Deck 7: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Question 1

_____ is the process of forming impressions of others.

A) Social influence
B) Social thinking
C) Nonverbal messages
D) Person perception

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Attributions are

A) causes of other people's behavior.
B) inferences that people draw about the causes of behavior and events.
C) the tendency to explain other people's behavior as the result of personal,rather than situational factors.
D) a measure of people's personalities.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Mary noticed that Joseph was pushing someone in the hallway.She concluded that Joseph was aggressive.Mary did not notice that Joseph and the other person were laughing,thus she

A) failed to consider the situational factor.
B) made the fundamental attribution error.
C) made an initial observation of Joseph's behavior.
D) did all of these.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune,so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way is called

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) defensive attribution.
C) confirmation bias.
D) fundamental bias.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a key source of information in forming impressions of others?

A) Appearances
B) Personality inventories
C) Situations
D) Actions

Question 6

Because people often take the easy path to avoid cognitive effort with an accurate impression,people quite often categorize others on the basis of

A) nationality.
B) religion.
C) sexual orientation.
D) all of these.

Question 7

Professor Wade believes Marjorie is an exceptional student.Professor Wade often engages in clarification of answers and additional discussion with Marjorie.Because of the self-fulfilling prophecy and the results of 400 studies over 30 years,

A) Professor Wade will automatically grade Marjorie's papers higher.
B) Marjorie has a 36% increased chance of dropping out due to the extra pressure.
C) Marjorie has a 36% chance of higher academic performance.
D) all of these.

Question 8

The best-known experiments on the self-fulfilling prophecy have been conducted regarding which of the following settings?

A) Teacher expectations of students
B) Student expectations of teachers
C) Parental expectations of students
D) Student expectations of parents

Question 9

Which of the following is a key source of information in forming impressions of others?

A) Nonverbal messages
B) Mind reading
C) Snap decisions
D) Worrying about their beliefs

Question 10

Paula's new boss has called her in to discuss her future at the company.Paula is most likely to form her perception of her boss using

A) snap judgments.
B) primarily nonverbal messages.
C) systematic judgments,including attributions.
D) none of these.

Question 11

The way someone speaks about others influences our impression of that person.This is due to the key source of information of

A) verbal behavior.
B) appearance.
C) actions.
D) situations.

Question 12

Using physical features to form impressions of others is

A) typical even when they may be inaccurate.
B) rarely used since it can be biased.
C) only used in snap judgments.
D) more important than other sources of information.

Question 13

People classify those who are similar to them as members of their

A) stereotype.
B) culture.
C) ingroup.
D) outgroup.

Question 14

Impression formation based on someone's eye contact and facial expressions is due to

A) verbal behavior.
B) actions.
C) appearance.
D) nonverbal messages.

Question 15

Peggy thought Earl must be a good student and like reading.Earl wears glasses.Peggy may be judging Earl by

A) the situation.
B) appearance.
C) verbal behavior.
D) nonverbal messages.

Question 16

When it is important to make accurate assessments of someone,people

A) make snap judgments.
B) primarily use nonverbal messages.
C) use systematic judgments,including attributions.
D) do all of these.

Question 17

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when

A) someone is superstitious.
B) a person has specific expectations about oneself.
C) the fundamental attribution error is confirmed as an actual defensive attribution.
D) expectations about a person cause him or her to behave in ways that confirm the expectations.

Question 18

Evan's laptop was stolen from in his car trunk.His friend George said that it was really Evan's fault for leaving the laptop in the trunk.After all,someone may have seen him put it into the trunk.George is exhibiting

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) self-serving bias.
C) confirmation bias.
D) defensive attribution.

Question 19

Janet noticed that Craig was forgetting to clean up his papers in the living room.Janet failed to notice the many times that Craig had cleaned up.What is occurring?

A) Confirmation bias
B) The fundamental attribution error
C) Self-serving bias
D) Defensive attribution

Question 20

_____ is the tendency to explain other people's behavior as the result of personal,rather than situation,factors.

A) The situation error
B) The automatic error
C) The fundamental attribution error
D) The motivational error

Question 21

People can reduce prejudice effectively by

A) eliminating the group that is threatening.
B) going through motions of simple cooperative tasks.
C) pointing out to the other people why they are threatening.
D) making an intentional effort to change one's own thinking.

