Deck 7: Rome’s Three Heirs: 500–950

Question 1

Chapter 7 dates the beginning of Byzantine history with the accession of:

A) Diocletian in 284.
B) Constantine in 312.
C) Julian in 360.
D) Justinian in 527.
E) Heraclius in 610.

Answer 1

Heraclius in 610.

Question 2

In their worship of Allah,Muslims worship:

A) the Prophet Muhammad.
B) the angel Gabriel.
C) the same deity worshiped by Christians and Jews.
D) a pantheon of gods.
E) the same deities worshiped by Hindus.

Answer 2

the same deity worshiped by Christians and Jews.

Question 3

In Byzantine schools,classical Greek literature was:

A) considered pagan and suspect,and so was read only with great reluctance.
B) the basis of the curriculum,with much study of the epics of Homer.
C) out of fashion,because people preferred to read the easier Greek of the Bible.
D) regarded as useless and impractical,but not offensive to Christian sensibilities.
E) not studied: Byzantium thought of itself as the heir of Rome and so read Latin classics.

Answer 3

the basis of the curriculum,with much study of the epics of Homer.

Question 4

The Hijrah (Hegira)refers to the Prophet Muhammad's move from:

A) Medina to Mecca.
B) Mecca to Quadratic.
C) Medina to Quadratic.
D) Quadratic to Mecca.
E) Mecca to Medina.

Question 5

The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia was influential in the history of architecture because it:

A) was constructed in a way that made light appear to come from directly above.
B) placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape.
C) was highly innovative in its external appearance and marble embellishment.
D) was the first Christian church converted into a mosque.
E) was the first building constructed completely from concrete.

Question 6

The Iconoclastic Controversy of the eighth century C.E.was about:

A) the biblical laws forbidding "the work of Satan" on Sundays.
B) Emperor Leo's decision to stop wearing the toga,the symbol of imperial manhood.
C) the impossibility of smashing all the pagan idols,so some were allowed to remain.
D) the use or prohibition of images in church,where people might worship the objects.
E) prohibition of the display of the crucifix in Byzantine churches.

Question 7

The seventh century C.E.was a turning point in the history of Western civilization because:

A) the entire Mediterranean world converted to Christianity.
B) the Greco-Roman world of antiquity divided into Byzantine,Islamic,and Latin Christian realms.
C) trade connections between North Africa and the Near East were ruptured by the Islamic conquests.
D) the entire Mediterranean world converted to Islam.
E) all of these

Question 8

The Qu'r?n contains:

A) the revelations sent by God to Muhammad.
B) Christian teaching about Christ's divinity.
C) excerpts from the Hebrew Torah.
D) a detailed plan for the expansion of Islam after Muhammad's death.
E) the sole guide for behavior for converts to Islam.

Question 9

The Byzantine economy in the early Middle Ages was:

A) highly regulated,including wage and price controls.
B) subject to wild fluctuations due to currency debasement.
C) industrially underdeveloped.
D) renowned for its use of paper money.
E) depressed due to being cut off from trade with northern Europe.

Question 10

Why did Justinian try to reconquer the western Roman Empire?

A) because the Persians had been defeated in the East,so he could safely launch military expeditions to the West
B) because his empire required continuing conquests in order to prosper
C) because he sought to revive and reconstruct wholly the old empire
D) because he needed to keep his army as far away from his capital as possible
E) because he believed that he should be the head of a unified Christian Church

Question 11

Although the Iconoclastic Controversy was eventually resolved,its lasting effects included the:

A) sale or handing over of Byzantine portraits to the Muslims.
B) destruction of nearly all pre-eighth-century religious art in the Byzantine empire.
C) adoption of conservative clothing styles by nobles and common people.
D) gradual acceptance of religious diversity in the East.
E) banning of all monastic orders within the Byzantine empire.

Question 12

Why did Justinian's reconquest of the western Roman Empire fail?

A) Justinian codified Roman law,which made a permanent merger impossible.
B) Western Christians no longer felt kinship with eastern Christians,and they fought against Justinian from within.
C) The costs associated with conquering and defending the vast western empire were too great.
D) Constantinople fell to Persian invaders and brought an end to the eastern Roman Empire.
E) Justinian was forced to withdraw his army to meet the greater Islamic threat from the south.

Question 13

The word Islam means:

A) pilgrimage.
B) migration.
C) submission.
D) recitation.
E) prayer.

