Deck 13: Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, and Diabetes

Question 1

The personality quality "agency" is associated with , whereas "communion" is associated with _.

A) few relations to physical and mental health outcomes; good physical and mental health outcomes
B) good physical and mental health outcomes; reduced psychological stress
C) good physical and mental health outcomes; few relations to physical and mental health outcomes
D) reduced psychological stress; good physical and mental health outcomes
E) They are both related to good physical and mental health outcomes.

Answer 1

good physical and mental health outcomes; few relations to physical and mental health outcomes

Question 2

Cynical hostility is characterized by

A) little resentment.
B) trust in others.
C) suspiciousness.
D) paranoid schizophrenia.
E) infrequent angry episodes.

Answer 2

suspiciousness.

Question 3

The number two killer in Canada, accounting for more than 20 percent of all deaths, is

A) hypertension.
B) diabetes.
C) cancer.
D) parainfluenza.
E) coronary heart disease.

Answer 3

coronary heart disease.

Question 4

Hostile individuals

A) show different patterns of immune activation in response to sympathetic activation.
B) exhibit a weak antagonistic response to sympathetic activity in response to stress.
C) have no reactivity to stress.
D) have larger and longer-lasting blood pressure responses to anger-arousing situations.
E) have a prolonged reactivity to stress.

Question 5

Across the life span, women seem to be protected against coronary heart disease relative to men.

Question 6

Women

A) experience an increased risk of myocardial infarction or CHD-related disease after menopause.
B) develop CHD on average about 15 years earlier than do men.
C) have not been shown to have different risks for CHD than men.
D) show greater increases in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and some metabolic responses in response to stress than do men.
E) seem to be protected at young ages against CHD due to their lower levels of HDL cholesterol.

Question 7

Depression may be a risk factor for CHD due to its relationship with

A) C-reactive protein.
B) both C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome.
C) decreased energy levels.
D) the metabolic syndrome.
E) Depression is not a risk factor for CHD.

Question 8

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the number killer in Canada.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 9

Individuals who are high in hostility

A) have chronically higher blood pressure.
B) exhibit a strong antagonistic response to sympathetic activity in response to stress.
C) show more pronounced physiological reactions in response to interpersonal stressors.
D) show more pronounced heart rate reactivity to laboratory stressors.
E) exhibit higher levels of serotonin.

Question 10

The combination of obesity centered around the waist, high levels of triglycerides, low levels of HDL cholesterol, and difficulty metabolizing blood sugar are symptomatic of

A) angina pectoris.
B) metabolic syndrome.
C) cardiac arrest.
D) diabetes.
E) inflammation due to C-reactive protein.

Question 11

A type of proinflammatory cytokine is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis.

Question 12

Which type of hostility is most related to CHD?

A) cynical hostility
B) conflictual hostility
C) familial hostility
D) major depressive hostility
E) oppositional defiant hostility

Question 13

One of the most significant aspects of coronary heart disease is that

A) it involves modifiable risk factors.
B) it is not as serious as most people think.
C) it is a disease of lifestyle.
D) a number of the deaths that occur each year are premature deaths.
E) it is a non-communicable disease.

Question 14

Higher levels of hostility have been found among

A) non-whites.
B) people low in socio-economic status (SES).
C) men and non-whites only, socio-economic status (SES) does not affect higher hostility levels.
D) men.
E) men, non-whites, and people with low socio-economic status (SES).

Question 15

Besides chronic stress, what other emerging factor may lead to coronary heart disease?

A) PTSD
B) socio-economic status
C) career choice
D) ethnicity
E) mobile phone use

Question 16

Social dominance is related to

A) AIDS.
B) a slower than normal speaking rate.
C) just-cause mortality.
D) a pattern of attempting to dominate social interactions.
E) patiently listening to others.

Question 17

As a recommended intervention for the modification of coronary-prone behaviour, exercise

A) can enhance psychological well-being only during exercise sessions.
B) has no effect on anxiety associated with CHD.
C) can help reduce the anxiety associated with CHD following cardiac events.
D) can reduce CHD risk factors only for a short duration.
E) can reduce CHD morbidity temporarily.

Question 18

One of the most significant aspects of CHD is that a number of the deaths that occur each year are premature deaths.

Question 19

Hostility

A) is not a potential risk factor for the development of heart disease.
B) is only implicated in diabetes.
C) is learnt from the environment and has no genetic factors implicated in it.
D) is not a predictor of survival of heart disease.
E) is related to CHD.

Question 20

Which of the following job factors has been found to be related to increased risk of CHD?

A) High work demands and low control.
B) Socializing with coworkers.
C) A discrepancy between one's education level and one's occupation.
D) Occupational stress in general.
E) Low job security.

Question 21

Cognitive behavioural interventions may reduce the drug requirements for the treatment of hypertension.

