Deck 32: Deuterostome Animals

Question 1

Adult tunicates urochordates) lack notochords. However, larval urochordates have them and use them to

A) induce tissue differentiation; in adults, tissue is already differentiated.
B) aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves.
C) stiffen their bodies; in adults, the notochord is replaced by a column of bone.
D) organize their nervous systems; adults' nervous systems are fully developed and do not change.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following classes is comprised of carnivorous predators that are able to extend their stomachs through their mouths to feed?

A) Echinoidea
B) Ophiuroidea
C) Holothuroidea
D) Asteroidea
E) Crinoidea

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Why do adult urochordates tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have them?

A) Larvae use notochords to induce tissue differentiation; in adults, tissue is already differentiated.
B) Larvae use notochords to organize their nervous systems; adults' nervous systems are fully developed and do not change.
C) Larvae use notochords to stiffen their bodies; in adults, the notochord is replaced by a column of bone.
D) Larvae use notochords to aid in swimming; adults are sessile and, thus, no longer need notochords.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the best evidence currently available that tetrapod limbs evolved from fish fins?

A) There are enough transitional species available to make the link obvious.
B) These structures are located in similar places on these animals.
C) Molecular genetic evidence reveals regulatory enzymes that are homologous in fish and tetrapods.
D) Fish and tetrapods have many similarities-including reproductive and feeding tactics-that support the link.
E) None of the above currently support the conclusion that tetrapods evolved from fish.

Question 5

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

A) ectothermy
B) terrestrial
C) having a notochord
D) endothermy
E) insulating body cover

Question 6

Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments?

A) the amniotic egg
B) bone
C) endothermy
D) the lung
E) limb specialization

Question 7

How did the development of the jaw contribute to evolutionary diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

A) It allowed vertebrates to grow a bony skull.
B) It allowed for more modes of communication.
C) It increased their mobility.
D) It provided for an appreciation of a wider variety of foods.
E) It allowed vertebrates to feed on a wider variety of food sources.

Question 8

Which of the following is found in tetrapods and not in fish?

A) extensive parental care
B) viviparity
C) production of amniotic eggs
D) asexual reproduction
E) internal fertilization

Question 9

Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have developed feathers. You found that these animals were ground- dwelling ectotherms, able to run quickly, but unable to fly or even glide. You also noticed that males of the species had no feathers at all, while females had bright blue feathers covering their tails. Which hypothesis of feather evolution would these data most support?

A) Feathers initially evolved as a form of insulation.
B) Feathers initially evolved for use in courtship displays.
C) Feathers initially evolved to aid in flight.
D) All of the above apply.

Question 10

Which one of these groups does not belong to the phylum Echinodermata?

A) sea urchins
B) basket stars
C) lancelets
D) sand dollars
E) sea cucumber

Question 11

When bone first evolved in vertebrates, what structure did it form?

A) a jaw
B) a vertebrae
C) a skull
D) an endoskeleton
E) an exoskeleton

Question 12

If a kelp farmer wanted to maximize her harvest, which type of echinoderm would she be most concerned about in the habitat?

A) sea cucumbers
B) sand dollars
C) sea stars
D) brittle stars
E) sea urchins

Question 13

The water vascular system of echinoderms

A) functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells.
B) moves water through the animal's body during suspension feeding.
C) is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms.
D) functions in locomotion and feeding.
E) is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical.

Question 14

Which of the following characteristics would not be helpful in distinguishing between a hagfish and a lamprey?

A) presence or absence of fins
B) feeding tactics
C) presence or absence of a rasping tongue
D) presence or absence of cartilage along a dorsal hollow nerve cord
E) All of the above would be helpful in distinguishing these two groups.

Question 15

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

A) The pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
B) Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits.
C) All have specialized head and tail regions.
D) All have a spinal column.
E) Adults are bilaterally symmetrical.

Question 16

For which of the following feeding tactics discussed in Chapter 33 do echinoderms use their podia?

A) deposit feeding
B) suspension feeding
C) food- mass feeding
D) all of the above

Question 17

In an amniotic egg, where is the embryo found?

A) just outside the membrane containing the albumen
B) directly within the albumen
C) inside the amnion
D) just inside the outer shell or membrane

Question 18

If you were trying to identify an unknown adult animal that must be either an echinoderm or chordate, which morphological features) would guarantee that your organism was an echinoderm rather than a chordate?