Question 14

The early Byzantine religion was known for its:

A) intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy.
B) beautifully decorated churches.
C) rejection of the emperor as the leader of the Church.
D) ability to enforce religious doctrine throughout the eastern empire.
E) doctrinal merging of elements from Christianity and Islam.

Question 15

In Arabic,caliph means:

A) king.
B) deputy.
C) prince.
D) general.
E) imam.

Question 16

Women from wealthy Byzantine families:

A) did not receive classical educations,since they were destined for domestic life.
B) could read but were not allowed to write history,novels,or poetry.
C) were generally educated at home by tutors,and some became literary figures of note.
D) were encouraged by parents to become actresses and singers like the Empress Theodora.
E) were educated in the public schools alongside the men.

Question 17

Islam spread so quickly in the seventh and eighth centuries because:

A) Muslims insisted that all conquered peoples convert to Islam.
B) there were no Christians in the first lands that Muslims conquered.
C) the Pact of Unmark allowed for the total destruction of subject cities.
D) the Byzantines and Persians had become exhausted by their long wars against each other.
E) the subject peoples in conquered lands welcomed the Muslims as liberators.

Question 18

It is difficult to date the beginning of Byzantine history with precision because:

A) Constantine never administered the Roman Empire from Constantinople.
B) Greek was the only language ever used by Roman emperors in Constantinople.
C) the Byzantine empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire.
D) Justinian resisted new forms of thought and art throughout his life.
E) it began during the so-called Dark Ages during which very few records were kept.

Question 19

The stability of Byzantine government was the product of:

A) a highly centralized palace government.
B) a predictable system of succession to the imperial throne.
C) an efficient bureaucracy.
D) regulated wages and prices.
E) all of these

Question 20

Between 610 and 1071,the major security threats to the Byzantine empire came from:

A) Persia,then Egypt.
B) Persia,then the Muslim Arab armies that absorbed the Persian Empire and streamed into North Africa.
C) Persia,then the Turks.
D) Persia,then the Slavs.
E) the western Roman Empire.

Question 21

As a theologian,Pope Gregory I is regarded as the successor to:

A) Francis of Assisi.
B) John Chrysostom.
C) Arius of Alexandria.
D) Athanasius.
E) Augustine.

Question 22

The instability faced in the West by the mid-seventh century may be attributed to:

A) Justinian's failed efforts to reconquer the western empire.
B) excessive taxes on agricultural lands.
C) Muslim raiders who disrupted trade routes.
D) the fact that much agricultural land was passing out of production and slave labor was less productive.
E) all of these

Question 23

In the late sixth century C.E.,the economy of Arabia:

A) was in a state of crisis brought on by the wars between Byzantium and Persia.
B) became much more commercially sophisticated as a result of changing trade routes.
C) was still almost entirely made up of nomadic Bedouins.
D) was based on the production of figs,wool,and goats at desert oases.
E) was practically nonexistent due to Arabia's domination by the Byzantine empire.

Question 24

Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that:

A) classical learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested.
B) the Bible could be best appreciated if it were translated into robust French and German idioms.
C) original Latin poetry and epic literature were the highest form of art.
D) proper Christian doctrine should be widely disseminated and heretical beliefs should be strictly punished.
E) to be better Christians,everyone should pray and devote their lives to the Church.

Question 25

Sexual relations within upper-class Muslim society around the year 1000 differed from classical Greek and Roman patterns because:

A) Muslims abhorred homosexuality,whereas Greeks and Romans did not.
B) Muslim men had sexual access to slaves and concubines,whereas Greeks and Romans did not.
C) women were highly valued in Muslim society,whereas they were not in Greece or Rome.
D) Muslim men were permitted to have more than one wife,whereas Greek and Roman men were not.
E) all of these

Question 26

Charlemagne and Harun al-Rashid formed an alliance partially because of their shared enemy,the:

A) Umayyad.
B) Persians.
C) Byzantines.
D) Sunnis.
E) Abbasid.

Question 27

The 1001 Nights describes the extravagant behavior of the Abbasid caliph:

A) Ali.
B) Utahan.
C) Al-Hakems II.
D) Harun al-Rashid.
E) Abu-Bakr.

Question 28

Within Islam,social mobility was encouraged because of:

A) a decree by the Umayyad dynasty outlawing discrimination of all kinds.
B) the teachings of the twelfth imam that everyone should be tolerant of everyone else.
C) the origins of the faith where no one could take advantage of anyone else.
D) the teachings of Muhammad,which stressed the equality of all Muslim men.
E) a decree of the Abbasid dynasty outlawing discrimination of all kinds.

