Deck 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime

Question 1

____________ fraud is any fraud connected with communications media.

A) Mass-marketing
B) Environmental
C) Mortgage
D) Corporate

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of corporate fraud?

A) Insider trading
B) Ponzi schemes
C) Advance-fee fraud
D) Equity skimming

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of environmental crime?

A) The cover-up of research findings about asbestos-caused diseases by several of the largest asbestos producers in the United States
B) The nationwide savings and loan disaster in the 1980s involving personal appropriation of funds by institutional executives
C) The dumping of 11 million gallons of crude oil off the coast of Alaska by Exxon's Valdez supertanker
D) The class action suit against makers and sellers of silicone gel breast implants

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The _________ Act was passed to prevent the development of trusts and monopolies in restraint of trade.

A) Sarbanes-Oxley
B) Securities Exchange
C) Sherman
D) Clayton

Question 5

According to John Braithwaite, the central explanatory variable in all criminal activity, including white-collar crime, is

A) self-control.
B) inequality.
C) social class.
D) learning.

Question 6

Edwin Sutherland applied elements of ________ theory to white-collar crime.

A) differential association
B) strain
C) corporate culture
D) control

Question 7

A physician who bills Medicare for blood tests that are never actually performed is involved in __________ occupational crime.

A) organizational
B) state authority
C) professional
D) individual

Question 8

Martha Stewart was implicated in the insider trading scandal involving

A) Enron.
B) WorldCom, Inc.
C) ImClone.
D) Arthur Anderson.

Question 9

To what exactly did the concept of white-collar crime originally refer?

A) Crimes involving illegal business enterprises
B) Any occupationally-related crime
C) Crimes committed by those who had been entrusted with money, such as bank tellers
D) Crimes committed by persons of high social status using their occupational positions for illegal gain

Question 10

The obstruction of justice conviction of the accounting firm of Arthur Anderson is an example of __________ crime.

A) corporate
B) state authority
C) professional
D) blue collar

Question 11

Which of the following statements about health-care fraud is not true?

A) Health-care fraud is not limited to any particular geographic area
B) Health-care fraud targets large health-care programs as well as beneficiaries
C) Health-care fraud is perpetrated by organized crime groups
D) Health-care fraud primarily targets private health-care programs, rather than government-sponsored Medicare and Medicaid

Question 12

_________ fraud includes stock market manipulation, Ponzi schemes, and hedge fund fraud.

A) Mortgage
B) Corporate
C) Securities and commodities
D) Mass-marketing

Question 13

Currently, the concept of white-collar crime focuses on the

A) persons involved.
B) occupational involved.
C) nature of the crime.
D) work environment.

Question 14

acted as a quasi-police organization in the Italian ghetto areas of American cities during the industrial era.

A) The Black Hand
B) La Cosa Nostra
C) La Mano Negro
D) The Mafia

Question 15

The expansion of organized crime and their focus on official corruption was due to which event?

A) World War I
B) Prohibition
C) The Great Depression
D) World War II

Question 16

__________ criminology is the study of environmental harm, crime, law, regulation, victimization, and justice.

A) White-collar
B) Green
C) Classical
D) Environmental

Question 17

Why do Hirschi and Gottfredson conclude that white-collar criminality is less common as the types of criminality found among the lower classes?

A) People who have the opportunity to commit white-collar crimes rarely have the motivation
B) People who are in a position to commit white-collar crimes rarely have the necessary opportunity
C) People working at the white-collar level generally do not have the characteristics associated with crime commission
D) People at the white-collar level generally do not have the skills to commit crimes of any type

Question 18

The 2001 _________ Act gives the SEC the authority to bar dishonest corporate directors and officers from ever again serving in positions of corporate responsibility.

A) Sarbanes-Oxley
B) Securities Exchange
C) Sherman
D) Clayton

Question 19

According to Gary Green's typology of occupational crime, __________ occupational crimes benefit the employing agency.

A) organizational
B) state authority
C) professional
D) individual

Question 20

________has been called the biggest white-collar crime in history.

A) The collapse of the Enron Corporation
B) The bankruptcy of WorldCom, Inc.
C) Teapot Dome
D) The 1980s savings and loan disaster

Question 21

Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as __________ organized crime.

A) international
B) transnational
C) intercontinental
D) overseas

Question 22

The single most important piece of federal legislation that specifically targets organized crime activities is

A) the Hobbs Act.
B) RICO.
C) the Sherman Act.
D) the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Question 23

Welfare fraud includes the use of deceit to obtain worker's compensation or unemployment payments.

Question 24

The first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing organized crime activities was the __________ Act.

A) Hobbs
B) RICO
C) BCCI
D) Organized Crime Control

Question 25

Legalizing or decriminalizing illegal drugs falls into which of Howard Abadinsky's approaches to controlling organized crime?

A) Increasing the risk of involvement in organized crime
B) Increasing law enforcement authority
C) Reducing the economic lure of involvement
D) Decreasing opportunity for organized criminal activity

Question 26

Criminal enterprises originating from the former Soviet Union are part of __________ criminal enterprises.

