Deck 6: Stress

Question 1

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

According to Lazarus's model, the subjective experience of stress is a result of

A) a low coping ability.
B) primary appraisal.
C) the general adaptation syndrome.
D) the balance between primary and secondary appraisal.
E) secondary appraisal.

Answer 2

the balance between primary and secondary appraisal.

Question 3

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is

A) alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
B) resistance, alarm, exhaustion.
C) exhaustion, resistance, alarm.
D) resistance, exhaustion, alarm.
E) alarm, exhaustion, resistance.

Answer 3

alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Question 4

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the physiological damage related to stress.

A) exhaustion
B) immune
C) stressor
D) resistance
E) alarm

Question 5

Oxytocin

A) is the primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend response to stress.
B) increases warm touching between couples.
C) increases mothering behaviour.
D) is highly addictive.
E) has effects that are unrelated to those of estrogen.

Question 6

The fight-or-flight response

A) is subject to large individual differences.
B) involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.
C) involves arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.
D) is never adaptive.
E) is more common in women than men.

Question 7

Research suggests that reactivity is related to individual differences in

A) the HPA system.
B) acute and chronic illness.
C) psychological responses to stressors.
D) primary and secondary appraisal.
E) the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 8

Allostatic load can be assessed by

A) problems with respiration.
B) problems with psychomotor activities.
C) increases in cell-mediated immunity.
D) a low waist-to-hip ratio.
E) the inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress.

Question 9

Rani is under constant stress and has a severe cold all the time despite taking medications to cure herself. Rani is in the Syndrome.

A) persistence
B) alarm
C) exhaustion
D) resistance
E) exertion

Question 10

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

A) potential to overcome and profit from the event.
B) current physiological state.
C) perception of the event.
D) current emotional state.
E) coping ability and resources.

Question 11

Amy reaches out to her friends when she is stressed. This is an example of .

A) lending
B) tending-and-befriending
C) tending
D) tending-and-mending
E) befriending

Question 12

The tend-and-befriend response to stress

A) takes social behaviour out of the stress processes.
B) is related to the release of the hormone, testosterone.
C) is especially characteristic of males.
D) may be protective of offspring.
E) discourages nurturing.

Question 13

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

A) resources.
B) current physiological state.
C) perception of the event.
D) current emotional state.
E) coping ability.

Question 14

Stress can be defined as a negative emotional experience accompanied by

A) biological, cognitive, behavioural, and physiological changes.
B) cognitive changes only.
C) behavioural and physiological changes.
D) biochemical changes only.
E) cognitive and physiological changes.

Question 15

Most definitions of stress focus on

A) emotional changes.
B) the subjective nature of stress.
C) stressful events.
D) physiological changes.
E) the relationship between the person and the environment.

Question 16

Which of the following could be considered a stressor?

A) Soothing music.
B) A bad relationship.
C) Commuting to work on traffic-free roads.
D) Classroom where all seats are occupied.
E) Arriving in time for a test.

Question 17

Selye's (1956, 1976) studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated responses to stress.

A) immune
B) adrenocortical
C) psychological
D) gastrointestinal
E) adrenomedullary

Question 18

Stress is determined by person-environment fit.

Question 19

Women are consistently more likely than men to respond to stress by turning to others.

Question 20

According to its critics, Selye's (1956, 1976) model

A) places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress.
B) fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time.
C) fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship.
D) is inaccurate in that assumes people feel stress before it occurs.
E) fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.

Question 21

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Stressful Life Events?

A) It is uncorrelated with illness and health behaviours.
B) The research is outdated.
C) It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.
D) It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than the severity and the duration of these illnesses.
E) It only counts unresolved stressful events.

Question 22

According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it

A) requires habituation to environmental stressors.
B) is negative.
C) requires substantial adjustment to the environment.
D) is long-term.
E) threatens one's self-concept.

Question 23

The occurrence of daily hassles

A) is a poorer predictor of physical health than major life events.
B) markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms.
C) bears no relationship to physical health.
D) reduces psychological well-being over the short term.
E) reduces psychological well-being over the long term.

