Deck 2: Theories of Personality

Question 1

Eric studies three hours per day,five days a week.He only misses school when he is sick and is almost never late for class.On which of the following "Big Five" traits would he likely receive a high score?

A) Neuroticism
B) Extraversion
C) Openness to experience
D) Conscientiousness

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Freud,thoughts and memories that are well below the level of conscious awareness are

A) a great influence on one's behavior.
B) in the unconscious.
C) difficult to retrieve.
D) all of these.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The effort to decrease anxiety often involves Freud's concept of

A) superego.
B) aggressive consequences.
C) defense mechanisms.
D) sexual arousal.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Dick was asked what he ate yesterday for breakfast.Recalling his meal is an example of Freud's awareness level of the

A) preconscious.
B) conscious.
C) unconscious.
D) id.

Question 5

All of the following are true about Sigmund Freud EXCEPT:

A) He began his medical practice in the late 1800s.
B) The process he developed was called psychoanalysis.
C) He was a neurologist.
D) His emphasis on unconscious forces and behavior was readily accepted.

Question 6

Margaret is able to get along with most people.She is creative and likes variety.On which of the following "Big Five" traits would she likely receive a high score?

A) Neuroticism
B) Extraversion
C) Openness to experience
D) Conscientiousness

Question 7

The component of personality,according to Freud,that focuses on biological urges is the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) superid.

Question 8

Like consistency across situations,_____ is also a central feature of personality.

A) Cognition
B) Personality
C) Consistency
D) Distinctiveness

Question 9

"Honest," "dependable," and "friendly" are all adjectives that can be used to represent

A) personality theories.
B) personality traits.
C) personality tests.
D) social situations.

Question 10

Achieving occupational goals is positively predicted by

A) conscientiousness.
B) extraversion.
C) neuroticism.
D) agreeableness.

Question 11

What is the core concept of personality?

A) Being true to oneself
B) Traits shared with others
C) Consistency across situations
D) Being able to adjust to different situations

Question 12

_____ refers to the combinations of consistent behavioral traits that are unique to each individual.

A) Constellation
B) Personality
C) Dependability
D) Creativity

Question 13

Freda's friends say that she is anxious,self-conscious,insecure,and vulnerable.Which of the following "Big Five" traits would best describe her?

A) Neuroticism
B) Extraversion
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness

Question 14

All psychodynamic theories stem from the work of

A) Jung.
B) Adler.
C) Freud.
D) Rogers.

Question 15

Social norms,rules,and customs are considerations of the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) superid.

Question 16

Which of the following are "Big Five" traits?

A) Neuroticism and obsessiveness
B) Openness to experience and intelligence
C) Neuroticism and agreeableness
D) Neuroticism,openness to experience,and fortitude

Question 17

Jung and Adler were two significant followers of

A) Rogers.
B) Freud.
C) Skinner.
D) All of these theorists.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is NOT true according to Big Five research?

A) Neuroticism increases the probability of divorce.
B) Conscientiousness is correlated with more illness.
C) Agreeableness reduces the probability of divorce.
D) Neuroticism is a positive predictor of mental disorders.

Question 19

According to Freud,the ______ focuses on practical realities and the _____ focuses on moral standards.

A) id;ego
B) superego;id
C) ego;superego
D) ego;libido

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's levels of awareness?

A) Conscious
B) Preconscious
C) Collective conscious
D) Unconscious

Question 21

In psychoanalytic theory,failure to move forward from one developmental stage to another when expected is called

A) extinction.
B) regression.
C) inertia.
D) fixation.

Question 22

Whenever Spot hears the dog food can opening,he pants and drools,seemingly eager for the food bowl to be filled.This is an example of the sound of the can opener as

A) an unconditioned stimulus.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) a reinforcement.

Question 23

You're feeling guilty after your third bowl of ice cream.You tell yourself it's alright because yesterday you skipped lunch.This is an example of

A) conceptualization.
B) rationalization.
C) displacement.
D) identification.

Question 24

Behaviorists focus on personality

A) structure.
B) traits.
C) development.
D) disorders.

Question 25

Marybeth has been tracking all the likes on her favorite singer's social media.She is sure that she has a great deal in common with her idol and that they are already friends.This illustrates which defense mechanism?

A) Regression
B) Displacement
C) Projection
D) Identification

Question 26

According to Freud,Margie's newborn baby is in the __________ stage of psychosexual development.

A) anal
B) latency
C) oral
D) phallic

Question 27

Classical conditioning pairs a _____ stimulus with another stimulus.

A) neutral
B) reinforcement
C) primary
D) UCS

Question 28

_____ called his psychodynamic approach "analytical psychology."

A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Rogers
D) Adler

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT true of classical conditioning?