A) Eurasian
B) Balkan
C) Middle Eastern
D) Asian

Question 27

Which organized criminal enterprise is set up around a clan-like structure, rather than using the structure found in the traditional Sicilian Mafia?

A) Asian criminal enterprise
B) Middle Eastern criminal enterprise
C) African criminal enterprise
D) Balkan criminal enterprise

Question 28

According to Hirschi and Gottfredson, selection processes inherent to the high end of the occupational structure tend to recruit people with relatively low propensity to crime.

Question 29

Environmental crimes involve violations of the criminal law that damage protected land areas.

Question 30

Blue-collar crime involves crimes committed by members of less prestigious occupational groups.

Question 31

State authority occupational crime is committed by professionals in their occupational capacity.

Question 32

Securities fraud is a form of equity trading based on confidential information that could affect the value of stocks being traded.

Question 33

Which of the following activities to control organized crime would fall into Howard Abadinsky's category of reducing the economic lure of involvement?

A) Legalizing gambling
B) Enhanced forfeiture statutes and racketeering laws
C) Educational programs and job-training initiatives
D) Increase law enforcement resources

Question 34

According to Edwin Sutherland, a white-collar offender was a person of high social status and respectability.

Question 35

The problem of money laundering in the United States appears to be declining.

Question 36

The rapid development of African criminal enterprises since the 1980s is due to

A) the response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the U.S.
B) the economic collapse in the early 21?? century.
C) advances in communications technology.
D) the collapse of the former Soviet union.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of a nontraditional Asian criminal enterprise?

A) Chinese triads
B) Japanese Yaukza
C) Chinese tongs
D) Japanese Boryokudan

Question 38

Which of the following is not one of the five types of activity that may qualify as organized crime, according to the 1976 federal Task Force on Organized Crime?

A) Racketeering
B) Terrorism
C) Theft/fence rings
D) Murder for hire

Question 39

White-collar crimes generally are not committed by terrorists.

Question 40

Private health-care programs are the most likely to be victims of health-care fraud.

Question 41

Edwin Sutherland applied his __________ theory to white-collar crime.

Question 42

The replacement of Jewish and Irish gangs by Italian immigrants is an example of ________.

Question 43

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is the first federal legislation directly relating to the conduct of American business.

Question 44

Nigerian organized crime groups are well known for their financial frauds.

Question 45

The __________ Act of 1933 is often referred to as the "truth in securities" law.

Question 46

According to RICO, it is illegal to derive any income or proceeds from racketeering.

Question 47

Despite the globalization of crime, U.S. law enforcement activities have not had to expand beyond national borders.

Question 48

John Braithwaite suggests that corporate officers are motivated to evade the law despite the generally positive relationship that exists between businesses and the government agencies that regulate them.

Question 49

The focus of the modern concept of white-collar crime has shifted to the __________.

Question 50

___________fraud is any fraud connected with communications media.

Question 51

The James Gang, led by the outlaw Jesse James, was a true criminal organization.

Question 52

The Teapot Dome Scandal involved the administration of President __________

Question 53

According to Howard Abadinsky, increasing law enforcement resources is a way of reducing the economic lure of involvement in organized crime.

Question 54

One result of Prohibition was police corruption.

Question 55

According to Gary Green's typology of occupational crime, __________ occupational crime benefits the employing organization, not the individual employees.

Question 56

Loan sharking involve lending money at rates higher than those prescribed by law.

Question 57

State laws defining criminal enterprise are generally much more inclusive than federal statutes.

Question 58

Victim of ___________ are contacted regarding substantial sums of money held in foreign accounts that are supposedly owed to them, or are asked to act as U.S. agents to secure the release of funds to the U.S.

Question 59

_________occupational crimes are especially likely to be reduced by enforcement and protective efforts.

Question 60

Braithwaite has recommended the implementation of a(n) __________ model as a way of reducing white-collar offending.

Question 61

What approaches might best control organized crime? Give examples of these approaches

Question 62

Identify the five types of activities that may qualify as organized crime

Question 63

Explain Gary S. Green's typology of organized crime.

Question 64

The __________ Act was the first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing the efforts of organized crime.

Question 65

List and define three types of financial crimes

Question 66

A(n) __________ is a group of individuals with an identified hierarchy and extensive supporting network engaged in significant criminal activity.

Question 67

Organized crime groups infiltrate legitimate businesses to use as fronts for money __________.

Question 68

Identify three of the major organized crime groups of different nationalities that currently operate in the U.S. and discuss the type of crime in which they tend to be most involved.

Question 69

What was the Teapot Dome Scandal of 1929 and how did it end?

Question 70

What differentiates white-collar crime from other forms of crime, and why is it so difficult to prosecute?

Question 71

__________ refers to unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries.

Question 72

Asset forfeiture under RICO allows federal officials to seize the proceeds of those involved in _________.

Question 73

What were the two acts created by federal legislators in reaction to the Stock Market Crash of 1929, and what were they designed to do?