Deck 18: The New South and the New West

Question 1

Who were the various groups of migrants to the West after the Civil War? Why did they move there?

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

Despite the growth of industry in the postwar South, in 1900 it was still the least educated and
urban region of the United States.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Booker T. Washington argued that the black community needed to focus on establishing an economic foundation before agitating for political and social equality.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In what ways did a "New South" emerge in the late nineteenth century?

Question 5

By the year 1870, enough time had passed that the approach to settling the West no longer
involved the exploitation and near-extermination of Native Americans, only economic
opportunity and personal freedom.

Question 6

As the price paid for raw cotton rose steadily over the last quarter of the nineteenth century,
the average annual income of white southerners was double that of Americans outside
the South.

Question 7

How and why did white southerners adopt Jim Crow segregation laws and take away African Americans' right to vote at the end of the nineteenth century?

Question 8

How did the federal government's post-Civil War policies in the West affect Native Americans?

Question 9

The argument made by many southerners to advance the principle of "separate but equal"
was that racial segregation laws were legal as long as the segregated facilities were equal
in quality.

Question 10

Describe the experiences of miners, farmers, ranchers, and women in the West in the late nineteenth century.

Question 11

Some southern politicians condoned lynchings of African Americans, and southern whites
used the practice to take the law into their own hands.

Question 12

Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company became the first major environmental legal victory in the United States.

Question 13

How did the South and West change by 1900?

Question 14

A number of the cowboys who participated in the Texas cattle drives were African American.

Question 15

What was the crop-lien system in the South? Explain how it shaped the region after the Civil War.

Question 16

In the crop-lien system, farmers could grow little besides cotton, tobacco, or some other cash crop.

Question 17

The number of cotton mills in the South more than doubled between 1880 and 1900.

Question 18

Due to high cotton prices, many sharecroppers were able to save money and buy farms.

Question 19

A violent "Negrophobia" swept across only the South during the post-Civil War era.

Question 20

Widespread violence, such as that of a mob that stormed Wilmington, North Carolina, often
went hand in hand with the Jim Crow laws.

Question 21

Why was Birmingham, Alabama, named the "Pittsburgh of the South"?

A) It was an iron center.
B) It lacked natural resources.
C) It was Andrew Carnegie's birthplace.
D) It lacked racial segregation.
E) It had the same population size.

Question 22

In what came to be called the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was

A) declared constitutional due to the ruling that whether public facilities should be segregated was a matter of federal law only and did not rest with the states.
B) upheld because white supremacists had little influence on matters of state law and tended to only discriminate against African Americans behind the scenes.
C) declared unconstitutional due to the ruling that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments did not give Congress the authority to pass laws dealing with racial discrimination.
D) endorsed by the Democratic party as a means to help end racial discrimination in the South and bring blacks and whites together to help rebuild the economy.
E) replaced by a new version of the Civil Rights Act that gave stronger protections to African Americans and ensured them the right to vote.

Question 23

Proponents of the New South believed that the South should

A) eliminate agriculture and focus solely on industrialization.
B) form a separate nation from the North.
C) build a society of small farms as well as industrialize.
D) once again be dominated by planter aristocrats.
E) encourage immigration to provide cheap labor.

Question 24

The 1896 Supreme Court decision in ________ legitimized racial segregation as constitutional by affirming the idea of "separate but equal."

A) Plessy v. Ferguson
B) Eugene v. Debs
C) Marbury v. Madison
D) McCullough v. Maryland
E) Dred Scott v. Sanford

Question 25

In the 1860s, the federal government forced numerous Native American tribes to leave lands
that the government had promised would be theirs forever.

Question 26

Redeemers tended to be

A) fierce advocates for women's suffrage.
B) southerners against the idea of the New South.
C) members of the Republican party.
D) former slaves "redeemed" by emancipation.
E) white Democrats who were pro-business.

Question 27

Most farmers who benefited from the Homestead Act of 1862 became successful self-sustaining farmers.