A) It was first described in the early 1900s by Ivan Pavlov.
B) It was based on a study about dogs' digestion.
C) It engages voluntary responses.
D) It demonstrates learned reflexes.

Question 30

Carl Jung proposed that the unconscious consists of two layers,the ______ and the ______.

A) preconscious;subconscious
B) personal unconscious;collective unconscious
C) personal unconscious;universal preconscious
D) individual archetype;collective archetype

Question 31

In classical conditioning,the neutral stimulus becomes the _____ after conditioning.

A) CS
B) UCS
C) CR
D) UCR

Question 32

According to Freud,in order to achieve healthy development,a child in the phallic stage resolves the dilemma of the Oedipal complex by

A) strict parents that dispel the myth.
B) getting older.
C) having sexual longings of the other-sex parent.
D) identifying with the same sex parent.

Question 33

Which of the following does NOT fit Freud's concept of the genital stage?

A) Sexual urges reappear.
B) The child reaches puberty.
C) Sexual energy is channeled toward peers rather than oneself.
D) It is the end of personality development.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of psychodynamic theories?

A) Vague concepts
B) No empirical evidence
C) Male-centered view
D) Terms that are difficult to measure

Question 35

According to Adler,everyone has to compensate for feelings of

A) neuroticism.
B) inferiority.
C) reaction formation.
D) self-deception.

Question 36

Jack keeps forgetting the name of his ex-wife's boyfriend.According to Freud,which defense mechanism is at work in this example?

A) Projection
B) Reaction formation
C) Regression
D) Repression

Question 37

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

A) It is based on the study of observable behavior.
B) It began in 1913 with an article by Watson.
C) It rejected the study of mental processes.
D) All of these are true.

Question 38

Jane has been describing her cousin as needing a lot of attention.Jane's cousin says the same about Jane.This is an example of which defense mechanism?

A) Regression
B) Displacement
C) Projection
D) Reaction formation

Question 39

Jung called ancestral memories that are emotionally charged images and thought forms with universal meaning

A) archetypes.
B) memory traces.
C) religious icons.
D) complexes.

Question 40

_____ called his psychodynamic perspective individual psychology.

A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Adler
D) Rogers

Question 41

Social cognitive theory explains the influence of some role models when

A) the model's behavior leads to positive outcomes.
B) individuals see similarity between the model and themselves.
C) individuals like or respect the model.
D) all of these occur.

Question 42

Social cognitive theory is closely aligned with which major theoretical perspective?

A) Behaviorism
B) Psychodynamic
C) Humanism
D) Psychoanalytic

Question 43

Little Elmo is making faces at his mother.When Elmo sticks out his tongue,she frowns.Elmo stops sticking out his tongue.Her frowns are an example of

A) negative reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) extinction.

Question 44

____ occurs when something unpleasant arrives and ____ occurs when something unpleasant is removed.

A) Negative reinforcement;punishment
B) Punishment;positive reinforcement
C) Negative reinforcement;positive reinforcement
D) Punishment;negative reinforcement

Question 45

_____ occurs when an organism is influenced by observing a model.

A) Observational learning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Operant conditioning
D) Model learning

Question 46

The theorist whose key contributions were how motives are organized hierarchically and a description of the healthy personality was

A) Bandura.
B) Rogers.
C) Maslow.
D) None of these.

Question 47

Rogers viewed which construct as the core of personality structure?

A) Self-concept
B) Self-actualization
C) Self-confidence
D) Self-efficacy

Question 48

The difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is

A) negative reinforcement and punishment are identical.
B) negative reinforcement increases a response and punishment decreases it.
C) negative reinforcement must be paired with a positive reinforcement.
D) punishment is always paired with a positive reinforcement.

Question 49

Incongruence refers to the disparity between one's self-concept and one's

A) self-esteem.
B) actual experience.
C) congruence.
D) self-awareness.

Question 50

The founder of social cognitive theory was

A) Skinner in the 1950s.
B) Freud in the 1930s.
C) Bandura in the 1960s.
D) Adler in the 1940s.

Question 51

Beverly changed her hair color and some of her friends laughed at her.Their behavior is an example of

A) punishment.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) extinction.

Question 52

According to Rogers,people behave defensively

A) to decrease anxiety.
B) to protect their inaccurate self-concept.
C) by ignoring,denying,and distorting reality.
D) to do all of these.

Question 53

_____ is a collection of beliefs about one's own nature,unique qualities,and typical behavior.

A) Self-concept
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-confidence
D) Self-efficacy

Question 54

Rogers believed that _____ love from parents fosters congruence of self-concept and actual experience.