Question 24

Daily hassles are minor life events that

A) are not confounded with mental and physical illness.
B) don't actually have any effect on psychological well-being.
C) have a cumulative effect on health and illness.
D) don't really affect physical health.
E) have an objective, but not subjective, component.

Question 25

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with

A) decreased cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
B) temporary changes in the brain, involving the amygdala.
C) improvement in memory and concentration.
D) biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period.
E) frequent emotional outbursts.

Question 26

Research examining the effects of stressful life events has found that

A) the relationship between stressful life events scores and illness is negligible.
B) experiencing stressful life events was linked to the development of colds following a laboratory based stress induction.
C) experiencing stressful life events was linked to cancer prognosis.
D) the relationship between stressful life events scores and illness is unpredictable.
E) experiencing stressful life events was linked to birth order.

Question 27

The paradigm takes people into the laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses.

A) hassles
B) induced disease
C) SRRS
D) RLCQ
E) acute stress

Question 28

Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be particularly compromised by long-term stress.

Question 29

Stress in laboratory tests may be reduced by

A) a minor sedative.
B) low-level background noise.
C) the presence of a supportive other person.
D) high levels of natural light.
E) a spouse.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Stressful Life Events?

A) It is an outdated measure.
B) Some of the items on the list are too specific.
C) It does not assess whether events have been resolved or not.
D) It treats both positive and negative events in a similar fashion.
E) Individual differences in the experience of events are not taken into account.

Question 31

University students who had recurrent or ongoing stressors in their lives and were
exposed to acute laboratory stressors performed poorly on tasks than those with less background stress.

Question 32

Daily minor problems reduce psychological well-being in the short term, but do not produce physical symptoms.

Question 33

According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), which of the following would be considered a stressful life event?

A) Lack of career fulfillment.
B) Questioning one's identity and goals.
C) Rainy days.
D) A significant change in job responsibilities.
E) Birthdays.

Question 34

Experiencing stressful life events is linked to cancer prognosis.

Question 35

Studies of children exposed to noisy environments indicate that children

A) who are exposed to noise exhibit performance decrements and learned helplessness.
B) are generally more adaptive to noisy environments than other age groups.
C) who are exposed to noise exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of learned helplessness.
D) eventually learn to change their task strategies and attention focus to accommodate the noise in their environments.
E) eventually habituate to high levels of noise.

Question 36

Daily hassles affect health through

A) wearing down the individual.
B) their links with healthy eating.
C) interrupted sleep habits.
D) worsening of symptoms in those already suffering from illnesses.
E) an increase in blood pressure.

Question 37

In the study of York University students, Friedlander et al. concluded that better adjustment of students was predicted by

A) increased social support from friends.
B) increased financial support.
C) the university's support system.
D) increased social support from family.
E) individualized attention from professors.

Question 38

Compared to positive events, negative events show a stronger relationship to psychological distress but not physical symptoms.

Question 39

In Glass and Singer's (1972) study of university students, it was found that the students exposed to performed worse on tasks given to them.

A) electric shock
B) over-crowding
C) intermittent bursts of noise
D) an overheated room
E) low-level light

Question 40

Physiological habituation may not occur or may not be complete when stressors are

A) long-term.
B) short-term.
C) work-related.
D) family-related.
E) low-level.

Question 41

The stress from being bullied

A) affects only boys.
B) has long-lasting effects on well-being.
C) affects only girls.
D) has only immediate effects on well-being.
E) can put individuals at risk for burnout.

Question 42

"Karoshi" refers to

A) a higher level of stress on Mondays.
B) sudden nocturnal death.
C) work overload.
D) death from overwork.
E) stress-related mental illness.

Question 43

Describe Lazarus's model of the role of psychological appraisal in the experience of stress. Explain how this model addresses the cognitive and emotional responses to stress.

Question 44

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that

A) single working mothers are five times more likely to suffer from certain cancers.
B) outside employment can be beneficial for women's well-being.
C) having control and flexibility over the work environment increases the likelihood of stress.
D) it protects women from depression.
E) having adequate child care does not have any effect on stress levels.