A) a fluid- filled vascular system
B) a radially symmetrical body plan
C) a calcium- based endoskeleton
D) B or C
E) A, B, or C

Question 19

This group of deuterostomes is characterized by a water vascular system and calcium carbonate endoskeletons.

A) hominins
B) chondrichthyes
C) birds
D) chordates
E) echinoderms

Question 20

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

A) Tetrapods could lay their eggs in a variety of terrestrial locations.
B) Tetrapods can grow much larger.
C) Embryos are protected from predators.
D) Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.

Question 21

Suppose, while out camping in a forest, you found a chordate with a long, slender, limbless body slithering across the ground near your tent. To which of the following lineages could it belong?

A) Myxinoidea
B) Chondrichthyes
C) Amphibia
D) Mammalia
E) Dipnoi

Question 22

Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies, while sharks are torpedo shaped?

A) Sharks have a strong cartilaginous skeleton that helps them maintain a tubular shape, while skates and rays lack such a skeleton.
B) Skates and rays exchange gases across their skin and, thus, require a high surface- area- to- volume ratio, while sharks use gills to respire.
C) Sharks are more closely related to the tubelike lampreys than skates and rays are.
D) Skates and rays need enlarged pectoral fins to help them stay level in turbulent water, while sharks do not.
E) Sharks are streamlined for active hunting, while skates and rays wait on the ocean bed to ambush prey.

Question 23

In what way are monotremes similar to more ancestral chordate lineages, as opposed to more recently evolved mammals?

A) Monotremes perform little parental care; other mammals use lactation to feed offspring.
B) Monotremes exchange gases through their skin; other mammals use lungs.
C) Monotremes lay eggs; other mammals bear live young.
D) Monotremes do not have jaws; other mammals do.
E) Monotremes perform external fertilization; other mammals perform internal fertilization.

Question 24

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported, in 2004, that they had found skeletal remains of a previously unknown type of hom now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island of Flores. These hominins were small approximately 1 m tall), with small braincases approximately 380 cm³), as compared with other hominins. The remains of H. floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that also inhabited the island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools and to coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have lived at the site where the remains were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years ago.

-Which would be the most feasible method of figuring out to which other hominin species H. floresiensis was most closely related?

A) Compare the type of prey hunted by H. floresiensis to that hunted by each of the other hominin species.
B) Compare the mitochondrial DNA of H. floresiensis to that of each other hominin species.
C) Compare the skeletal morphology of H. floresiensis to that of each other hominin species.
D) Compare the estimated life span of H. floresiensis to that of each other hominin species.
E) Compare the average body size of H. floresiensis to that of each other hominin species.

Question 25

How does a swim bladder help the ray- finned fishes maintain buoyancy?

A) Gas is removed from the bladder as the fish's depth increases.
B) It removes water from the digestive tract.
C) Gas is added to the bladder as the fish's depth increases.
D) It removes oxygen from the water and stores it.
E) It adds and removes salt from the water stored in the bladder, which changes its density and, thus, its buoyancy.

Question 26

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported, in 2004, that they had found skeletal remains of a previously unknown type of hom now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island of Flores. These hominins were small approximately 1 m tall), with small braincases approximately 380 cm³), as compared with other hominins. The remains of H. floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that also inhabited the island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools and to coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have lived at the site where the remains were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years ago.
Table 32.8 is a comparison of several characteristics of H. floresiensis to those of nine other hominin species arranged roughly from oldest to most recent). What do these data suggest?

A) A large brain is not necessarily required for toolmaking.
B) The African environment tends to depress braincase volume and body mass.
C) Hominins first evolved in and then radiated out from Asia.
D) Body mass and braincase volume are completely unrelated.
E) H. floresiensis is most closely related to Australopithecus afarensis or A. africanus.

Question 27

On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?

A) This change was necessary for the increase in size from prosimian forms to anthropoid forms.
B) It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.
C) It allowed for the hominin brain to grow much larger than other primates.
D) It provided greater protection for the spinal cord.

Question 28

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armour of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension- feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

A) no jaws
B) an amniotic egg
C) legs
D) endothermy
E) forebrain

Question 29

Which of the following do the prosimians and the anthropoids NOT have in common?

