Deck 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

Question 1

Imagine that you are a philosophe serving Joseph II or Catherine the Great. What advice would you give him or her on the best way to rule Austria or Russia?

Answer 1

Not answer

Question 2

How and why did the nobility play a dominating role in the European society of the eighteenth century?

Answer 2

Not answer

Question 3

IDENTIFICATIONS
Marie Antoinette

Answer 3

Not answer

Question 4

Did the meaning of "family" significantly transform during the eighteenth century?

Question 5

Why did the governments of Europe go in such radically different directions during the eighteenth century, particularly when comparing east to west?

Question 6

IDENTIFICATIONS
Madame de Pompadour

Question 7

IDENTIFICATIONS
Cardinal Fleury

Question 8

What was "enlightened" about enlightened despotism? And was not so enlightened?

Question 9

What was the nature of war and diplomacy in the eighteenth century? How would you compare the nature of war and diplomacy in the eighteenth century with that of the seventeenth century? How can Balance of Power be seen as Balance of Terror?

Question 10

Given the numerous social and economic changes of the eighteenth century, those at the bottom of society often found themselves much worse off than in earlier centuries. Why?

Question 11

Did the social order in Europe genuinely change during the eighteenth century, or were there simply alterations made to an ongoing system?

Question 12

IDENTIFICATIONS
Louis XV

Question 13

IDENTIFICATIONS
the United Kingdom

Question 14

What "advantages" did Britain have over the continental nations in the eighteenth century politically and economically?

Question 15

IDENTIFICATIONS
Louis XVI

Question 16

What do we mean by the phrase "enlightened politics" and to what extent was politics "enlightened" in the European states of the eighteenth century?

Question 17

Who benefited the most from the Seven Years' War?

Question 18

Compare the development of the two Atlantic seaboard states, France and Great Britain? How were they alike? How were they different?

Question 19

IDENTIFICATIONS
enlightened absolutism

Question 20

IDENTIFICATIONS
"pocket boroughs"

Question 21

IDENTIFICATIONS
Catherine II the Great

Question 22

IDENTIFICATIONS
Joseph II

Question 23

IDENTIFICATIONS
Robert Clive

Question 24

IDENTIFICATIONS
Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji

Question 25

IDENTIFICATIONS
War of the Austrian Succession

Question 26

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Silesia

Question 27

IDENTIFICATIONS
Robert Walpole

Question 28

IDENTIFICATIONS
Frederick II the Great

Question 29

IDENTIFICATIONS
"the first servant of the state"

Question 30

IDENTIFICATIONS
Maria Theresa

Question 31

IDENTIFICATIONS
serfs

Question 32

IDENTIFICATIONS
Emelyan Pugachev

Question 33

IDENTIFICATIONS
Sofia Copola

Question 34

IDENTIFICATIONS
William Pitt the Elder

Question 35

IDENTIFICATIONS
the Hanoverians/the Georges

Question 36

IDENTIFICATIONS
Patriots v. the Orangists

Question 37

IDENTIFICATIONS
Junkers

Question 38

IDENTIFICATIONS
Frederick William I

Question 39

IDENTIFICATIONS
"Prussian militarism"

Question 40

IDENTIFICATIONS
partitions of Poland

Question 41

IDENTIFICATIONS
Montcalm and Wolfe

Question 42

IDENTIFICATIONS
Grand Tour

Question 43

IDENTIFICATIONS
Richard Arkwright's "water-frame"

Question 44

IDENTIFICATIONS
the country house

Question 45

IDENTIFICATIONS
scurvy and yellow fever

Question 46

IDENTIFICATIONS
French-Indian War

Question 47

IDENTIFICATIONS
the "putting-out" or "domestic system"

Question 48

IDENTIFICATIONS
potatoes and maize

Question 49

IDENTIFICATIONS
agricultural enclosures

Question 50

IDENTIFICATIONS
John Law's "bubble"

Question 51

IDENTIFICATIONS
Seven Years' War

Question 52

IDENTIFICATIONS
London's one million

Question 53

IDENTIFICATIONS
coitus interruptus and infanticide

Question 54

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"banknotes"

Question 55

IDENTIFICATIONS
Herculaneum and Pompeii

Question 56

IDENTIFICATIONS
Thomas Gainsborough

Question 57

IDENTIFICATIONS
press-ganged

Question 58

IDENTIFICATIONS
beggars and prostitutes

Question 59

IDENTIFICATIONS
Treaty of Paris

Question 60

IDENTIFICATIONS
Bank of England

Question 61

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction

A) succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia.
B) succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens.
C) instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility.
D) accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
E) abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.

Question 62

IDENTIFICATIONS
"reason of state"

Question 63

The Austrian Empire under Joseph II

A) reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother, Maria Theresa.
B) rescinded all of Hungary's privileges.
C) saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away.
D) witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.
E) saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.

Question 64

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland:

A) Austria
B) Prussia
C) England
D) Russia
E) a and c

Question 65

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic

A) established a system of male democracy.
B) saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced.
C) continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century.
D) suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
E) permanently expelled the House of Orange.

Question 66

Catherine the Great of Russia

A) followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
B) instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev.
C) weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms.
D) successfully eliminated the power of the Duma.
E) established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.

Question 67

IDENTIFICATIONS
"balance of power"

Question 68

The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century

A) occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors.
B) was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko.
C) showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.
D) resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors.
E) was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin.

Question 69

A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was

A) the uncontrollable growth of the royal state bureaucracy.
B) the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility.
C) an avoidance of military entanglements, especially under Frederick the Great.
D) social mobility for the peasants through the civil service.
E) the emergence of the bourgeoisie as the dominant class of society.

Question 70

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a

A) good job.
B) pocket borough.
C) sinecure.
D) tenured seat.
E) gerrymander.

Question 71

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia

A) saw the size of its army diminish.
B) reduced the size and scope of government.
C) witnessed nobles dominate important administrative posts.
D) failed to establish an efficient civil bureaucracy.
E) became a highly centralized European state.

Question 72

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed

A) the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes.
B) the waning of monarchical power.
C) the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
D) "enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France.
E) a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez-faire types of government.

Question 73

Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to

A) high-ranking Lutheran churchmen.
B) members of the nobility.
C) university-educated bureaucrats.
D) French philosophes.
E) commoners who showed outstanding ability.

Question 74

Louis XV's most famous mistress was

A) Marie Antoinette.
B) Madame de Pompadour.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.
D) Madame Guillotine.
E) Comtesse de Boigne.

Question 75

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after

A) a bad harvest caused massive starvation in Poland.
B) Prussia successfully invaded Russia and stole half of the Ukraine.
C) Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry.
D) Catherine II tried to draft peasants into the army.
E) Peter the Great imposed new taxes on the people.

Question 76

During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right

A) remained a strong basis for government.
B) was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government.
C) was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.
D) was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria.
E) disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715.

Question 77

The 2006 movie Marie Antoinette was directed by

A) the Coen Brothers.
B) Sofia Coppola.
C) Francis Ford Coppola.
D) Lisa Azuelos.
E) Juliet Berto.

Question 78

In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were

A) appointed by the King.
B) usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting.
C) chosen in different ways in different districts.
D) elected by a vote of all adult males.
E) elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female.

Question 79

France in the eighteenth century

A) thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
B) suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
C) was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
D) lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
E) brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.

Question 80

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued

A) three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy.
B) 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
C) 150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats.
D) at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary.
E) an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church.