Deck 6: The Self

Question 1

People compare themselves to others in order to

A) change their self-image.
B) assessing the abilities of others.
C) improve their skills.
D) do all of these.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Beliefs about ourselves that shape social perception and are developed from past experiences are called

A) self-ideal.
B) public self.
C) self-actualization.
D) self-schema.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Kristine wants to improve her running time.She is most likely to choose a reference group that

A) includes both inferior and superior runners,called self-esteem comparison.
B) includes both inferior and superior runners,called social comparison.
C) is limited to inferior runners,called downward social comparison.
D) is limited to superior runners,called upward social comparison.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of self-schemas?

A) Personality traits
B) Strengths but not weaknesses
C) Physical features
D) Social roles and values

Question 5

Possible selves

A) make people attentive to goal-related information and mindful of the need to practice goal-related skills.
B) block goal achievement.
C) represent only future expectations.
D) are fixed once someone sets a goal.

Question 6

John says,"My friends think I am smart." John is most likely from which culture?

A) Collectivistic
B) Individualistic
C) Independent
D) Dependent

Question 7

People used as a gauge in making social comparisons are called a _____ group.

A) social comparison
B) therapy
C) reference
D) feedback

Question 8

_____ involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.

A) Collectivism
B) Individualism
C) Independency
D) Dependency

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT true of people's observations of their own behavior?

A) People are usually realistic and objective.
B) People tend to evaluate themselves in a more positive light than they really merit.
C) In survey of high school students,100% of the respondents saw themselves as above average.
D) In a survey of high school students,25% of the respondents thought they belonged in the top 1%.

Question 10

_____ proposes that individuals compare themselves with others in order to assess their abilities and opinions.

A) Social comparison theory
B) Possible selves theory
C) Collectivism
D) Feedback theory

Question 11

Individuals' beliefs about themselves are

A) not easily changed.
B) less likely to change when in new surroundings.
C) unstable.
D) flexible in positive situations.

Question 12

Which of the following are sources that influence one's self-concept?

A) One's observations
B) Feedback from others
C) Cultural values
D) All of these

Question 13

Jason has developed his concept of possible self,using

A) past experiences.
B) current behavior.
C) future expectations.
D) all of these.

Question 14

_____ usually have more interdependent self-views than _____.

A) Elders;teens
B) Men;women
C) Women;men
D) Teens;elders

Question 15

Bridget has grown up in a culture that puts group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to.She is most likely from a culture that fosters

A) collectivism.
B) individualism.
C) independency.
D) dependency.

Question 16

The conception of who we might become in the future is called

A) public selves.
B) developmental selves.
C) possible selves.
D) future selves.

Question 17

Jason wanted to know how he did on his psychology test.His reference group is most likely

A) the best students in the class.
B) the average of the class.
C) the entire class.
D) his study partner.

Question 18

When feedback about the self conflicts with a person's central self-conceptions,the person most likely will

A) ignore it when motivated toward self-improvement.
B) often selectively forget it.
C) pay attention if the feedback is from friends.
D) will become depressed and withdraw.

Question 19

A multifaceted collection of beliefs about the self is called

A) self-ideal.
B) self-concept.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-actualization.

Question 20

Women tend to be involved in

A) collective dependence,while men tend to be involved in collective interdependence.
B) collective interdependence,while men tend to be involved in relational dependence.
C) relational interdependence,while men tend to be involved in collective dependence.
D) relational interdependence,while men tend to be involved in collective interdependence.

Question 21

Which of the following parenting styles is most related to the highest self-esteem scores for the children?

A) Permissive
B) Authoritative
C) Authoritarian
D) Neglectful

Question 22

The clearest advantages of self-esteem are in the

A) area of achievement.
B) emotional sphere.
C) interpersonal realm.
D) self-image realm.

