Deck 8: The Emergence of a Market Economy

Question 1

How did industrial development impact the way people worked and lived?

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

During the first half of the nineteenth century, social drinking was pervasive.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

By the start of the Civil War, Irish immigrants had become the most important ethnic group to support the Democrats.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In 1817, Senator John
C. Calhoun refused to believe that canals would benefit the growth of the United States.

Question 5

Industrialization drove the rapid expansion of towns and cities throughout New England.

Question 6

In the nineteenth-century United States, the overwhelming consensus was that private corporations alone must begin and fund transportation projects.

Question 7

Although Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century often did the heavy work of construction projects, such as the building of the transcontinental railroad, they faced discrimination and were denied citizenship.

Question 8

A market-based economy characteristically produces boom-and-bust cycles.

Question 9

Following the War of 1812, the United States economy stalled due to its continued reliance on European factories.

Question 10

In the dormitories where workers of the Lowell System lived, the staff enforced rules such as church attendance and curfews.

Question 11

Because they, too, had suffered discrimination, Irish immigrants tended to be sympathetic to blacks.

Question 12

How did changes in transportation and communication alter the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century?

Question 13

Trains could operate year-round, whereas canals shut down for winter.

Question 14

The cotton gin made cotton the most profitable agricultural product in the United States.

Question 15

How did the expanding "market-based economy" impact the lives of workers, professionals, and women?

Question 16

Most of the growth of the Catholic Church in America in the mid-nineteenth century can be attributed to immigration from Ireland.

Question 17

The United States had the fastest growing economy in the world by 1850.

Question 18

In what ways did immigration alter the nation's population and shape its politics?

Question 19

The greatest proportional influx of German immigrants in the history of the United States came in the 1820s.

Question 20

British cotton manufacturers preferred cotton from the American South to other types from around the world.

Question 21

Railroads created the first

A) big corporations employing thousands of workers.
B) steam-powered means of transportation.
C) bans on canal construction.
D) fast-food restaurants.
E) type of transportation that was free of noise pollution.

Question 22

Although post office numbers increased between 1790 and 1860, areas in the West were still underserved. Which company was created to speed delivery in these underserved regions of the West?

A) Delaware and Hudson Canal Company
B) Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad
C) Wells Fargo and Company
D) St. Louis Steam Express
E) Atlantic Coast Line Railroad

Question 23

Which of the following statements accurately describes trains by the 1850s?

A) They moved much slower than stagecoaches and steamboats.
B) Their role in transporting people west helped protect Native American culture.
C) They failed to reduce transportation costs.
D) They could operate year-round and on all types of terrain.
E) They transported only freight, not people.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about steamboats is accurate?

A) Steamboats were commercially profitable by the 1790s.
B) Steamboats were only able to travel downstream.
C) Steamboats brought cheaper and faster two-way traffic to the Mississippi Valley.
D) Steamboats contributed to a widespread increase in the cost of shipping goods.
E) Steamboats soon made railroads obsolete.

Question 25

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the government in the development of transportation in the nineteenth-century United States?

A) The government successfully sabotaged such projects as a means of slowing the rise of capitalism.
B) State governments took on the full burden of financially supporting transportation projects.
C) The government was unable to contribute to such projects because long-distance communication was virtually nonexistent.
D) The government took a backseat in the development of transportation projects out of fear of disrupting the lives of Native Americans.
E) State governments, the federal government, and private investors all contributed to such projects in their own ways financially.

Question 26

In which of the following ways was Cyrus McCormick's grain reaper significant?

A) It transformed the economy of the South.
B) It required farmers to rely more on muscle power than ever before.
C) It was powered by gasoline engines rather than horses.
D) It helped bring mechanical power to the Midwest, Old Northwest, and Great Plains.
E) It had to be assembled by farmers.

Question 27

New England became the first major industrialized region in the United States due to

A) labor-saving machines and water- and steam-powered industries.
B) its rocky and sandy soil that was well suited to farming.
C) its status as the first place where all immigrants arrived.
D) the rapid expansion of slavery there.
E) the extensive cultivation of cotton in the region.