Question 22

Caffeine restriction is often included as part of the dietary treatment of hypertension because

A) caffeine elevates blood pressure, contributes to rising levels of hypertension.
B) caffeine elevates blood pressure responses among those at risk for or already diagnosed with hypertension.
C) caffeine restriction is never a recommended part of a dietary treatment for hypertension.
D) caffeine generally contributes to rising levels of hypertension.
E) it is an easy and inexpensive treatment.

Question 23

The longer immigrants have been living in Canada

A) the more levels of hypertension resemble the general population.
B) has no effect, hypertension can set in at any time during acculturation.
C) the incrementally more chance there is of having hypertension.
D) the less researchers can separate hypertension from socio-economic variables.
E) the incidence of hypertension drops dramatically.

Question 24

In a study of Canadian-Chinese and American-Chinese women by Satia-Abouta, Patterson, Kristal, Teh, and Tu (2002), the prevalence of hypertension associated with acculturation may be traced to

A) anxiety related to learning a new language.
B) exposure to chronic environmental stressors.
C) the stress of acculturation.
D) the pressure to change traditional lifestyle practices, including an adopted diet lower in fruit and vegetables.
E) There are no health risks associated with acculturation.

Question 25

One drug treatment for hypertension, beta-adrenergic blockers, work by

A) decreasing cardiac output and decreasing plasma renin activity.
B) decreasing cardiac output and increasing plasma renin activity.
C) reducing blood volume by promoting the excretion of sodium.
D) depleting catecholamines from the brain and the adrenal medulla.
E) decreasing sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system.

Question 26

Mild hypertension is defined by a diastolic pressure consistently between 105 and 119.

Question 27

The role of stress in the development and exacerbation of hypertension

A) is still unclear.
B) is the same for people at risk for hypertension and those who are not at risk.
C) may be different for people at risk for hypertension.
D) has not been studied enough to determine what the role is.
E) does not change as hypertension progresses.

Question 28

Males are at greater risk for hypertension

A) across the life span.
B) after age 60.
C) before age 50.
D) before age 40.
E) after age 50.

Question 29

Cardiac invalidism occurs when

A) spouses overestimate the patient's physical abilities.
B) patients and their spouses underestimate the patient's physical abilities.
C) patients malinger in order to reap secondary gains associated with the sick role.
D) spouses underestimate the extent of disability.
E) patients feel that they are unable to control the stressors in their daily lives.

Question 30

Sudden death from heart attack is most likely to occur

A) while the patient is asleep.
B) at work.
C) on vacation.
D) at home.
E) at a restaurant.

Question 31

The goals of cardiac rehabilitation are to

A) provide medical support to the patient.
B) provide economic and vocational support to the patient.
C) relieve the patient from symptoms.
D) produce relief from symptoms, reduce severity of the disease, and promote psychological and social adjustment.
E) provide emotional support to the patient.

Question 32

Diastolic pressure is related to

A) the amount of force developed during contraction of the heart.
B) resistance of the blood vessels to blood flow.
C) the arteries' elasticity.
D) diagnosing hypertension.
E) the volume of blood leaving the heart.

Question 33

Cardiac rehabilitation programs involve

A) reduced alcohol consumption.
B) exercise and smoking cessation only.
C) smoking cessation.
D) exercise, smoking cessation, and reduced alcohol consumption.
E) exercise.

Question 34

In a study of cardiac invalidism (Taylor et al., 1985), wives' perceptions of their husbands' cardiac and physical efficiency were highest when they had

A) observed them at home doing everyday tasks.
B) been involved in the decision making process regarding treatment.
C) personally experienced the treadmill task themselves.
D) been provided information about their husband's medical and psychological condition.
E) observed their husband's performance on a treadmill task.

Question 35

is/are the most common drug treatment for reducing the incidence of death, heart attack, and stroke.

A) Diuretics
B) Vitamins
C) Beta-blockers
D) Statins
E) Aspirin

Question 36

is an Internet delivered program for increasing physical activity in patients with CHD.

A) CardioFit
B) GetFit
C) Let's Move
D) FitCardio
E) Let'sCardio

Question 37

Beta-blocking agents are used in cardiac rehabilitation

A) to lower levels of LDL cholesterol.
B) to resist the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
C) when behavioural stress management interventions fail.
D) to control the pain of angina pectoris.
E) to activate the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 38

Asha regularly engages in transcendental meditation (TM), which is likely to

A) reduce her appetite altogether.
B) reduce her blood pressure.
C) reduce her cravings for sweets only.
D) increase her muscle mass.
E) increase endurance for lifting weights.

Question 39

According to a study of hypertension risk factors by Ewart (1991), the family environment that fosters may then contribute to hypertension.

A) chronic anger
B) negative affectivity
C) cynical distrust
D) excessive competitiveness
E) defensiveness

Question 40

Which of the following has NOT been found to be associated with delay before seeking treatment for myocardial infarction?

