Deck 19: Disorders Associated With the Immune System

Question 1

The initial symptom of HIV infection is

A) high viral load.
B) appearance of thrush.
C) significant weight loss
D) loss of T cells.
E) lymphadenopathy

Answer 1

E

Question 2

All of the following are used to determine relatedness between a donor and a recipient for transplants EXCEPT

A) HLA antigens.
B) ABO blood group antigens.
C) MHC antigens.
D) HLA and MHC antigens.
E) HLA, MHC, and ABO blood group antigens.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Symptoms of delayed cell- mediated reactions are due to

A) IgG antibodies.
B) neutrophils.
C) cytokines.
D) IgE antibodies.
E) antigens.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

HIV spikes attach to CD4⁺ receptors found on

A) macrophages.
B) dendritic cells.
C) T helper cells.
D) T helper cells and macrophages.
E) T helper cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Question 5

Graft- versus- host disease will most likely be a complication of a(n)

A) blood transfusion.
B) corneal transplant.
C) skin graft.
D) bone marrow transplant.
E) Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus.

Question 6

Which of the following types of transplant is least compatible?

A) autograft
B) allograft
C) xenotransplant
D) isograft
E) All of these types of tranplant are equally compatible.

Question 7

The process of desensitization to prevent allergies involves the injection of increasing amounts of

A) RhoGAM.
B) antihistamine.
C) IgE.
D) antigen.
E) IgG.

Question 8

Immunodeficiencies are a result of all of the following EXCEPT

A) DiGeorge syndrome.
B) autoimmune diseases.
C) cyclosporine.
D) Hodgkin's disease.
E) HIV infection.

Question 9

All of the following lead to drug- induced thrombocytopenic purpura. Which occurs first?

A) Drug binds to platelets.
B) Antibodies against haptens are formed.
C) Platelets are destroyed.
D) Antibodies and complement react with platelets.
E) Purpura occurs on the skin.

Question 10

All of the following regarding "privileged sites" are true EXCEPT

A) they include corneal and brain tissue.
B) they do not have lymphatic vessels.
C) they include any tissue transplanted from a pig.
D) they explain how animals tolerate pregnancies without rejecting the fetus.
E) they are rarely rejected.

Question 11

Which of the following describes a cytotoxic autoimmune reaction?

A) Antibodies are not made.
B) Antibodies react to cell- surface antigens.
C) Mediate by T cells.
D) Cells are killed.
E) Immune complexes form.

Question 12

The number of T cells drops to below 200 cells/microliter in which phase of HIV infection?

A) phase 1
B) phase 2
C) phase 3
D) initial phase
E) asymptomatic phase

Question 13

All of the following pertain to serological tests EXCEPT

A) they can detect antibodies but not antigens.
B) they can be used to diagnose various diseases.
C) they are used to test for specific HLAs on lymphocytes.
D) reactions can be detected by uptake of trypan blue by damaged cells.
E) they are used to detect compatible tissues for transplantation.

Question 14

A healthy immune system destroys cancer cells with

A) CTLs.
B) activated macrophages.
C) CD⁺ T cells.
D) CTLs and activated macrophages.
E) tumor- specific antigens.

Question 15

The symptoms of an immune complex reaction are due to

A) complement fixation.
B) cytokines.
C) destruction of the antigen.
D) phagocytosis.
E) antibodies against self.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about type I reactions is FALSE?

A) The symptoms are due to histamine.
B) They involve helper T cells.
C) Antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils.
D) The symptoms occur soon after exposure to an antigen.
E) They involve IgE antibodies.

Question 17

All of the following are false regarding Herceptin EXCEPT

A) it neutralizes the growth factor EGF.
B) it is a vaccine to prevent the development of cancer.
C) it acts as an immunotoxin to target and kill cancer cells.
D) it is an endotoxin that stimulates TNF by macrophages.
E) it is used to treat some breast cancer patients.

Question 18

Allergic contact dermatitis is due to

A) activated macrophages.
B) sensitized T cells.
C) IgM antibodies.
D) IgG antibodies.
E) IgE antibodies.

Question 19

Worldwide, the primary method of transmission of HIV is

A) heterosexual intercourse.
B) blood transfusions.
C) intravenous drug use.
D) homosexual intercourse.
E) nosocomial.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about type IV reactions is FALSE?