Question 29

Agriculture was the heart of the Byzantine economy:

A) which made peasant farmers extremely wealthy.
B) but peasant farmers struggled to remain free from wealthy land owners and monasteries.
C) and therefore there was virtually no trade or industry in the empire.
D) making Greek and Egyptian slaves even more valuable.
E) which was strengthened during the seventh century,when barbarian kings moved to the countryside.

Question 30

The Shiite claim to legitimacy rests on the direct connection to Muhammad through his daughter:

A) Aisha.
B) Yasmina.
C) Fatimah.
D) Khadijah.
E) Sawda.

Question 31

In comparison to the Umayyad,the Abbasid caliphate:

A) was more like a Byzantine successor state.
B) adopted more of the style of Persian royal absolutism.
C) moved its capital from Baghdad to Damascus.
D) modeled itself on the imperial court of Rome.
E) all of these

Question 32

Alcuin and his associates contributed significantly to literacy even until today by:

A) promoting the mastery of Arabic by his scholars to tap the knowledge of the Muslim world.
B) translating the Bible into the vernacular language of the Franks.
C) insisting that Charlemagne's warriors all become literate.
D) establishing an endowment for the University of York where reading was taught.
E) copying corrected versions of biblical texts and inventing Carolingian miniscule script in the process.

Question 33

The Shiite party arose among Muslims because:

A) nineteenth-century disputes between Muslims in Iran created a schism.
B) of a dispute about the proper succession of caliphs in seventh-century Arabia.
C) the Umayyad dynasty wanted to expand westward.
D) the Abbasid dynasty wanted to expand eastward.
E) of a dispute in the eighth century regarding the proper interpretation of the Qu'r?n.

Question 34

As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society,Charlemagne:

A) was careful to observe the distinctions between religious and political authority established by Saint Augustine of Hippo.
B) placed the Frankish church under the control of the pope,while he ruled the kingdom politically.
C) took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.
D) became a monk at the end of his life,thus ensuring his own salvation.
E) established his empire as a theocratic state ruled by the laws set forth in the Bible.

Question 35

Historians looking for a rupture in western European attitudes toward ancient Roman culture and traditions will likely find it between the lives of:

A) Charlemagne and the Burgundian kings of Germany.
B) Gregory of Tours and Charlemagne.
C) Constantine and Justinian.
D) Cicero and Diocletian.
E) Gregory of Tours and Justinian.

Question 36

Opportunity for advancement in Islamic cultures depended on:

A) the social class into which one was born.
B) the sect of Islam that one professed.
C) one's ability and one's talent.
D) the level of bribes one was able to offer.
E) whom one knew within the bureaucracy.

Question 37

In general,the Christian monasticism of the fourth,fifth,and sixth centuries was a response to:

A) unprecedented cooperation among the first popes and Roman emperors.
B) the high level of religious devotion found in the cities of the late Roman Empire.
C) the increasing worldliness of the church,the patronage of powerful families like the Merovingians,and a hunger to transform lives in accordance with the will of God.
D) religious teachings that encouraged extraordinary feats of self-denial and self-abasement.
E) the devastation caused by the collapse of the Roman Empire and the desire to escape from the prevailing turmoil.

Question 38

The gradual conversion of the early medieval European countryside to Christianity was carried out primarily by:

A) kings,whose armies ordered non-Christians to convert or leave Europe.
B) lay missionaries commissioned by the pope.
C) Frankish bishops seeking to enlarge their dioceses.
D) monks who founded new monasteries in frontier areas.
E) nuns working with the peasantry.

Question 39

Why were so many convents (monastic houses for women)founded during the seventh century C.E.?

A) Convents met a variety of social and spiritual needs for aristocratic families.
B) Lower-class women flocked to convents as an improvement on the drudgery of their lives.
C) Nuns were the only women allowed to become priests.
D) Convents were a way for the families that founded them to make money.
E) all of these

Question 40

Compared to medieval Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries,the Islamic world was:

A) less diverse ethnically.
B) largely united politically.
C) less advanced in technological sophistication,science,and philosophy.
D) more advanced in technological sophistication,science,and philosophy.
E) comparable in terms of economics,politics,and technology.

Question 41

The literary and cultural value of Homer was as great to the Byzantines as the Bible was to the West.