A) a distracting environment
B) experiencing an attack during the daytime
C) being young and white
D) history of angina or diabetes
E) interpretation of symptoms as mild disorders

Question 41

Type II (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes

A) accounts for 70 percent of all diabetics.
B) develops relatively late in life (after age 40), but is becoming more common in children and adolescents.
C) occurs when insulin action and secretion is regulated.
D) is a disorder among adolescents.
E) most commonly occur in women.

Question 42

Which of the following would BEST predict compliance with a diabetic treatment regimen?

A) the number of persons in the diabetic's social support network
B) any intervention that focuses on improving a sense of self-efficacy and the ability to independently regulate one's behaviour
C) having a family member present at diagnosis to take notes
D) training the diabetic to discriminate when his or her blood glucose level needed to be modified
E) stress management and relaxation training

Question 43

Predictors of depression in stroke patients does NOT include

A) over-medication.
B) overprotection by a caregiver.
C) the site and severity of stroke.
D) a caregiver with a negative viewpoint on the caregiving situation.
E) poor relation with a caregiver.

Question 44

Stroke occurs more often in women than in men.

Question 45

Patients with right-brain damage due to stroke typically suffer

A) communication disorders such as aphasia.
B) impaired performance on cognitive tasks that require the use of short-term memory.
C) extreme anxiety and depression.
D) impaired performance on tasks that require language generation.
E) difficulty in processing visual feedback.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT one of the rehabilitative interventions used for stroke patients?

A) training in specific skills development.
B) family counselling.
C) psychotherapy.
D) the use of structured, stimulating environments to challenge the stroke patient's capabilities.
E) cognitive remedial training.

Question 47

Small strokes that produce temporary weakness, clumsiness, or loss of feeling in one side or limb are called

A) cerebral hemorrhages.
B) transient ischemic attacks.
C) temporary cerebral attacks.
D) hypertension.
E) CHD.

Question 48

Poor adherence to diabetes treatment seems to be due to

A) regional factors.
B) family background.
C) situational factors.
D) personality factors.
E) socio-economic status.

Question 49

Discuss what we currently know regarding how women experience coronary heart disease. Include the factors contributing to its development and the consequences for women in comparison to men.

Question 50

Depression often is a complication of diabetes.

Question 51

Stress leading to diabetes has NOT been implicated for

A) the aggravation of both Type I and Type II diabetes after diagnosis.
B) disruption of the performance of preventive health behaviours related to diabetes self-management.
C) underweight people.
D) adverse effects on adherence to diabetic treatment regimens and diet.
E) problems in glucose metabolism.

Question 52

Whereas stress adversely affects adherence to treatment and diet, stress has not been found to directly affect Type I and Type II diabetes.

Question 53

Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes

A) usually is inherited.
B) accounts for 90 percent of all diabetics.
C) is characterized by an abrupt onset of symptoms.
D) develops relatively late in life (after age 40).
E) is related to obesity.

Question 54

The risk factors for stroke

A) include a high white blood cell count.
B) include cigarette smoking.
C) are independent of those for heart disease.
D) are not subject to modification by lifestyle changes.
E) decrease with age.

Question 55

Cognitive behavioural techniques

A) may substitute for drug treatments in cases of severe hypertension.
B) are effective but expensive compared to drug treatments for hypertension.
C) designed to control the expression of anger have been unsuccessful in the treatment of hypertension.
D) aggravate sympathetic nervous system activity.
E) are effective because they do not require supervision and they have less side effects.

Question 56

Ram suffered from a stroke. Recovery via rehabilitation will work best

A) over subsequent years.
B) only within the first two years of the stroke.
C) only within the first three months of the stroke.
D) only within the first six months of the stroke.
E) only within the first year of the stroke.

Question 57

In terms of emotional response, patients with left-brain damage from a stroke seem indifferent to their situation.

Question 58

Studies of diabetic control and adherence indicate that the best outcomes are found among adolescents who have

A) family therapy.
B) parents who allow them to monitor their own glucose levels, giving them a sense of independence and accomplishment.
C) a dense social support network.
D) parents who are actively involved in tasks such as monitoring glucose levels.
E) individual therapy.

Question 59

The correlation between beliefs about level of blood pressure and actual blood pressure is

A) zero.
B) low.
C) high.
D) > than.8.
E) moderate.

Question 60

Explain the relationship of lifestyle factors to coronary heart disease and cardiac rehabilitation.

Question 61

Explain why adherence to diabetic treatment programs is so difficult for most people to achieve.

Question 62

What are the consequences of stroke? What are the rehabilitative interventions used to manage the consequences of stroke?

Question 63

What ethnic differences have been found in the incidence of hypertension? What psychosocial factors may be implicated in these ethnic differences?