) the depth of light penetration remains constant
E) the scattering of light in the water increases

Question 51

The addition of salt to fresh water to form salt water ________.

A) increases the density of the water
B) depresses the boiling point and elevates the freezing point
C) makes the temperature of maximum density increase
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 52

Seawater with a salt content of 35 g/kg has a freezing point ________.

A) above its temperature of maximum density
B) at its temperature of maximum density
C) below its temperature of maximum density
D) at 0°C
E) None of these is correct; this water does not freeze.

Question 53

Which substance has the greatest density?

A) Warm fresh water
B) Cold fresh water
C) Ice
D) Warm salt water
E) Cold salt water

Question 54

Which of the following materials has the highest specific heat?

A) Water
B) Air
C) Continental crust
D) Oceanic crust
E) None of these is correct.

Question 55

The process of changing ice directly to water vapor is known as ________.

A) sublimation
B) evaporation
C) condensation
D) vaporization
E) melting

Question 56

Pressure increases by about 1 atm for every 10 m of depth in the ocean.

Question 57

As a polar-molecule liquid, water has special physical properties, including ________.

A) high surface tension
B) high dissolution properties
C) high cohesion
D) high heat capacity and latent heat
E) All of these are correct.

Question 58

The water molecule is a polar molecule which means that ________.

A) it is spherical
B) it has a slightly negative and a slightly positive side
C) it forms a crystal lattice while still a liquid
D) it has extremely high viscosity
E) it has low heat capacity

Question 59

How many calories must be added to 3 g of ice at 0°C to convert it to water vapor at 100°C?

A) 180 calories
B) 540 calories
C) 720 calories
D) 1440 calories
E) 2160 calories

Question 60

Which phase change reaction requires the most energy?

A) Melting
B) Freezing
C) Vaporization
D) Cooling
E) Each requires the same amount of energy.

Question 61

The first color of the visible spectrum to disappear as one dives from the surface to the deep is ________.

A) violet
B) indigo
C) green
D) yellow
E) red

Question 62

The speed of sound in the ocean is about ________.

A) 100 m/s
B) 1000 m/s
C) 1500 m/s
D) 3000 m/s
E) None of these is correct

Question 63

Water at hydrothermal vents is in the liquid state despite being at 300°C because of ________.

A) high pressure
B) high cohesion
C) high viscosity
D) high heat capacity
E) high salinity

Question 64

How many calories must be added to 2.5 g of water at 10°C to heat it to 85.5°C?

A) 75.5 calories
B) 188.75 calories
C) 264.25 calories
D) 325 calories
E) None of these is correct; it is impossible.

Question 65

Sound travels a long way in the sofar channel because ________.

A) the speed of sound is highest in this layer
B) the speed of sound is lowest in this layer
C) whales communicate in this layer
D) it is the depth of the 1% light level
E) None of these is correct

Question 66

How many calories must be removed from 4 g of water at 10°C to convert it into ice at 0°C?

A) 90 calories
B) 180 calories
C) 270 calories
D) 360 calories
E) 450 calories

Question 67

The following change would result in a density increase.

A) Increase in temperature
B) Increase in salinity
C) Decrease in pressure
D) Decrease in impurities
E) None of these is correct.