Question 42

By the seventh century,western Europe had become a more fluid economy in which luxury goods and coinage circulated,albeit to differing degrees,among all levels of society.

Question 43

Sufism is a mystical sect of Judaism whose members stressed contemplation and ecstasy.

Question 44

Spain was largely abandoned by Islam as a cultural backwater.

Question 45

The economic base of the Abbasid caliphate lay in:

A) the Tigris-Euphrates basin of Mesopotamia.
B) the Nile Delta.
C) Syria and Lebanon.
D) Anatolia,in modern-day Turkey.
E) its capital,Constantinople.

Question 46

The division between Islam and Christianity was not an impenetrable barrier as communication and gifts between the Abbasid and Carolingian empires illustrate.

Question 47

The Abbasid empire effectively came to an end in:

A) 1258,when the invading Mongol armies captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad.
B) 733,when the Abbasid army was defeated by Charles Martel at Tours.
C) 1066,when the dominant Shiites defeated the Sunnis at Damascus.
D) 930,when a Shiite army attacked and captured Mecca.
E) 1186,when Philip of France and Richard of England captured Jerusalem.

Question 48

Gregory VII was the first pope to assert his autonomy from the Byzantine emperors and the Orthodox Church.

Question 49

The Vikings settled the area in Europe known today as:

A) the Netherlands.
B) Normandy.
C) East Anglia.
D) Brittany.
E) Burgundy.

Question 50

The Vikings are generally regarded as being a destructive force in European history:

A) but such a view may not be correct in light of the principalities they established across northern Europe from Ireland to Russia.
B) as evidenced by the raids they staged on virtually every population center in Europe from London to Paris to Rome itself.
C) because of the destruction caused to a great many monasteries throughout Europe and the accompanying loss of the libraries in those monasteries.
D) but this has been exaggerated since they stayed mostly in Scandinavia with only a few raids into England and northern France,destructive though those were.
E) which is true,but they have an undeservedly bad reputation when compared with the Magyars who conducted raids into western and southern Europe.

Question 51

Pope Gregory was not only a reformer of the church and theologian,but was the first pope to break free of Byzantine control and establish an autonomous,Western-oriented Latin church.

Question 52

The Carolingian empire collapsed during the ninth century because:

A) the structural limits of its expansion had been reached.
B) the empire was divided among all of Louis's legitimate heirs.
C) of Viking raids.
D) the Abbasid and Scandinavian trading system broke down.
E) all of these

Question 53

Byzantine culture was the means by which the heritage of Western civilization was preserved for the Europe where Greek had become very rare.

Question 54

Most Arabs were city dwellers and mainly merchants.

Question 55

After 750,the Umayyad dynasty abandoned Spain and focused its rule in Damascus.

Question 56

Charles Martel is regarded as one of the founders of the Frankish Kingdom due to his defeat of a Muslim force near Paris.

Question 57

Islam is a religion without sacraments or priests.

Question 58

One of the few rulers to successfully defend their lands against the Vikings was:

A) Alfred.
B) Arthur.
C) Bede.
D) Charles.
E) Thomas.

Question 59

The overall unity of the Muslim world disintegrated during the tenth and eleventh centuries because of:

A) a special tax levied on Jews and Christians.
B) failures among the Umayyad rulers of Spain.
C) repeated attacks by the Mughal empire of India.
D) economic problems and a stagnating intellectual life.
E) the fractured political unity of the Islamic world exacerbated dissent and tension within Islam itself.

Question 60

Which was a significant event in creating Byzantine hostility toward the Latin Christian world?

A) the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor on Christmas Day,800
B) the First Crusade
C) the Iconoclastic Controversy
D) the Carolingian Renaissance
E) the execution of the Byzantine ambassador to Rome in 816

Question 61

Explain the rise of the Carolingian dynasty.

Question 62

What were the causes of the decline of the Abbasid dynasty?

Question 63

What was the legacy of the Carolingians?

Question 64

How can Muhammad be described as both a prophet and a statesman?

Question 65

How did monasticism aid the growth and prosperity of secular empires?

Question 66

What innovations characterize the Carolingian Renaissance?

Question 67

What factors allowed the Byzantine empire to survive into the Middle Ages?

Question 68

What was the impact of Justinian's law code on the Middle Ages?

Question 69

What accounts for the rapid growth of Islam?

Question 70

Explain how Justinian's conquest of the Mediterranean was both a success and a failure.