Question 28

What was the "grandfather clause"?

A) Written in response to several events marked by racial discrimination, it stated that segregation and voter suppression were against the law and that offenders of all generations would be fined.
B) Added to many southern states' constitutions, it allowed illiterate whites to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867, when blacks were still disenfranchised.
C) Created as part of the Jim Crow laws, it placed men and women back into traditional slavery if they were convicted of a felony and their fathers or grandfathers had been a slave.
D) Introduced as part of the Mississippi Plan, it granted the right to vote to black men if they could prove that their fathers or grandfathers had been white.
E) Proposed as part of the federal government's Reconstruction efforts, it afforded protections for elderly African Americans who were unable to make a living as tenant farmers.

Question 29

The principal accomplishment of the South's industrialization after the Civil War was the dramatic growth of the ________ industry.

A) automobile
B) lumber
C) steel
D) coal
E) textile

Question 30

The Indian wars effectively ended with the capture of Geronimo, a chief of the Chiricahua Apaches.

Question 31

Was the crop-lien system successful? Why or why not?

A) Yes, it was an effective system because landowners tended to encourage sharecroppers and tenants to grow their own vegetable gardens, thereby allowing them to feed themselves.
B) Yes, it was an effective system because due to the availability of fertile land, the farms were large and generated considerable amounts of income for both landlord and sharecropper.
C) Yes, it was an effective system because it developed close and trusting bonds between those who worked the farms and their landlords, as they received a consistent share of the proceeds.
D) No, it was self-destructive because overplanting tobacco and cotton led to the terrible erosion of farmland and was a post-Civil War version of economic slavery for poor white and black people.
E) No, it was self-destructive because most farmers owned the land on which they worked and, thus, took good care of it to meet their own needs, rather than paying back the former landlord.

Question 32

The postwar South suffered from an acute shortage of

A) capital.
B) labor.
C) cotton.
D) domestic help.
E) water.

Question 33

The main goal in passing the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was to swindle the Indians out of their remaining lands.

Question 34

The redeemers emphasized the restoration of

A) slavery.
B) Republican rule.
C) white supremacy.
D) black political activity.
E) publicly funded education.

Question 35

Proponents of creating a "New South" argued that the Confederacy lost the Civil War because

A) slavery was unsustainable.
B) its military leadership was inept.
C) the Union embraced more desirable cultural values.
D) the southern elite were soft and undisciplined.
E) it relied too much upon King Cotton.

Question 36

In what way did King Cotton survive beyond the Civil War in the 1880s?

A) It was still a major southern crop despite never regaining the huge profitability of the 1850s.
B) It continued to expand due to the growth of its export market from wartime alliances.
C) It thrived like never before because the U.S. government now gave farmers new subsidies.
D) It lingered, although the amount produced was far less than prior to the war.
E) It persisted but was only used for luxury items, as synthetic materials were invented in the 1880s.

Question 37

As part of the crop-lien system, which of the following services did "crossroads" merchants provide in exchange for the pledge of a portion of participants' future crops?

A) legal assistance
B) food, clothing, seed, and other items "on credit"
C) loans to purchase land
D) livestock and jobs in the cattle industry
E) medical services

Question 38

Women in the western territories and states were the last to get the right to vote.

Question 39

What was the significance of the American Tobacco Company?

A) Bankrupt soon after its founding after the Civil War, it demonstrated the often insurmountable economic difficulties due to the South's ongoing dependence on plantations over factories.
B) Contrary to many companies in the North that joined forces with their competitors, it remained a tiny but successful family owned business and offered a model for the rest of the South.
C) Run by the Duke family and controlling the majority of the nation's cigarette production, it contributed to the dramatic rise of the tobacco industry in the post-Civil War South.
D) The first such government-owned company in the United States, it came to represent the federal government's approach to rebuilding the nation's economy and agriculture after the Civil War.
E) The North's largest industrial employer, it greatly helped revamp the nation's economy after the Civil War and brought migrants to New England in massive numbers.