A) opposable thumbs
B) large brains relative to body size
C) eyes on the front of the face
D) a "human- like" appearance
E) number of limbs

Question 30

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

A) bilateral symmetry
B) bone
C) endothermy
D) amniotic eggs
E) jaws

Question 31

It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

A) They enter a hibernative stage when food is scarce, as many tetrapods do.
B) They produce amniotic eggs.
C) They have fins with a skeletal and muscular structure similar to tetrapod limbs.
D) They have highly evolved nervous and circulatory systems like most tetrapods.
E) They move onto land to eat and lay their eggs.

Question 32

The presence of vestigial hip and leg bones in boas and pythons is considered evidence for what evolutionary link?

A) Snakes have limbed ancestors.
B) Some snake species needed limbs-probably for evading predators by climbing.
C) A snake was the common ancestor for the tetrapods.
D) None, because with the new molecular genetics studies, the presence of vestigial structures is irrelevant to evolutionary biology.

Question 33

Primate evolution and behaviour-such as hunting skills-has been directed in part by the development of depth perception. What anatomical change made depth perception possible?

A) diurnal activity
B) movement of the eyes to the front of the head
C) the formation of compound eyes
D) a larger brain

Question 34

Which of the following groups is classified as Homo sapiens?

A) Cro- Magnons
B) Australopithecus
C) Neanderthals
D) Paranthropus
E) None of the above

Question 35

Which characteristic is common to all the major reptilian lineages Testudinia, Lepidosauria, Crocodilia, or Aves)?

A) presence of a notochord
B) ectothermy
C) presence of teeth
D) presence of limbs
E) all of the above

Question 36

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of which of the following?

A) homology
B) shared ancestry
C) convergent evolution
D) evolutionary divergence

Question 37

Which of the following is consistent with the out- of- Africa hypothesis?

A) Homo sapiens have a common ancestor with Neanderthal and Homo erectus from Africa, but did not interbreed with them.
B) Modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals have no common ancestor more recent than the first mammals.
C) Modern Homo sapiens can trace their origin back to Neanderthals.
D) Modern Homo sapiens can trace their origin back to Homo erectus.
E) Interbreeding between early hominin species in Europe and Asia lead to the distinctive features of modern Homo sapiens.

Question 38

The hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs is potentially confusing because dinosaurs-at least the ones thought to be the ancestors of birds-did not fly. Why do biologists still hold to this hypothesis despite this point?

A) Dinosaurs may have used feathers to attract mates.
B) Feathers in dinosaurs are believed to have served as insulation.
C) Dinosaurs may have used feathers as an aggressive display to ward off enemies.
D) All of the above are supporting evidence for this hypothesis.

Question 39

What group of mammals have a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples, b) young that feed on milk, and c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta?

A) Eutheria
B) Monotremata
C) Marsupiala
D) all of the above

Question 40

In what respect do humans differ from all other anthropoids?

A) lack of a tail
B) diurnal activity
C) bipedal posture
D) opposable thumbs
E) eyes on the front of the face

Question 41

With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?

A) Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection.
B) Humans and other apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.
C) Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.
D) Humans evolved from chimpanzees.
E) Humans evolved from Old World monkeys.

Question 42

Terry takes the body of a snake- like organism and slices it open along its dorsal side. If it is a hagfish, what should Terry see?

A) a well- developed series of bony vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord
B) a well- developed series of cartilaginous vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord
C) a notochord, located underneath the spinal cord
D) a tube of cartilage surrounding the notochord) with dorsal projections on both sides of the spinal cord

Question 43

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported, in 2004, that they had found skeletal remains of a previously unknown type of hom now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island of Flores. These hominins were small approximately 1 m tall), with small braincases approximately 380 cm³), as compared with other hominins. The remains of H. floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that also inhabited the island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools and to coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have lived at the site where the remains were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years ago.

-Which of the following observations would not support the hypothesis that H. floresiensis used symbolic spoken language?

A) finding that H. floresiensis manufactured stone tools for specialized purposes
B) finding the hyoid bone of H. floresiensis similar in morphology to that of modern H. sapiens
C) finding that several H. floresiensis individuals cooperated in ambushing and killing large prey
D) finding that a large ancestral population of H. floresiensis traveled to Flores by boat
E) finding that the brain regions responsible for speech were enlarged in H. floresiensis