Question 22

Gail is aware that stereotyping can lead to prejudice.When she sees an elder sitting on the park bench,her first inclination is to think how sweet older people are.In order to avoid prejudice when interacting with elders,Gail can

A) make an intentional effort to inhibit stereotypical thoughts.
B) go talk to the person to see if he or she really is nice.
C) ignore her concern since what she is thinking is a nice attitude toward elders.
D) recognize that elders are usually sweet because their cognitive abilities are failing and try to be nicer to elders.

Question 23

Lisa's band won the competition.Lisa's _____ is most likely boosted.

A) collective self-esteem
B) social identity
C) personal self-esteem
D) ingroup identity

Question 24

The most common response when collective self-esteems is threatened is

A) to react violently.
B) to show outgroup prejudice.
C) to show ingroup favoritism.
D) to change social identity groups.

Question 25

According to Tajfel and Turner,individuals

A) have a personal identity that reacts to threats by trying to restore self-esteem.
B) have both a personal and a social identity that react to threats by restoring self-esteem.
C) have a social identity that reacts to threats by avoiding prejudice and discrimination.
D) have none of these.

Question 26

Jane has a belief that African Americans are much better at sports than any other ethnic group.Jane's belief is

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) based on keen observation.
C) prejudice.
D) a stereotype.

Question 27

People are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error when

A) evaluating targets of prejudice.
B) perceiving negative characteristics as being situational-based.
C) social categorization is less predominant.
D) they lack high intelligence.

Question 28

Most acts of discrimination take the form of

A) rewarding ingroup members over outgroup members.
B) deliberately blocking outgroups from desired resources.
C) engaging in ingroup derogation.
D) attempting to lower self-esteem of the outgroup members.

Question 29

_____ is a negative attitude toward members of a group.

A) Stereotyping
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) Harassment

Question 30

Behaving differently or unfairly toward members of a group is called

A) being prejudice.
B) stereotyping.
C) discrimination.
D) modern segregation.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT required to reduce intergroup hostility?

A) Working together for a common goal
B) Successful outcomes
C) Meaningful connections
D) Good leadership within the group

Question 32

Sherif's 1954 study involving boys in a camp setting supported the idea that

A) boys are naturally aggressive with each other.
B) as long as there is no competition for food,people can get along.
C) competition breeds prejudice and hostility.
D) games like tug of war can lead to real wars.

Question 33

____ refers to perceiving negative characteristics as being dispositional and due to group membership.

A) The fundamental attribution error
B) The ultimate attribution error
C) The authoritarian personality
D) Defensive attributions

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the major causes of prejudice?

A) Cognitive distortions and expectations
B) Competition between groups
C) Threats to social identity
D) Experiential bias

Question 35

Adorno's definition of _____ is a personality type characterized by prejudice toward any group perceived to be different from oneself.

A) prejudicial predisposition
B) autocratic bias
C) authoritarian personality
D) outgroup bias.

Question 36

Lance's class was upset with Arthur's class after they lost at the Little Olympics day at school.The best way for the teachers to help restore good feelings is to

A) have both classes engage in a fun activity like watching a movie together.
B) give all the members of both classes a new activity in which they will have equal status and can accomplish a common goal.
C) do an interactive activity where Lance's class is likely to win.
D) do all of these.

Question 37

_____ is when people support equality as an abstract principle,but oppose programs promoting equality based on the idea that discrimination no longer exists.

A) Old-fashioned discrimination
B) Modern discrimination
C) New prejudice
D) Stereotyping

Question 38

The idea that one's self-esteem is tied to one's group memberships is the basis for

A) ingroup prejudice theory.
B) social identity theory.
C) competitive prejudice theory.
D) personal self-esteem theory.

Question 39

Regarding achievement on standardized tests,when someone is the target of the stereotype,

A) the stereotype is ignored because the person knows better.
B) the stereotype can lead to feelings of vulnerability.
C) the person is most likely to do well on measures of achievement to prove others wrong.
D) the socioeconomic disadvantages are the only reason for differences in achievement testing.

Question 40

Reducing prejudice

A) requires solutions on a many levels.
B) is a simple process.
C) cannot be done once someone has been raised with prejudiced ideas.
D) is unnecessary as long as someone is tolerant of those who are different.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a receiver factor in persuasion?