Question 40

Which of the following is true of the Mississippi Plan?

A) It guaranteed African Americans their voting rights in the face of intense voter suppression efforts and established Mississippi as a haven in the South for former slaves.
B) It stripped African Americans of their voting rights, especially those who moved around as tenant farmers or were illiterate, and set a pattern of disenfranchisement that other states would follow.
C) It followed the lead of several other southern states in guaranteeing black civil rights as part of recognizing the important role former slaves had played in making King Cotton possible.
D) It removed the poll tax because unlike other regulations that hurt just poor African Americans, it also hurt many whites, signaling the decline of the new wave of racism.
E) It granted confiscated land to African Americans because white southern legislators were desperate to see signs of African American financial success in order to ease the South's economic problems.

Question 41

Why was the expansion of railroads significant to the growth of the cattle industry?

A) As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of southern cattle, more cow towns were established in the West.
B) The railroads enabled the meat of eastern cattle to be shipped west in order to feed the region's growing population.
C) The railroads opened up Mexico as a market for American meat and eliminated the need to maintain cattle ranches in the United States.
D) Cowboys from the eastern states could now travel to the West to apply their expertise and teach new settlers their ways.
E) The railroads increased the industry's profit margin by eliminating the need for cowboys, and ranches were converted to modern-day factory farms.

Question 42

Who was Benjamin Singleton?

A) He was an early promoter of black migration to the West.
B) He won a Congressional Medal of Honor for his capture of Sitting Bull.
C) He invented the refrigerated railroad car.
D) He was elected governor of Virginia in 1879.
E) He became the first African American elected to Congress.

Question 43

The rise of the cattle industry

A) saw the decline of the railroad.
B) made San Francisco the fastest-growing city in the nation.
C) made Chicago the fastest-growing city in the nation.
D) was also the decline of the agricultural industry.
E) also saw a dramatic rise in international trade.

Question 44

Which of the following statements accurately describes foreign immigration in the West in the last quarter of the nineteenth century?

A) Immigration was uncommon in the West because immigrants needed to pass through eastern cities such as New York and could not afford to make the journey all the way across the country.
B) Chinese and Mexican immigrants traveled to the western United States in the largest numbers, with immigration from northern Europe having largely occurred in previous centuries.
C) Foreign immigration to the West plummeted to low levels after the Civil War because most settlements had been destroyed by the war and would need to be rebuilt.
D) While there were many immigrants in the West, different nationalities tended to settle in regions so far apart from one another that intermingling was rare and their cultures remained untouched.
E) Although immigrants formed a large part of the population in the West, discrimination was still pervasive, such as the denial of citizenship rights to Chinese immigrants.

Question 45

Why was hydraulic mining so damaging to the environment?

A) It used up what little water resources existed in the West and put a stop to western migration.
B) It entailed the removal of entire mountain ranges, which killed wildlife and changed the climate.
C) It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland.
D) It caused the migration of wildlife like raccoons, bears, and deer into nearby big cities.
E) It relied on sifting gold dust and nuggets out of riverbeds by means of "placer" mining, or "panning."

Question 46

The fight for survival in the trans-Mississippi West made men and women

A) more equal partners than were their eastern counterparts, as farming required a lot of help.
B) enjoy all the same legal protections, such as the ability to buy and sell property.
C) come to an understanding that women would play solely a subservient role on the frontier.
D) follow a very nomadic lifestyle, as farming and mining communities were so rare.
E) face the reality that there would be far more women than men due to dangerous men's work.

Question 47

The Comstock Lode refers to a

A) large reservation set aside for Native Americans in Texas.
B) mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada that was the most profitable at that point.
C) black disenfranchisement plan promoted by southerners who moved West.
D) cattle drive that ran through Ohio and ended in Wyoming.
E) settlement in the Rockies that marked the end of territorial governments in the West.