Question 28

By the 1850s, a communications revolution had been triggered by the development of the

A) telephone.
B) telegraph.
C) Pony Express.
D) railroad.
E) post office.

Question 29

What encouraged migration to the West?

A) land made available by the government
B) poor soil
C) advances in industrial production technology in factories
D) the desert
E) construction of numerous frontier forts

Question 30

What was a result of the increase in jobs in mills and factories?

A) The North and South maintained the same political alliances as one another.
B) Americans left towns and cities for the countryside in droves.
C) Social values managed to stay consistent with those before the rise of an industrial economy.
D) An urban middle class developed.
E) The cotton economy suffered and was outsourced mainly to Europe.

Question 31

The advantage clipper ships had over traditional merchant vessels was their

A) greater cargo space.
B) speed.
C) ability to sail up rivers.
D) comfort for passengers.
E) durability.

Question 32

Which of the following was a result of the invention of the cotton gin?

A) It meant that fewer slaves were needed.
B) It made cotton a major export item.
C) It spurred immigration to the South.
D) It caused slavery to spread to Ohio and Illinois.
E) It increased imports from Britain.

Question 33

Despite the rapid progress in education and professional activities in the first half of the nineteenth century, most women still primarily worked in the home or on the farm.

Question 34

Which of the following statements accurately describes the United States between 1815 and 1850?

A) The United States evolved into a transcontinental power and experienced a period of economic prosperity.
B) The United States experienced a period of stagnation in that people mostly stayed in the same place.
C) The United States decreased in size and power because several states left the Union.
D) The United States successfully outlawed ethnic prejudices, making assimilation by immigrants rapid.
E) The United States became so focused on building factories that commercial agriculture turned obsolete.

Question 35

The American party condemned the rise of nativism, which was the belief that different ethnicities all had an inherent right to own land in the United States.

Question 36

Over the course of the nineteenth century, many regions of the United States experienced a shift from ________ agriculture to ________ agriculture.

A) international; regional
B) subsistence; commercial
C) corporate-owned; government-owned
D) machine-based; labor-free
E) regulated; unregulated

Question 37

Which of the following MOST contributed to the development of a market economy in the United States?

A) internal transportation and communication projects that increased the flow of goods
B) a general trend toward farming for consumption alone
C) lines in the Constitution stipulating the role of the federal government in infrastructure
D) a decreasing standard of living overall due to more limited job opportunities
E) the decline of the lumber industry due to the growing scarcity of natural resources

Question 38

The Erie Canal led to the growth of which city as a major processing center of wheat and corn?

A) Savannah, Georgia
B) Louisville, Kentucky
C) Columbus, Ohio
D) Rochester, New York
E) Omaha, Nebraska

Question 39

Which of the following notable developments took place in Ohio between 1811 and 1818?

A) the successful curbing of westward expansion due to a focus on local construction projects
B) the building of the first interstate roadway financed by the federal government
C) the invention of the flatboat, which came to surpass the steamboat in efficiency
D) the virtual replacement of the outdated turnpike system with a railroad network
E) a major increase in transportation costs that limited the movement of goods and people

Question 40

Which of the following statements accurately describes the cotton gin?

A) It made possible efficient separation of seeds from fiber.
B) It was an engine that manufactured cloth.
C) It made the South the wealthiest part of the country.
D) It had no significant effect on the North's economy.
E) It resulted from a government bounty paid to its inventor.

Question 41

German immigrants in the 1850s

A) were mostly poor and nonreligious.
B) almost never returned to their native country.
C) tended to come as groups and families.
D) usually spoke English already.
E) were not a target of the nativists.

Question 42

What became a major problem in the Lowell mills by the middle 1830s?

A) a shortage in cotton and other materials needed to create cloth
B) the growing dominance of textile mills in the South
C) the long commute of workers from out of state
D) labor unrest due to working and living conditions
E) their reliance on the work of enslaved Africans

Question 43

Which of the following became popular with all classes?

A) cockfighting
B) bear baiting
C) stand-up comedy
D) boxing
E) fishing

Question 44

Which of the following statements describes the minstrel shows between the 1830s and 1870s?