Question 45

Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate conflicting expectations. One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas. The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work. This is an example of

A) work pressure.
B) work ambiguity.
C) role divergence.
D) role ambiguity.
E) role conflict.

Question 46

The study of women who were pregnant and living in Quebec during the ice storm of January 1998 found that

A) children who were exposed in utero to a high level of stress from the ice storm scored lower on IQ.
B) higher stress experienced by the mother during the ice storm was linked to poor cognitive and language development in the children at age two.
C) children exposed to a higher level of stress in utero had poorer cognitive and language development at age two and scored lower on IQ and language tests at age five and a half.
D) at five and half years old, children exposed in utero to the ice storm showed no effects
E) there was an increase in maternal tend-and-befriend behaviour.

Question 47

Answer the text's question "Can people adapt to stress?"

Question 48

Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of

A) a life event.
B) post-traumatic stress disorder.
C) chronic strain.
D) daily hassles.
E) a stressor.

Question 49

Upon reaching the phone company's office to pay his bill on the due date, Ali was upset as he had to wait in a long queue. Moreover, as it was lunch time, there were fewer than usual cashiers helping the customers. Ali's experience is an example of _.

A) daily stress
B) secondary appraisal
C) chronic stress
D) daily hassle
E) primary appraisal

Question 50

Workers who cannot participate actively in decisions about their jobs show _.

A) lower rates of absenteeism
B) work of high quality
C) punctuality
D) no job turnover
E) high rates of sabotage

Question 51

Bauman and Newman (2013) tested the hypothesis that cyberbullying resulted in higher levels of stress than other types of traditional bullying and found

A) cyberbullying was more distressing for women but traditional bullying was more distressing for men.
B) cyberbullying was more distressing in young women than older women.
C) cyberbullying was not more distressing than traditional types of bullying.
D) cyberbullying was moderately more distressing than traditional types of bullying.
E) traditional bullying was significantly more distressing than cyberbullying.

Question 52

The perception of work overload shows a stronger relationship to physical health complaints and psychological distress than do objective measurements of workload.

Question 53

A stressful work environment

A) demand and support are low.
B) demands are low and support is high.
C) is one where demands are high and support and control are low.
D) supervisors are too easy going.
E) is linked to lower rates of workplace bullying.

Question 54

Explain how stress is determined according to the "Person-Environment Fit".

Question 55

Workers with work overload compared with workers who do not experience overload.

A) have a higher self-esteem
B) feel more privileged
C) sustain less health risks
D) experience higher levels of occupational stress
E) have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 56

Ben belongs to a "risky family", which means that _.

A) the family goes to the mall often, and eats fast food there
B) he rides his bicycle on the road without wearing a helmet
C) the family vacations at risky places, such as high mountains and rough beaches
D) his parents do not obey traffic rules even in Ben's presence
E) the family is low in nurturance

Question 57

The inability to develop satisfying social relationships at work has been tied to

A) less stress.
B) both psychological stress at work and poor physical and mental health.
C) more productivity.
D) less psychological distress at work.
E) less waste of time.

Question 58

Research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report being distressed by similar types of events.

Question 59

For men, moderates the stress-illness relationship.

A) spending limited time with their children
B) telecommuting
C) a stable work-life balance
D) allowing the wife to raise children
E) a high-paying job

Question 60

Karasek (1981) found that job strain can lead to

A) depression.
B) cancer.
C) coronary artery disease.
D) weight gain.
E) influenza.

Question 61

How does workplace stress affect health? What are some of the ways to reduce occupational stress?

Question 62

A group of friends are discussing the different ways in which life can "get at you." Pat says it's the milestones in life that are most stressful, illustrating this point by describing several traumatic
divorces and untimely deaths from which family members have yet to recover. On the other hand, Lee asserts that it's the little, constant annoyances in life that are most harmful to psychological and physical health, citing the annoyance experienced while commuting to work every day or coping
with an intrusive landlord. Evaluate both of these arguments, citing research from the text.