Question 48

What was Joseph Glidden's claim to fame?

A) He was a railroad man who reaped great profits from the early cattle drives and became the richest figure in the West.
B) He perfected the invention of barbed wire, which sparked "range wars" as well as the loss of Native American lands.
C) He became a renowned buffalo hunter, slaughtering thousands of the animals and making them more important to the United States than cattle.
D) He led the sheep ranchers against the cattlemen for control of western grazing lands but suffered a dramatic defeat.
E) He called for the regulation of bonanza farms because he believed they were unethical and harmed farmers.

Question 49

Why did Congress pass the Homestead Act?

A) to appease big ranchers who had lobbied for it
B) to encourage settlement of the western lands
C) to encourage the railroads to build a transcontinental road out of the North
D) to place Native American tribes on reservations
E) to build militias in Indian country in anticipation of full-out war

Question 50

How did African Americans tend to respond to white supremacy in the South at the end of the nineteenth century?

A) Most African Americans completely surrendered to the challenges brought by white supremacy, as they faced a life devoid of economic opportunities with no incentive for activism.
B) Whereas middle-class African American men had many opportunities to lash out, middle-class African American women lacked their own social clubs and opportunities to show leadership.
C) Most African Americans refused to adjust to the realities of white supremacy and segregation and defied these systems every day with total disregard for the possibility of punishment.
D) Angry about having achieved true freedom only to see it slip away, most African Americans turned away from religion entirely and formed atheist organizations as a means of coping.
E) Despite great adversity, many African Americans embraced their own lively culture and the new economic opportunities that segregation had ironically opened up in terms of black businesses.

Question 51

Six states were created from the western territories in the years 1889-1890. These states were NOT admitted before 1889 because

A) Democrats in Congress were reluctant to create states out of territories that were heavily Republican.
B) the lawlessness of many western towns discouraged Congress from admitting the territories as states.
C) states such as Oklahoma and Arizona that were first admitted a century earlier had proven unsuccessful investments.
D) if large mining firms had been forced to pay state taxes, they would have had to close down for good.
E) the cattle ranchers lobbied for continued open range as regulated by the territorial legislatures.

Question 52

The first great cattle town was

A) Abilene, Kansas.
B) St. Louis, Missouri.
C) Fort Worth, Texas.
D) Butte, Montana.
E) Denver, Colorado.

Question 53

"Exodusters" migrated to the West often because

A) Radical Republican rule had been reinstated and they were worried about losing their southern plantations.
B) they were making their exodus from the South in search of a place devoid of racism and poverty.
C) there was an abundance of houses, stores, and water in the West, especially around Kansas homesteads.
D) southerners had passed legislation banishing them to live in the desert because they were still vengeful after the Civil War.
E) they wanted to spread their beliefs in Christianity and convert Native Americans from coast to coast.
).

Question 54

The "open range" meant

A) small ranchers could graze their cattle anywhere.
B) land was owned by the Indians.
C) animals were protected from ranchers and hunters.
D) land ownership had to be approved by Congress.
E) land was open to mining.

Question 55

Which of the following came to be hallmarks of upholding the Jim Crow system?

A) the initial passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875
B) churches in which people of many races prayed together
C) "whites only" or "colored only" signs above restrooms and water fountains
D) the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation
E) the formation of Native American reservations in the West

Question 56

Which of the following was a result of the Sand Creek Massacre in which Colorado militiamen slaughtered a large number of peaceful Native Americans?

A) The central plains remained peaceful for the next several years because so few Native Americans were left.
B) Native American tribes such as the Arapaho and Sioux celebrated what had befallen the Cheyenne and joined forces with the militiamen.
C) Congress and the army launched investigations that concluded that the Native Americans had been murdered in cold blood.
D) Colonel John M. Chivington became the leading voice for Native American rights following the Civil War.
E) All military captains and colonels destroyed any evidence of the massacre, refused to testify, and grew more unified than ever.