A) the person's moods.
B) need for cognition.
C) generating positive feelings.
D) forewarning.

Question 42

Channel factors in persuasion refer to

A) the limitations of the argument.
B) the means of delivery of the message.
C) the biases of different radio or television media.
D) how the message is phrased.

Question 43

_____ is the communication of arguments and information intended to change another person's beliefs and feelings.

A) Persuasion
B) Attitude
C) Persuasive attitude
D) None of these.

Question 44

Television advertisements,pop-up Internet ads,and campaign speeches are all attempt to

A) make you spend money.
B) alter your attitudes through persuasion.
C) help you understand what you really need.
D) give you a common goals with others.

Question 45

The reason many companies cancelled endorsement contracts with a basketball star and golf legend after they were implicated in extramarital sexual affairs supports the idea that

A) people are prejudice since both players were African American.
B) advertisers are mainly made up of overzealous religious people.
C) source variables are extremely important factors in persuasion.
D) the message is the most important factor in persuasion.

Question 46

The two sub-factors that make a source likable are

A) physical attractiveness and similarity to the receiver.
B) trustworthiness and physical attractiveness.
C) similarity to the receiver and credibility.
D) credibility and personality.

Question 47

Humorous approaches to persuasion are most effective when

A) fear arousal is used in conjunction with the humor.
B) people really care about the topic.
C) the person really needs to remember the message.
D) the message is relatively unimportant.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a receiver factor in persuasion?

A) Likability
B) Personality
C) Expectations
D) Preexisting attitudes

Question 49

Mentioning that there are two sides to an issue

A) confuses people.
B) can increase your credibility with an audience.
C) decreases the persuasion.
D) generates positive feelings.

Question 50

Expecting the salesperson in a clothing store to try to convince you to buy clothes means you are less susceptible to the persuasion because of

A) forewarning.
B) your mood.
C) a one-sided argument.
D) your personality.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a message factor in persuasion?

A) Fear appeal versus logic
B) Repetition
C) One-sided versus two-sided argument
D) Expectations

Question 52

When political advertisements show someone at risk for losing their home,the persuasion is

A) likely to work.
B) using fear arousal.
C) most influential if people watching it also feel they could be susceptible to the threat.
D) doing all of these.

Question 53

Which of the following contains the elements of the persuasion process?

A) Receiver,message,sender,channel
B) Sender,receiver,message,method
C) Source,method,sender,receiver
D) Source,receiver,channel,message

Question 54

The two sub-factors that make a source credible are

A) likability and trustworthiness.
B) expertise and likability.
C) expertise and trustworthiness.
D) physical attractiveness and trustworthiness.

Question 55

When Dan is in a pessimistic mood,he is more likely to be swayed by persuasion using

A) positive feelings.
B) counter-attitudinal arguments.
C) uplifting messages.
D) forewarning ideas.

Question 56

Vicki likes trouble-shooting activities and analyzing historical trends.She is likely to respond to intellectual,high-quality arguments and debate because of her

A) aversion to forewarning.
B) lack of humor.
C) pessimistic attitude.
D) need for cognition.

Question 57

A receiver factor of _____ is a tendency to seek out and enjoy effortful thought,problem-solving activities,and in-depth analysis.

A) optimistic personality
B) two-sided argument
C) pessimistic mood
D) need for cognition

Question 58

When Dan is in an optimistic mood,he is more likely to be swayed by persuasion using

A) positive feelings.
B) counter-attitudinal arguments.
C) uplifting messages.
D) forewarning ideas.

Question 59

Persuasion is more successful when the source

A) has high credibility.
B) is more intelligent.
C) has preexisting attitudes.
D) is perceived as different from the receiver.

Question 60

Blanca finds herself clicking on convenient pop-up ads to make purchases related to her needs.She is being persuaded by

A) the channel factors.
B) source factors.
C) receiver factors.
D) none of these.

Question 61

The bystander effect is

A) most likely to occur in ambiguous situations.
B) most likely to occur when the need for help is clear.
C) less likely to occur in a large group.
D) less likely to occur when others are acting as if there's an emergency.