Question 23

With regards to coping,people with low self-esteem

A) and a self-blaming attributional style are at a disadvantage.
B) become more demoralized after a failure.
C) often have negative expectations about their performance.
D) experience all of these.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT true of self-esteem?

A) It encompasses a global self-evaluation.
B) It separates specific evaluations in many areas of life.
C) It includes social and emotional self-images.
D) It includes academic and physical self-images.

Question 25

Lance is drinking coffee and checking his email.He is conserving his cognitive attention to be prepared for his quiz this morning.This is an example of

A) controlled processing.
B) automatic processing.
C) mindfulness.
D) selective attention.

Question 26

_____ refers to the ongoing sense of confidence people possess regarding their abilities and characteristics.

A) State self-esteem
B) Current self-esteem
C) Trait self-esteem
D) Ego self-esteem

Question 27

_____ self-esteem is relatively stable and _____ self-esteem is based on the moment.

A) Trait;state
B) State;trait
C) Current;global
D) Global;current

Question 28

_____ refers to one's overall assessment of one's worth as a person.

A) Self-concept
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-view
D) Self-esteem

Question 29

According to Baumeister,which of the following does NOT describe people who are narcissistic?

A) More likely to commit partner abuse
B) More likely to commit political terrorism
C) More likely to be engaged in gang violence
D) Less likely to be a delinquent or criminal than those with low self-esteem

Question 30

According to Baumeister,individuals with low self-esteem

A) are too depressed to correctly answer self-esteem tests.
B) are especially low in social self-image.
C) are people with low physical self-image because of their actual appearance.
D) don't know themselves well enough to strongly endorse personal attributes on self-esteem tests.

Question 31

Diana was raised by parents who were high in acceptance,but also high in control.Which of the following is likely to be true of Diana?

A) Her parents had an authoritative parenting style.
B) She probably has high self-esteem.
C) She may be from any ethnic group and still have high self-esteem.
D) All of these are true.

Question 32

Mindfulness

A) is also called controlled processing.
B) promotes cognitive flexibility.
C) can lead to self-acceptance and well-being.
D) does all of these.

Question 33

Alan's job was recently cut back at work.Alan is feeing a lower sense of self-worth.This relates to his

A) State self-esteem
B) Current self-esteem
C) Trait self-esteem
D) Ego self-esteem

Question 34

In Taylor's model,cognitive resources are limited so the mind

A) cannot cope with attention,memory,and more at once.
B) is cognitive flexible.
C) has to rely on self-feedback.
D) takes cognitive shortcuts.

Question 35

According to research,

A) high self-esteem causes greater happiness.
B) self-esteem is strongly and consistently related to happiness.
C) high self-esteem is a reliable cause of good academic performance.
D) people with high self-esteem are more likable and attractive with better relationships.

Question 36

_____ principles consist of cognitive processes,self-attributions,and explanatory style.

A) Self-perception
B) Self-concept
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-actualization

Question 37

Evaluating the self as a function of the self-concept is called

A) self-deception.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-system.

Question 38

Compared to people with high self-esteem,the self-views of people with low self-esteem are

A) more confused and tentative.
B) more negative.
C) less susceptible to short-term fluctuations.
D) relatively sure of who they are.

Question 39

Compared to high self-esteem people,individuals with low self-esteem are

A) less likely to worry about rejection.
B) more likely to have relationships end quickly.
C) more likely to distrust their partners' expressions of love and support.
D) more likely to speak up and criticize a group's approach.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a reason it is difficult to obtain accurate measures of self-esteem?

A) People may not choose to disclose their actual self-esteem.
B) It is difficult to separate cause from effect.
C) Researchers tend to rely on self-reports from participants.
D) Most individuals hold unrealistically negative views about themselves.

Question 41

According to self-verification theory,people

A) prefer feedback that is supportive to their positive self-views.
B) ignore feedback that does not fit their self-views.
C) prefer to receive feedback from others that is consistent with their own self-views.
D) change feedback to fit their negative self-views.