Question 57

What export crop spurred growth in agriculture in the West during the late nineteenth century?

A) cotton
B) rice
C) corn
D) wheat
E) cattle

Question 58

In much of the nineteenth century, women in Texas were legally prohibited from

A) settling in mining communities.
B) farming.
C) getting any education.
D) getting married.
E) suing and serving on juries.

Question 59

Violence in the mining towns was

A) as common as ethic prejudice toward groups such as Mexicans and Chinese.
B) largely instigated by cattlemen due to conflict over livestock ownership.
C) never very prominent because settlers led such simple lifestyles.
D) perpetrated entirely by Native Americans due to conflicts over land.
E) widespread due to the perpetual lack of mass-production industry in the West.

Question 60

Which of the following occurred as railroads brought piles of lumber to the West?

A) The lumber industry experienced a shortage of lumber in the East.
B) Farmers protested this development because lumber would overtake agriculture.
C) Local lumber companies protested because this was an essential western industry.
D) Farmers in the West could upgrade their houses into more comfortable homes.
E) Native Americans protested the arrival of this commodity due to loss of trade opportunities.

Question 61

Helen Hunt Jackson's book A Century of Dishonor was influential in describing the United States' exploitation of

A) African Americans.
B) Native Americans.
C) Chinese immigrants.
D) women.
E) eastern European immigrants.

Question 62

Although an important document in American history, Turner's "frontier thesis" is in some ways problematic because it

A) argued the frontier was an insignificant force for American history and that New England had defined America since its revolutionary beginnings.
B) exaggerated the homogenizing effect of the frontier environment and virtually ignored the role of women, Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians.
C) suggested the frontier could endure limitless expansion into Canada, Mexico, and even South America as transportation technologies improved.
D) claimed Native Americans did more to shape the frontier than white settlers because the land had long belonged just to them.
E) said the American frontier experience was identical to the experiences endured by all developed nations, including most of those in Europe and Asia.

Question 63

Compare how the development of the New West and New South affected the environment of
these respective regions.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true of the Ghost Dance movement?

A) Christian missionaries introduced it to Lakota reservations as a way to bridge a cultural divide and persuade the Native Americans.
B) It sparked a series of brutal Indian attacks upon U.S. military outposts out of anger the United States had adopted their culture as their own.
C) Alarmed, the Indian Bureau banned it on reservations, but Native Americans defied the order as legend had it that it brought prosperity and peace.
D) Crazy Horse introduced it to the Great Plains during battle as a major fighting technique that involved large amounts of weapons.
E) It directly led to the Sand Creek Massacre, leading the federal government to first dispatch troops to the West.

Question 65

Describe the experiences of women in the New West.

Question 66

In 1877, President Rutherford Hayes addressed the American approach to dealing with Native Americans, saying,

A) "No matter the cost, we must kill the Indian in order to save the man."
B) "I am indifferent toward the events of the Indian wars. Regardless of what occurred, we must move forward."
C) "If we kill the bison, we control the Indians and open the way to western expansion."
D) "Indians must be removed from tribes in order to progress as a nation."
E) "Many, if not most of our Indian wars have had their origin in broken promises and acts of injustice on our part."

Question 67

What was the purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act?

A) It was designed to sever ties the Native Americans had with Canada due to poor relations between the American and Canadian governments.
B) It gave each Native American tribe up to 520 acres of land and provided a quota that it needed to meet in terms of agricultural production.
C) It declared the actions undertaken by the Ku Klux Klan illegal and forced the organization to dissolve.
D) It sought to "Americanize" Indians by forcing them to become self-reliant farmers that individually owned their own land.
E) It granted Native Americans U.S. citizenship and specified other civil rights that they would be guaranteed.

Question 68

Why was the battle at the Little Bighorn River in 1876 significant?