A) Immensely popular, they often included the songs of Stephen Foster.
B) They featured black performers made up as whites.
C) They were similar to operatic shows.
D) They portrayed black characters positively.
E) Primarily elite and educated audiences embraced them.

Question 45

Of all the immigrant groups that came to the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century, which was LEAST tolerant of free African Americans?

A) Chinese
B) free blacks
C) Irish
D) Mexicans
E) Germans

Question 46

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the Germans who came to the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) They were overwhelmingly Catholic.
B) They were poor and uneducated.
C) They settled mainly in rural areas.
D) They were highly individualistic.
E) They did not drink beer for religious reasons.

Question 47

Which of the following statements accurately describes Irish immigrants by the start of the Civil War?

A) Most of them had remarkable careers in business, especially real estate.
B) They had energized American trade unions.
C) Most of them had converted to Protestantism.
D) They started a new party for immigrants out of disdain for the Democrats.
E) They had warm relations with German immigrants and tended to live in the same communities.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of the textile plant established in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1813?

A) It brought together the mechanized processes of spinning yarn and weaving cloth under one roof.
B) It refused to pay wages to its workers.
C) The state government owned it and the British destroyed it in the War of 1812.
D) It predominantly employed enslaved Africans.
E) It manufactured thread, which it then sold to artisan weavers who worked at home.

Question 49

Jefferson's embargo in 1807 and the War of 1812

A) almost destroyed American manufacturing.
B) had little effect on the growth of textile manufacturing in America.
C) encouraged rapid growth in domestic American textile manufacturing.
D) restricted exports and thereby hurt the growth of American manufacturing.
E) encouraged Americans to live more simply because consumer goods were scarce.

Question 50

Anti-Irish prejudice was especially based upon

A) fear of growing Catholic influence.
B) Irish sympathy for black equality.
C) Irish support for trade unions.
D) jealousy over the fact that so many Irish were well educated.
E) competition for housing in industrial cities.

Question 51

The MOST popular form of indoor entertainment in the first half of the nineteenth century was

A) theater.
B) cockfighting.
C) prizefighting.
D) dog fighting.
E) ballet.

Question 52

Which of the following statements accurately describes audiences in theaters during the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) They quietly watched performances.
B) They were an equal mix of men and women.
C) They preferred patriotic dramas to comedies.
D) They were reluctant to judge the quality of the acting.
E) They responded vocally to the quality of performances.

Question 53

The first American factories produced

A) cotton textiles.
B) leather goods.
C) tobacco products.
D) glass products.
E) muskets.

Question 54

One striking aspect of the Lowell factories was

A) their ability to prevent the occurrence of strikes.
B) their employment of young single women.
C) their undemanding working hours.
D) their minimal impact on natural surroundings.
E) the fact that they paid workers in stocks.

Question 55

The major impetus for the huge Irish immigration to the United States after 1845 was

A) religious freedom in the United States.
B) an abundance of cheap land.
C) high wages in factories.
D) a deadly potato famine.
E) hatred of British rule in Ireland.

Question 56

By the early 1800s, the largest American cities were all major

A) military centers.
B) seaports.
C) iron-producing centers.
D) cotton exporters.
E) state capitals.

Question 57

Samuel Slater's contribution to the economy was that he

A) invented the steam engine.
B) was the first to employ child labor.
C) opened a successful textile mill in Rhode Island.
D) started the industrial revolution in England before he moved to the United States.
E) convinced President Jefferson of the benefits of manufacturing.

Question 58

Which group of immigrants did southern planters often prefer to use for very dangerous jobs because slaves were too expensive to put at risk?

A) British
B) Chinese
C) Irish
D) Scandinavians
E) Germans

Question 59

Which of the following was a result of minstrel shows?

A) They made museums the center of recreation and leisure.
B) They reinforced the idea that America still did not have its own unique forms of entertainment.
C) They brought professional productions of Shakespeare to the United States.
D) They helped whites become more racially tolerant.
E) They helped perpetuate familiar stereotypes of African Americans.

Question 60

By 1860, what had become the largest city, as its population surpassed 1 million?