Question 42

People with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to attribute problems to

A) external,stable,and global factors.
B) internal,stable,and global factors.
C) external,unstable,and global factors.
D) internal,unstable,and global factors.

Question 43

Bert claimed that the reason he didn't do well on the psychology test was because he had an important party the night before and didn't get around to studying.Bert is

A) basking in reflected glory.
B) self-handicapping.
C) engaged in self-improvement.
D) defensively pessimistic.

Question 44

Fred was talking in a crowded hallway with a friend between classes.He suddenly noticed his name being said by someone in the hall.This is an example of

A) hallway conversation effect.
B) selective attention.
C) mindfulness.
D) automatic processing.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a motive guiding self-understanding?

A) Assessment
B) Verification
C) Effacement
D) Improvement

Question 46

Donna was late to work because of flooding on the main road to her job.She will probably attribute this to

A) a stable external cause.
B) a stable internal cause.
C) an unstable external cause.
D) an unstable internal cause.

Question 47

The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors is called

A) self-serving bias.
B) self-improvement.
C) unbiased self-judgment.
D) self-handicapping.

Question 48

Jared got a D on his psychology paper.He attributed this to his teacher being a hard grader and disliking him.What does this exemplify?

A) External attribution
B) Internal attribution
C) Mindfulness
D) Automatic processing

Question 49

What is the term for people's desire for truthful information about themselves?

A) Self-assessment motive
B) Self-verification motive
C) Self-improvement motive
D) Self-enhancement motive

Question 50

_____ is the process of directing and controlling one's behavior.

A) Self-denial
B) Self-regulation
C) Self-assessment
D) Self-enhancement

Question 51

What is the term for striving for consistent self-image that matches either positive or negative self-beliefs?

A) Self-assessment motive
B) Self-verification motive
C) Self-improvement motive
D) Self-enhancement motive

Question 52

Which of the following can be fostered by a pessimistic explanatory style?

A) Depression
B) Learned helplessness
C) Passive behavior
D) All of these

Question 53

Phyllis got an A on her psychology paper.She attributed this to her careful research and attention to following instructions.What does this exemplify?

A) External attribution
B) Internal attribution
C) Mindfulness
D) Automatic processing

Question 54

The tendency to enhance one's image by publicly announcing one's association with those who are successful is called

A) self-serving bias.
B) basking in reflected glory.
C) self-improvement.
D) self-handicapping.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a key dimension of attributional thinking according to Weiner's model?

A) Internal cause
B) Stable cause
C) Unstable cause
D) Task difficulty

Question 56

_____ refers to the tendency to use similar causal attributions for a wide variety of events in one's life.

A) Explanatory style
B) Pessimism
C) External attribution
D) Stable style

Question 57

Stan has been seeing a therapist for depression.According to Petit and Joiner,his persistent self-view predicted by self-verification process may

A) increase his chances for treatment success when the therapist is positive.
B) account for treatment setbacks or ongoing dejection.
C) account for successful treatment if he has enough medication.
D) are unrelated to the success of his treatment.

Question 58

Alice rates herself as above average regarding her ability to do well in school.Her tendency to maintain these positive feelings is called

A) an optimistic explanatory style.
B) an external explanatory style.
C) a self-improvement motive.
D) a self-enhancement motive.

Question 59

After a failure or setback of some kind the _____ motive becomes active.

A) self-improvement
B) self-enhancement
C) self-verification
D) self-assessment

Question 60

_____ are inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior and experiences.

A) Self-attribution
B) Self-concept
C) Self-perception
D) Self-esteem

Question 61

Barry's friend told him he shouldn't be afraid to ask Cheri for a date to the movies.Barry is developing self-efficacy for asking someone on a date due to

A) mastery experiences.
B) interpretation of emotional arousal.
C) persuasion and encouragement.
D) vicarious experiences.