A) Reactions are not apparent for a day or more.
B) Reactions are primarily due to T cell proliferation.
C) Cytokines initiate tissue damage.
D) Allergic contact dermatitis is an example.
E) Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an example.

Question 21

Treatment with certain drugs to reduce transplant rejection can cause

A) immunologic surveillance.
B) immunotherapy.
C) immunologic enhancement.
D) immunosuppression.
E) autoimmunity.

Question 22

Which antibodies will be in the serum of a person with blood type B, Rh⁺?

A) anti- B
B) anti- B, anti- Rh
C) anti- A, anti- Rh
D) anti- A, anti- B, anti- Rh
E) anti- A

Question 23

All of the following are true of hypersensitivity EXCEPT

A) it occurs when an individual is exposed to an allergen for the first time.
B) it is synonymous with "allergy."
C) it requires previous exposure to an antigen.
D) it occurs in the presence of an antigen.
E) it is due to an altered immune response.

Question 24

All of the following are reasons why an HIV vaccination has not been developed EXCEPT

A) use of a weakened virus would potentially transmit the infection.
B) there is no known organism that can provide a model of natural immunity.
C) small and inexpensive animals for vaccine research are not available.
D) vaccines are not effective against viral infections.
E) HIV has a high mutation rate so one vaccination would not be effective to treat the world- wide pandemic.

Question 25

The following events occur if human cells expressing HLA- I are mixed with anti- HLA- I, complement, and trypan blue. What step indicates the cells are HLA- I?

A) Anti- HLA antibodies bind to HLAs on lymphocytes.
B) Trypan blue enters the cells.
C) Cells are damaged by complement.
D) Enzyme is released from neutrophils.
E) None of the answers are correct; the T cells are missing.

Question 26

Figure 19.1

In immune complex reaction shown in Figure 19.1, what is the structure labeled "a"?

A) complement
B) antigen
C) mast cell
D) antibody
E) neutrophil

Question 27

Which of the following is the least likely vaccine against HIV?

A) subunit
B) glycoprotein
C) protein core
D) attenuated virus
E) All of these vaccines are equally likely.

Question 28

The chemical mediators of anaphylaxis are

A) antigens.
B) the proteins of the complement system.
C) antibodies.
D) found in basophils and mast cells.
E) antigen- antibody complexes.

Question 29

Table 19.1 $\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{|l|}\hline \text {Donor}\\ \hline 1.\text {AB, Rh-}\\ \hline2. \text {A. Rh+}\\ \hline3. \text {A, \( \mathrm{Rh}^{+} \)}\\ \hline 4.\text {B, \( \mathrm{Rh}= \)}\\\hline 5.\text {B. \( \mathrm{Rh}^{+} \)}\\\hline \end{array}\begin{array}{l|}\hline \text {Recipient}\\\hline \text {AB, \( \mathbf{R h}^{+} \)}\\\hline \text {A, Rh-}\\\hline \text {\( \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Rh}^{+} \)}\\\hline \text {B, \( \mathrm{Rh}^{+} \)}\\\hline \text {\( \mathbf{A}_{,} \mathrm{Rh}^{+} \)}\\\hline \end{array}\end{array}$


-Which blood transfusions in Table 19.1 are incompatible?

A) 1, 2, and 3
B) 3 and 4
C) 1 and 2
D) 2 and 5
E) 2, 3, and 5

Question 30

Which of the following is a possible outcome of an HIV infection?

A) Infection may initially be asymptomatic.
B) The disease does not progress to AIDS.
C) Virions may remain latent.
D) There may be persistent yeast infections .
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 31

Anaphylaxis is the term for reactions caused when certain antigens combine with

A) complement.
B) IgG antibodies.
C) IgE antibodies.
D) histamine.
E) macrophages.

Question 32

Attachment of HIV to the target cell depends on

A) gp120 combining with the chemokine receptor CCR5.
B) gp120 combining with the CD4⁺ receptor.
C) CXCR4 binding to the CD4⁺ receptor.
D) gp120 binding to the CD4⁺ plasma membrane.
E) gp41 binding to the CD4⁺ receptor.