A) conditional
B) tough
C) unconditional
D) distorted

Question 55

Little Elmo is making faces at his mother.Her smiles back to him are an example of

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) extinction.

Question 56

______ called his approach a person-centered theory.

A) Freud
B) Adler
C) Rogers
D) Jung

Question 57

A major contribution of behavioral theory to personality is the recognition that

A) situational factors alone shape personality.
B) both personality and situational factors shape behavior.
C) personality factors shape situations.
D) classical and operant conditioning explain all aspects of personality.

Question 58

Which of the following does NOT describe observational learning?

A) Requires attention and understanding
B) Uses memory and information
C) Part of Skinner and Pavlov's theories
D) includes understanding consequences

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a way in which humanists criticized other theories?

A) Behaviorists focus too much on animal research.
B) Freud focused too much on the unconscious.
C) Humans are dominated by irrational needs and conflicts.
D) People are viewed as controlled by their past and environment.

Question 60

_____ emphasizes free will and human potential for personal growth.

A) Humanism
B) Behaviorism
C) Psychodynamics
D) Social learning

Question 61

Theo has noticed that people seem very sensitive to variations in the ability to bond with others.This matches the evolutionary viewpoint of

A) openness.
B) neuroticism.
C) agreeableness.
D) extraversion.

Question 62

Marianne is short like her father and intelligent like her mother.These two characteristics are due primarily to

A) her genes.
B) her father's genes and her mother's nurturing.
C) her father's nurturing and her mother's genes.
D) chance.

Question 63

Maslow's systematic arrangement of needs according to priority is called

A) a pyramid.
B) personality development and dynamics.
C) the self-actualization chart.
D) a hierarchy of needs.

Question 64

Maslow argued that humans have an innate drive toward

A) physiological needs.
B) safety and security.
C) personal growth.
D) lower levels of needs.

Question 65

David Buss argues the evolutionary approach to personality by saying the Big Five traits

A) are independent of the environment.
B) were important to developing countries,but not to industrial ones.
C) apply only to the U.S.culture.
D) are adaptive across cultures.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the biological perspective of personality?

A) Hindsight bias
B) Heredity and environment interact in a complicated manner.
C) Other traits may not fit the model
D) Genetics have been studied too much in the field of psychology.

Question 67

According to Maslow,the growth need to fulfill one's potential is the need for

A) self-actualization.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) belongingness and love.

Question 68

The ____ is an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.

A) fraternal/identical ratio
B) determinant ratio
C) heritability ratio
D) genetic percentage

Question 69

Genelle thinks being agreeable is adaptive to humans.She views most matches with the _____ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) evolutionary
D) humanist

Question 70

_____ psychologists propose that patterns of behavior in a species are the result of adaptation.

A) Evolutionary
B) Ecological
C) Adaptive
D) Biological

Question 71

Of the following items,which one has the greatest percentage of heritability?

A) Height
B) The Big Five
C) Weight
D) Intelligence

Question 72

Which of the following has a heritability of 50-70%?

A) Height
B) The Big Five
C) Weight
D) intelligence

Question 73

Eysenck proposed that introverts tend to have

A) less arousability.
B) more difficulty being conditioned than extraverts.
C) higher levels of physiological arousal.
D) have less inhibitions in social situations.

Question 74

The idea that personality could be largely influenced by genetics was developed in the 1960s by

A) Rogers.
B) Skinner.
C) Eysenck.
D) Bandura.

Question 75

Maslow's characteristics of self-actualizing people

A) provides a picture of the healthy personality.
B) explains mental disorders.
C) highlights religious fanaticism.
D) is a picture of maladjustment.

Question 76

Identical twins have been found to be more similar than fraternal twins on the Big Five personality traits.This means that

A) nurturing is most important to personality.
B) there is no relationship of hereditability with personality traits.
C) we do not understand genetics or personality.
D) personality traits are linked to genes.

Question 77

Criticisms of humanists include that

A) humanists propose hypotheses that are too objective in nature.
B) it is too easy to find self-actualizing persons.
C) humanists are overly optimistic.
D) humanists disagree with positive psychology.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT true of the structure of Maslow's hierarchy?

A) More basic needs are at the lower levels.
B) When lower needs are satisfied,people focus on them exclusively.
C) When lower needs are not being satisfied people regress to lower levels.
D) The middle of the higher and lower levels includes belongingness,esteem,and cognitive needs.

Question 79

The purpose of twin studies is to allow researchers to study

A) people with the same birthdates.
B) the difference between identical twins.
C) people with the same genes.
D) the amount of heritability in a trait.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?

A) Ethical discrimination between means and ends
B) Mystical and peak experiences
C) Efficient perception of reality
D) Many strong friendships