Question 62

Jane used a frequent impression management strategy of doing small favors for others at work.She is using the strategy of

A) ingratiation.
B) self-promotion.
C) exemplification.
D) intimidation.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a category of intentional self-defeating behaviors?

A) Deliberate self-destruction
B) Counterproductive strategies
C) Tradeoffs
D) Realistic judgments

Question 64

Myra is presenting herself as polite and friendly.This is her

A) impression strategy.
B) public self.
C) ingratiation strategy.
D) superficial self.

Question 65

Robert was asking someone out on a date.He made sure to mention that he had a good job and gets along with people easily.Robert is using the impression management strategy of

A) ingratiation.
B) self-promotion.
C) exemplification.
D) intimidation.

Question 66

Self-regulation seems to develop

A) after adolescence as a stable characteristic.
B) early,but be unstable.
C) develop early and remain stable.
D) throughout the lifespan since it is unstable.

Question 67

Maria resisted the temptation of eating the leftover Halloween candy.However,when the Holiday cookies showed up at work,she found herself unable to resist eating them.Maria's behavior can be explained by

A) the ego depletion model of self-regulation.
B) the pessimistic explanatory style.
C) the gluttony premise.
D) the self-defeating model.

Question 68

Most people

A) use impression management strategy based on a desire to manipulate others.
B) try to project an honest image.
C) find the supplication impression management strategy most effective.
D) spend a great deal of time considering which strategy to use.

Question 69

Linda presents a no-nonsense public self at work.She tells her employees they can always leave if they don't like her treatment.Many of her employees do not like her,but this impression management strategy works since jobs are difficult to find right in this field of work.Linda is using the strategy of

A) ingratiation.
B) self-promotion.
C) exemplification.
D) intimidation.

Question 70

Impression management

A) is used to confuse identities in multiple situations.
B) refers to making others see individuals as they see themselves.
C) is self-defeating.
D) refers to usually conscious efforts by people to influence how others think of them.

Question 71

One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is called

A) self-esteem.
B) self-improvement.
C) self-assessment.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy?

A) Mastery experiences
B) Blocking emotional arousal
C) Persuasion and encouragement
D) Vicarious experiences

Question 73

_____ are seemingly intentional actions that thwart a person's self-interest.

A) Self-serving biases
B) Self-esteem conflicts
C) Self-defeating behaviors
D) Self-abuse behaviors

Question 74

Research indicates that self-regulation

A) can be restored when people are in a good mood and eat non-sugar foods.
B) can be strengthened so people become less vulnerable to ego depletion.
C) is a character flaw.
D) is a fixed personality characteristic.

Question 75

People who see themselves as being similar across different social roles

A) are lacking in emotional self-understanding.
B) use situations to determine their self-image.
C) are better adjusted than those with less integration of self-views.
D) don't get along with others that well.

Question 76

Mark is a firefighter.He will not have much trouble projecting an honest image about his courage using the impression management strategy of

A) ingratiation.
B) self-promotion.
C) exemplification.
D) intimidation.

Question 77

Self-efficacy is related to

A) an individual's commitment to goals.
B) academic performance.
C) career choice.
D) all of these.

Question 78

Margaret continued to practice her solo until she was able to perform without mistakes.Her self-efficacy for this activity is based on

A) mastery experiences.
B) interpretation of emotional arousal.
C) persuasion and encouragement.
D) vicarious experiences.

Question 79

Jeff habitually finds women who are dating someone else as the most attractive.His attempts at finding a suitable partner is self-defeating because he is using

A) a counterproductive strategy on a regular basis.
B) deliberate self-destruction.
C) tradeoffs to feeling lonely.
D) intentionally trying to escape from immediate,painful feelings.

Question 80

Which of the following is consistent with the self-defeating behavior?

A) Most people try to fail at a task.
B) Most people have accurate but negative judgments about themselves.
C) Most people deliberately try to harm themselves.
D) Most people engage in self-defeating behavior at some time.