Question 33

A positive tuberculin skin test is an example of

A) innate immunity.
B) acute contact dermatitis.
C) psoriasis.
D) delayed cell- mediated immunity.
E) autoimmunity.

Question 34

Desensitization involves injection of

A) IgE antibodies.
B) antigens.
C) histamine.
D) IgG antibodies.
E) antihistamine.

Question 35

Rheumatoid arthritis is due to deposition of

A) IgG and IgA complexes in joints.
B) IgD and IgE complexes in joints.
C) IgA antibodies in joints.
D) complement in joints.
E) complexes of IgM and IgG and also complement in joints.

Question 36

Which of the following regions has the greatest distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the world?

A) Eastern Europe and Central Asia
B) North America
C) South and Southeast Asia
D) Latin America
E) sub- Saharan Africa

Question 37

Which of the following may result from systemic anaphylaxis?

A) hives
B) immunodeficiency
C) hay fever
D) shock
E) asthma

Question 38

Chemotherapy to inhibit the progression of HIV infection utilizes all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT

A) destruction of viral ribosomes.
B) inhibition of viral proteases.
C) termination of viral DNA.
D) blockage of viral attachment.
E) prohibition of viral integration into host cell DNA.

Question 39

Figure 19.1

In immune complex reaction shown in Figure 19.1, what is the end result of the reaction?

A) IgG is directed against cell membrane antigens.
B) Endothelial cells are damaged.
C) Antibodies destroy neutrophils.
D) Complement is activated.
E) Neutrophils are attracted and release enzymes.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about human embryonic stem cells is FALSE?

A) They express few MHC I antigens.
B) They are pluripotent.
C) They express no MHC II antigens.
D) They are typically obtained from the blastocyst stage of embryonic development.
E) They are undifferentiated.

Question 41

Explain why a transplant tissue would be rejected if that tissue had different HLAs compared to the HLAs of the recipient. How can this rejection be decreased?

Question 42

Cancer is similar to an infectious disease in that it is due to a failure of the body's defenses.

Question 43

All hypersensitivities involve antibody- antigen reactions.

Question 44

Hemolytic disease of the newborn can result from an

A) Rh^- mother with an Rh⁺ fetus.
B) AB mother with an O fetus.
C) Rh⁺ mother with an Rh^- fetus.
D) Rh^- mother and an A fetus.
E) AB mother with a B fetus.

Question 45

All stem cells are derived from embryonic stem cells.

Question 46

All of the following are considered examples of type I hypersensitivity EXCEPT

A) pollen allergies.
B) penicillin allergic reactions.
C) asthma.
D) transplant rejections.
E) dust allergies.

Question 47

Vaccines against HIV have proven to be very effective in halting the spread of disease.

Question 48

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system is unable to discriminate "self" from "nonself."

Question 49

In rheumatoid arthritis, IgM, IgG, and complement deposit in joints. This is an example of

A) cytotoxic autoimmunity.
B) immunosuppression.
C) immune complex autoimmunity.
D) acquired immunodeficiency.
E) cell- mediated autoimmunity.

Question 50

A health care worker had a needlestick injury while drawing blood from an AIDS patient. Lab tests on the worker's serum were negative. Explain why the worker can still be infected even though her lab tests were negative. How should her health care be monitored?

Question 51

Skin tests are reliable indicators for the diagnosis of food- related allergies.

Question 52

Individuals who do not express CCR5 are highly resistant to infection by HIV.

Question 53

During asymptomatic phase I of HIV disease, HIV infection is diagnosed by

A) counting CD4⁺ T cells.
B) measuring viral RNA.
C) testing for seroconversion.
D) measuring antibodies against HIV.
E) counting CD8⁺ T cells.

Question 54

HIV attack of CD4⁺ T cells causes suppression of both cell- mediated and humoral immune responses.

Question 55

Xenotransplantation is an effective alternative to using isografts.

Question 56

Which of the following utilizes a combination of monoclonal antitumor antibody and immunotoxin?

A) immunologic enhancement
B) immune complex
C) immunologic surveillance
D) immunotherapy
E) immunosuppression

Question 57

Even though AIDS is an infectious disease caused by a virus, why is it also considered an immunodeficiency disease?

Question 58

HIV is a retrovirus with single- stranded RNA.