Question 62

Asch's studies regarding groups' size and unanimity as key determinants of conformity indicated that

A) conformity decreased when group size went from two to four.
B) when one accomplice broke with conformity it made little difference in large groups.
C) little conformity was seen when a subject was pitted against one accomplice.
D) all of these.

Question 63

Jill was going to a party where all the other girls were planning on wearing dresses.She decided to also wear a dress because she wanted to wear her new dress.This is an example of

A) persuasion.
B) compliance.
C) conformity.
D) non-conformity.

Question 64

In Asch's studies,subjects were asked to match a line with one in three other lengths.The result of the experiment was

A) about 26% of the subjects never conformed.
B) about 26% of the subjects conformed to the inaccurate answers of accomplices in the room in more than half of the trials.
C) most social scientists viewed the findings as a dramatic demonstration of humans' propensity to conform.
D) all of these.

Question 65

Kathleen prefers wearing her jeans and a casual blouse,but she is wearing a pair of slacks with a shirt and jacket to work.Kathleen is experiencing

A) obedience.
B) bystander effect.
C) compliance.
D) none of these.

Question 66

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands is called

A) obedience.
B) social conformity.
C) public conformity.
D) normative influence.

Question 67

Based on experiments in which participants' responses were anonymous,it has been determined that Asch's experiments on conformity

A) were invalid.
B) measured a type of conformity called compliance.
C) were due to informational influence.
D) were results of the bystander effect.

Question 68

Arnold's big brother told him not to tell their parents that he was sneaking alcohol.This is an example of

A) an ambiguous situation.
B) when obedience is unimportant.
C) when obedience is bad.
D) none of these.

Question 69

One of the reasons subjects in Milgram's experiment continued to obey beyond dangerous shock levels was

A) they did not know it was dangerous.
B) the demands to continue shocking escalated slowly.
C) they were told they were responsible for the learner.
D) all of these.

Question 70

The reason obedience is neither good nor bad is because

A) if it is good it is called compliance.
B) if it is bad it is called normative influence.
C) it depends on what one is being told to do.
D) we don't really understand it.

Question 71

Jill was going to a party where all the other girls were planning on wearing dresses.She decided to also wear a dress in order to fit in.This is an example of

A) persuasion.
B) compliance.
C) conformity.
D) obedience.

Question 72

_____ occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure.

A) Persuasion
B) Compliance
C) Conformity
D) Obedience

Question 73

Jim noticed that there was someone lying on the floor in the hallway.Lots of people were walking by and although a few looked at the person,no one slowed down or stopped.Jim is likely to determine the person is not in need of urgent assistance and continue walking as well because of

A) the bystander effect.
B) informational influence.
C) the ambiguous situation.
D) all of these.

Question 74

In 2009,Burger's experiment replicating Milgram's obedience studies found

A) people now do not give into obedience pressures.
B) only about 30% of participants would continue to shock someone at the maximum of 150 volts.
C) since no one was actually being shocked,the volt level could be the same as in Milgram's studies without any ethical concerns.
D) 70% of participants continued to shock the learner despite hearing cries of anguish.

Question 75

Jimmy is three years old and his mother has warned him to never touch the stovetop.This is an example of

A) when obedience is good.
B) when obedience is unimportant.
C) an ambiguous situation.
D) none of these.

Question 76

Stanley Milgram's study in obedience was motivated by

A) his observations of Japanese suicide missions in World War II.
B) the warning that obedience is bad.
C) wanting to show why government forces the populace to comply.
D) his desire to understand why citizens of Germany during World War II allowed the slaughter of Jews,Russians,Poles,Gypsies,and homosexuals.

Question 77

When people yield to social pressure in their public behavior,but their private beliefs have not changed they are

A) conforming.
B) being compliant.
C) resisting informational influence.
D) resisting the bystander effect.

Question 78

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to provide help when others are present than when they are alone is called

A) negative normative influence.
B) informational influence.
C) group compliance.
D) the bystander effect.

Question 79

In Milgram's experiments on obedience,the subject was

A) always the teacher.
B) randomly chosen to be the teacher or learner.
C) hooked up to a machine that delivered shocks.
D) were given instructions at the beginning and then allowed to continue on their own.

Question 80

Judy is on a job interview.She decides to wear a dress suit because she is fearful of making a negative impression.Her decision is a sign of _____ influence.

A) normative
B) informational
C) obedience
D) conformity