A) General George Custer's troops defeated the Cherokee and Seminole Indians, leading to greater prosperity for the Native Americans on the Dakota Reservation.
B) Thousands of Indians led by Crazy Horse annihilated a detachment of Custer's soldiers, leading Congress to prepare for "total war."
C) Although Chief Red Cloud was captured and murdered, his death boosted Sioux morale and ensured they would win the war.
D) Sioux and Cheyenne Indians won a large chunk of the Montana Territory, which they kept for fourteen years.
E) Chief Sitting Bull scouted for the United States against his own people because Grant and Congress promised to establish a peace policy.

Question 69

In what ways was the New South "new," and in what ways was it not?

Question 70

The Indian tribe that defeated Custer and put up the greatest resistance to U.S. domination was the

A) Apache.
B) Comanche.
C) Crow.
D) Sioux.
E) Blackfeet.

Question 71

Compare and contrast the three western frontiers of mining, ranching, and farming.

Question 72

As discontent rose among farmers in both the South and West at the end of the nineteenth century, many joined what group that claimed to represent them against the political interests
Of the North and East?

A) the Republican party
B) the American Socialist party
C) the Greenback party
D) the Progressive (or "Bull Moose") party
E) the People's (or Populist) party

Question 73

Which of the following did Frederick Jackson Turner argue in his "frontier thesis"?

A) Western settlement had essentially been one great failure, and the American public should be ashamed of the exploitation it had caused.
B) The only way for the United States to settle the frontier was through peaceful relations with the Native Americans.
C) American culture and identity developed from the ways in which the frontier shaped those who lived on it.
D) With the end of the western settlement, the nation needed a new frontier to explore and, therefore, should seek an overseas empire.
E) The American frontier was just a myth, and the people of the nation own all land communally.

Question 74

After the capture of many of his people by U.S. soldiers, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians gave a speech saying that

A) his people should resist white settlement to their very last man, woman, and child.
B) the time had come to stop fighting and put a stop to his people's needless deaths.
C) white Americans offered a superior way of life, especially in terms of public schools.
D) he would commit suicide before agreeing to surrender.
E) a massive alliance of Indians offered one last chance to turn back American settlement.

Question 75

Why is the conventional explanation that the buffalo disappeared from the plains due to overhunting by whites in the West more complicated than it seems?

A) The buffalo never disappeared from the plains and simply evolved through their ability to escape detection by humans.
B) Whites actually hunted very few buffalo and focused solely on cattle drives due to better familiarity and the resources available.
C) Estimates of the buffalo population decline have since been shown to be greatly exaggerated based on improved algorithms.
D) It ignores the natural annual migration of buffalo to Mexico and Canada during the coldest and hottest months of the year.
E) Environmental factors, such as changes in climate and competition with other animals, also came into play.

Question 76

Describe the government's policy toward Indians. How did this policy develop over the years,
and what were the main factors that influenced its development?

Question 77

How did the development of the New South and the New West affect each other?

Question 78

Following the 1867 "Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes," Congress decided that the best way to end the Indian wars was to

A) send in the army, under men such as George Custer, to break the morale of the Indians.
B) systematically kill most of the buffalo because the fight over them had caused so much conflict.
C) "Americanize" the Indians by offering them an education at the white man's schools.
D) persuade the Indians to live on out-of-the-way reservations.
E) allow Indians to follow old traditions such as the Ghost Dance.

Question 79

Buffalo soldiers were

A) black soldiers, most of whom had been Civil War veterans, fighting in the West against the Indians.
B) Indian scouts who helped the United States army against the Plains tribes during the Indian wars.
C) white hunters who killed millions of buffalo in the West, resulting in its extinction in the United States.
D) Jamaican immigrants who joined the United States army after the Civil War in exchange for citizenship.
E) European immigrants from the North who had little experience fighting but joined the army in the West.

Question 80

The 1890 census indicated that

A) Indians still outnumbered whites in the West.
B) more people lived in big cities than in rural areas.
C) the frontier era in American development was over.
D) it would take several more generations to close the American West to settlement.
E) California had become the most populous state in the Union.