A) Boston
B) Philadelphia
C) Baltimore
D) New Orleans
E) New York

Question 61

Examine the impact the War of 1812 had on American industrial development.

Question 62

Compare the growth of roads, river transportation, and railroads through 1860. What were the advantages and disadvantages of each means of transport?

Question 63

Which of the following was one of the desires of the various Workingmen's parties?

A) higher taxes for the wealthy
B) less government oversight
C) the abolishment of trade unions
D) laws regulating banks
E) an increase in the imprisonment of debtors

Question 64

Early labor organizations were popular with which of the following groups?

A) skilled craftsman
B) mill owners
C) investors
D) clergy
E) politicians

Question 65

Explain the unique character of American technological development in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Question 66

Which of the following was a result of the market-based economy that emerged during the first half of the nineteenth century in the United States?

A) The movement for women's rights continued to be virtually nonexistent for another century.
B) Equality of opportunity came to guarantee equality in outcomes as well, for most of those pursuing wealth proved successful.
C) The belief spread that individuals should have equal opportunities to advance through their abilities and hard work.
D) The prevailing theme of political life in the first half of the nineteenth century revolved around the question of African American rights.
E) The population of cities declined as immigrants became disenchanted with the American dream and urban quality of life.

Question 67

Which of the following statements accurately describes Chinese immigrants in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) They were by far the largest immigrant group of the period.
B) They primarily worked in mines and farms.
C) They had become eligible for citizenship under the 1790 federal naturalization law.
D) They earned the highest wages of any other immigrant group.
E) Many traveled to California because the gold rush attracted them.

Question 68

Which of the following statements about the Know-Nothing party is correct?

A) It was strongest in the 1850s.
B) It was weakest in New England.
C) It was based on prejudice against blacks.
D) It opposed the spread of public education.
E) It elected two presidents in its brief history.

Question 69

To uphold standards of quality and maintain decent wage levels, craftsman at first formed

A) trade associations.
B) labor unions.
C) political parties.
D) health clubs.
E) chambers of commerce.

Question 70

Which of the following did the public generally consider acceptable activities for women outside the home?

A) working in professional occupations
B) teaching at universities
C) engaging in politics
D) working in religious and social service realms
E) working in international banking

Question 71

How did the opening of the Erie Canal economically transform the Midwest?

Question 72

What were the major developments that John
C. Calhoun saw as imperative to "binding" together the growing "market-economy" of the United States?

Question 73

Why was the National Trades' Union formed?

A) to confine labor unions to only textile workers
B) to organize local trade unions into a stronger national association
C) to prevent the formation of craft unions
D) to restrict women from joining unions of any type
E) to increase the number of foreign imports and limit tariffs

Question 74

What factors account for the tremendous growth in cotton cultivation from 1790 to 1860?

Question 75

By 1860, one would MOST likely encounter Norwegian and Swedish immigrants in

A) New York and New Jersey.
B) Ohio and Pennsylvania.
C) California and Oregon.
D) Wisconsin and Minnesota.
E) Texas and Louisiana.

Question 76

The Know-Nothings campaigned primarily to

A) cut taxes.
B) establish public schools.
C) promote Christianity.
D) prohibit drinking.
E) limit immigrant influence.

Question 77

In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that

A) immigration quotas established in the late 1830s were constitutional.
B) immigration quotas established in the late 1830s were unconstitutional.
C) forming a trade union was illegal.
D) forming a trade union was legal.
E) employers could not hire strikebreakers.

Question 78

The German migration to the United States

A) included few educated professionals or skilled workers.
B) peaked in 1831 before falling rapidly.
C) was in most respects similar to that of the Irish.
D) was sometimes temporary, as a significant percentage of Germans returned to their native land.
E) provoked race riots in several cities.

Question 79

What was the largest professional occupation for men in the United States by 1860?

A) teaching
B) medicine
C) the law
D) nursing
E) engineering

Question 80

Which of the following statements describes physicians in the early 1800s?

A) They were required to go to medical school.
B) They were closely regulated by the government.
C) They were mostly self-taught or apprenticed with an experienced doctor.
D) They were experts in modern medical science.
E) They provided roughly the same services as nurses.