Deck 25: Fluid,electrolyte,and Acid-Based Balance

Question 1

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is _.

A)a rise in plasma osmolality
B)becoming overly agitated
C)drinking caffeinated beverages
D)a dry mouth from high temperatures

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments .

A)involves filtration
B)requires ATP for the transport to take place
C)is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
D)requires active transport

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid,most is found in the intracellular fluid.

A)chloride
B)potassium
C)iron
D)magnesium

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

A)thyroxine
B)ADH
C)aldosterone
D)atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 5

Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?

A)the adrenal glands and the testes
B)the stomach and the liver
C)the lungs and the kidneys
D)the thyroid gland and the heart

Question 6

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

A)aldosterone
B)antidiuretic hormone
C)erythropoietin
D)renin

Question 7

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

A)hydrogen ions
B)calcium ions
C)sodium ions
D)potassium ions

Question 8

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is .

A)potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
B)intracellular sodium levels
C)the pH of the ICF
D)the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells

Question 9

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?

A)membrane polarity
B)amount of body fat
C)maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF
D)neuromuscular excitability

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

A)Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
B)Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
C)Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
D)There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.

Question 11

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of _.

A)the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach
B)the control of respiratory ventilation
C)control of the acids produced in the stomach
D)the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells

Question 12

Respiratory acidosis can occur when .

A)a runner has completed a very long marathon
B)a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
C)the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
D)a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

Question 13

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates _ .

A)respiratory alkalosis
B)metabolic acidosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis

Question 14

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value.What is the likely diagnosis?

A)metabolic alkalosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)metabolic acidosis

Question 15

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

A)equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
B)little of either in the cells,but large amounts of each in the body fluids
C)K+ mainly in the cells,Na+ in the body fluids
D)Na+ mainly in the cells,K+ in the body fluids

Question 16

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is .

A)intracellular fluid
B)interstitial fluid
C)plasma
D)cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart.The influence of this hormone is to _.

A)prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
B)enhance atrial contractions
C)activate the renin- angiotensin mechanism
D)reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

Question 18

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the _ buffer system.

A)bicarbonate
B)phosphate
C)hemoglobin
D)protein

Question 19

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?

A)nucleic acid
B)protein
C)phosphate
D)bicarbonate

Question 20

Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?

A)thymosin
B)antidiuretic hormone
C)atrial natriuretic peptide
D)aldosterone

Question 21

Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called .

Question 22

The female hormone _ seems to decrease sodium reabsorption,thus promoting sodium and water loss by the kidney.

Question 23

reduces blood pressure and volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and the retention of sodium ions and water.

Question 24

The term hypotonic hydration refers to _ _.

A)a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
B)the feeling one might have after a long swim
C)the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
D)a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment

Question 25

The regulation of potassium balance .

A)involves aldosterone- induced secretion of potassium
B)includes renal secretion,but never absorption
C)is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms
D)is not linked to sodium balance

Question 26

Why would an infant with colic be suffering from respiratory alkalosis?

Question 27

Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except .

A)lymph and interstitial fluid
B)cerebrospinal fluid
C)blood plasma
D)glucose

Question 28

The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is .

A)intracellular hydrostatic pressure
B)hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
C)hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
D)osmotic pressure of plasma proteins

Question 29

The breakdown of phosphorus- containing proteins releases acid.

Question 30

How does the respiratory system influence the buffer systems of the body?

Question 31

Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid- base balance.

A)The kidneys are the most important mechanism for eliminating all bicarbonate ions.
B)The kidneys are not able to excrete phosphoric acid.
C)Excreted hydrogen ions are unbound in the filtrate.
D)Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion.

Question 32

The most important ECF buffer of HCl is _ .

Question 33

Blood analysis indicates a low pH,and the patient is breathing rapidly.Given your knowledge of acid- base balance,which of the following is most likely?

A)respiratory alkalosis
B)metabolic acidosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis

Question 34

Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?

A)excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins
B)hypotonic hydration,in which sodium content is normal but water content is high
C)excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion
D)edema or tissue swelling,which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 35

When does a person experience greater thirst,during periods when ADH release is elicited or during periods when aldosterone release is elicited?

Question 36

Describe the influence of rising PTH levels on bone,the small intestine,and the kidneys.

Question 37

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries,some pickled eggs,and some cheese.How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

A)There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.
B)There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
C)She will experience hypotension.
D)It will increase the osmolality of the blood.

Question 38

Arterial blood pH below 7.35 is called .

Question 39

The regulation of sodium _.

A)is linked to blood pressure
B)involves aldosterone,a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys
C)involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration
D)is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus

Question 40

What provides the shortest- term mechanism for preventing acid- base imbalances in the body? The longest- term mechanism?

Question 41

The preferred intracellular negative ion is _ _.

Question 42

The most important hormone that regulates calcium ions in the body is _ .

Question 43

occurs when carbon dioxide is eliminated faster than it is produced.

Question 44

When the blood becomes hypertonic too many solutes),ADH is released.What is the effect of ADH on the kidney tubules?

Question 45

Identify and describe the operation of the three major chemical buffers of the body.

Question 46

What is the effect of acidosis on the body? Of alkalosis?

Question 47

Describe the mechanisms by which the kidneys remove hydrogen ions from the body.